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s 13th PCNE Working Conference “Pharmacies' new roles in pharmaceutical care: bridging research and practice” 8-11th February 2023, Hilleroed, Denmark

Book of abstracts - The pover of pharmacy the strength of our health

Almost 200 years have passed since the pure substance was first isolated, but scientists still face similar challenges. Quinine-the first chemotherapeutic agent in the treatment of malaria-is one of the good examples from history that testifies to the challenges in drug development. The aim of the paper was to present the history of the discovery and synthesis of quinine and its importance in medicine. Descriptive research was conducted using secondary data sources during September and October 2022. Quinine is one of the first active substance whose effectiveness has been proven in clinical research. Its widespread consumption soon led to a shortage of quinine, and new sources of this valuable active substance had to be provided. The challenges of plantation cultivation were solved by developing botany and its chemical synthesis through organic chemistry. By researching quinine, numerous pharmacologically active substances such as caffeine and methylene blue were found, which would start a revolution in the chemical industry and the industry of organic synthesis. With the development of resistance to antimalarials, quinine experienced its heyday again because it proved to be effective even in resistant strains. Quinine represents a significant historical discovery that influenced the development of many scientific disciplines, primarily pharmacy, medicine, and organic chemistry. The history of quinine provides us with an important historical lesson that we need to be aware of in today's time when the pharmacy is facing the significant challenges of developing new drugs.

Тhis paper analysed three turning points in the development of apothecary sector in Serbia in the last century, by using the method of documentary analysis. Changes in the structure of apothecary network were monitored through the issues of ownership, personnel and products assortment. Separation of the field of apothecary work from the wholesale drugstores, retail pharmacies and shops by numerous regulations adopted in 1930s, pharmacy became a public health institution with precise, but extensive list of products that can be sold in addition to medicines (1). However, the socialization of pharmacies initiated with the confiscation and the sequestration of private pharmacies (1946, 1949), led to changes in the assortment of products, mostly medicines (compounded, galenics and patent medicines). In the next thirty years, several organizational solutions were changed; the development of pharmacy network within the health care system was systematic; the staff increased; and the focus was on medicines` availability (2). From 1950 to 1980, the number of pharmacists and technicians will triple, and the network will extend in the rural areas (with 468 pharmacies and 288 apothecary stations). The introduction of private ownership, without restrictions to the masters of pharmacy and the lack of opening criteria in 1990s, led to unplanned expansion of the network in private sector, without sufficiant increase in staff. Additionly, an expansion of the health-related products outside the category of medicine were characteristic. U ovom radu biće analizirana tri prelomna trenutka u razvoju apotekarskog sektora u Srbiji u XX veku, korišćenjem metode dokumentacione analize. Praćene su promene u strukturi apotekarske mreže, kroz pitanja vlasništva, kadrova i asortimana proizvoda u apotekama. Razdvajanjem delokruga rada apoteka od delokruga rada drogerija na veliko, drogerija na malo i trgovačkih radnji, brojnim zakonskim propisima usvojenim 1930-tih godina, apoteka postaje javna zdravstvena ustnova sa preciznom, ali obimnom listom proizvoda koji se u njoj mogu prometovati pored lekova (1). Međutim, podruštvljavanjem apoteka, započetim konfiskacijom i sekvestiranjem privatnih apoteka (1946), a završenim Zakonom o otkupu privatnih apoteka (1949), nastupile su promene po pitanju asortimana proizvoda, gde preovlađuju, pre svega, lekovi (magistralni, galenski i fabrički izrađeni). U narednih trideset godina promenilo se nekoliko organizacionih rešenja: razvoj mreže apoteka unutar zdravstvenog sistema je planski: kadar se uvećava: a fokus je na izradi i većoj dostupnosti lekova (2). Od 1950. do 1980. broj apotekara će se utrostručiti, kao i broj tehničara, a mreža apoteka širiće se u ruralnim područjima (sa 468 apoteka i 288 apotekarskih stanica). Uvođenjem mogućnosti ponovnog privatnog vlasništva, bez ograničenja na realno pravo magistrima farmacije i nepostojanjem kriterijuma za otvaranje novih apoteka, 1990-tih godina stiču se uslovi za početak liberalizacije, sa neplanskim širenjem mreže u privatnom sektoru, koje nije praćeno povećanjem kadra, ali jeste ekspanzijom prometa mnogih proizvoda u vezi sa zdravljem van kategorije leka. Analizirane promene u apotekarskom sektoru bile su kvalitativne i mogle su imati uticaja na očuvanje i poboljšanje zdravlja građana. VIII Kongres farmaceuta Srbije sa međunarodnim učešćem, 12-15.10.2022. Beograd

Youth health is one of the most important indicators of a healthy potential of the nation, therefore its preservation and strengthening are of priority (1,2). Applying healthy lifestyle habits from an early age reduces the possibility of various disorders in further life. The objectives of the study were to examine the behaviors and opinions of students of the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, regarding healthy lifestyles. Data collection was conducted in November 2019 at the Faculty of Pharmacy in Belgrade, included 290 respondents; predominantly from the fourth year of study (41.7%). Tobacco use is present in 11.7%, and over half (61.7%) consume alcohol and coffee (75.2%). When it comes to nutrition, fruits are consumed daily by 22.4% of students, vegetables by 40.7% and meat by 41%. Eating in fast food restaurants is practiced by 68.5% of respondents. Only 3.5% of respondents report doing basic physical activity daily. 71.6% of students have regular sleep. 27.2% of students cannot afford a healthy lifestyle due to their financial status. The results indicate that healthy lifestyles are insufficiently represented in the student population, and interventions in changing student habits are desirable. Zdravlje mladih jedan je od najvažnijih pokazatelja zdravog potencijala nacije i zato je njegovo očuvanje i jačanje prioritet nacionalnog nivoa (1,2). Primenjivanje zdravih životnih navika od ranog detinjstva utiče na smanjenje mogućnosti pojave različitih poremećaja u kasnijem životnom dobu. Cilj rada je bio ispitati ponašanja i stavove studenata Farmaceutskog fakulteta Univerziteta u Beogradu u vezi sa zdravim stilovima života. Prikupljanje podataka sprovedeno je u novembru 2019. godine na Farmaceutskom fakultetu u Beogradu na 290 ispitanika; dominantno sa četvrte godine studija (41,7%). Upotreba duvana zastupljena je kod 11,7%, a preko polovine (61,7%) konzumira alkohol i kafu (75,2%). Kada je u pitanju ishrana, voće svakodnevno konzumira 22,4% studenata, povrće 40,7%, a meso 41%. Ishranu u restoranima brze hrane praktikuje 68,5% ispitanika. Samo 3,5% ispitanika prijavljuje da obavlja svakodnevno osnovnu fizičku aktivnost. Redovan san ima 71,6% studenata. 27,2% studenata ne može svojim finansijskim statusom sebi da priušti zdrav stil života. Rezultati ukazuju da su u studentskoj populaciji u nedovoljnoj meri zastupljeni zdravi stilovi života te su intervencije u promenama navika studenata poželjne. VIII Kongres farmaceuta Srbije sa međunarodnim učešćem, 12-15.10.2022. Beograd

The archeological site Viminacium is located on the banks of the Danube near Požarevac, and represents a Roman camp and city founded in the 1st and lasted until the 7th century. It was the largest city of the Roman province of Upper Moesia. Of special significance are the discoveries from the Viminacium city, which had about 40 000 inhabitants. Glass bottles from the 1st century are few and represent the property of the first immigrants from the military and administrative apparatus. During the research of the necropolis in Viminacium, numerous glass vessels were discovered, and toilet bottles represent the most numerous and diverse group, with over eighteen types, different in size, shape of the abdomen and neck. They are made by free blowing and less often by blowing into a mold. The bottles mostly come from the graves of inhumed and cremated deceased, from the period from the end of the 1st to the beginning of the 4th century. The richness of the form, but also the simplicity of the style indicate the serial production that could have originated in Viminacium itself, while the more luxurious examples were part of the Celtic, Galician and Syrian production circles. Chemical analysis of glass bottles from Viminacium determined that the raw material for making glass mostly came from Egypt. The presence of numerous glass bottles for essential oils manifests the historical – political and economic situation, and indicates the degree of urbanization and involvement in ancient civilization. Arheološko nalazište Viminacijum nalazi se na obali Dunava u blizini Požarevca, i predstavlja rimski logor i grad nastao u I i trajao do VII veka. Bio je najveći grad rimske provincije Gornje Mezije. Poseban značaj imaju otkrića iz Viminacijuma grada koji je brojao oko 40 000 stanovnika. Staklene bočice pronađene iz perioda I veka su malobrojne i predstavljaju vlasništvo prvih doseljenika pripadnika vojnog i admistrativnog aparata. Kao recipijensi za držanje etarskih ulja, mirisa i kozmetičkih preparata korišćenih u svakodnevnom životu, ali i tokom pogrebnih rituala. Tokom istraživanja nekropola u Viminacijumu otkrivene su brojne posude od stakla, a toaletne boćice predstavljaju najbrojniju i najraznovrsniju grupu, sa preko osamnaest tipova, različitih prema dimenzijama, obliku trbuha i vrata. Izrađene su slobodnim duvanjem a ređe duvanjem u kalup. Bočice pretežno potiču iz grobova inhumiranih i kremiranih pokojnika, iz perioda od kraja I do početka IV veka, a manji broj iz žrtvenih slojeva nad grobovima. Bogatstvo formi ali i jednostavnost stila ukazuju na serijsku proizvodnju koja je mogla nastati i u samom Viminacijumu, dok su luksuzniji primerci bili deo kelnskog, galskog i sirijskog proizvodnog kruga. Hemijskim analizama staklenih bočica iz Viminacijuma utvrđeno je da je sirovina za izradu stakla uglavnom poticala iz Egipta. Zastupljenost brojnih staklenih bočica za etarska ulja, manifestuje istorijsko-političku i ekonomsku situaciju, i ukazuje na stepen urbanizacije, i uključenosti u antičku civilizaciju. Brojnost i raznovrsnost staklenih bočica otkrivenih na lokalitetu Viminacijum ukazuju na široku upotrebu etarskih ulja i kozmetičkih preparata na prostoru tog grada i njegove okoline. VIII Kongres farmaceuta Srbije sa međunarodnim učešćem, 12-15.10.2022. Beograd

Pharmacotherapy literacy is literacy in the context of medicines. It represents ability of individuals to find, evaluate, calculate and understand information about medicines, needed for decisions, regardless transmission and content of information (written, spoken, image, symbol) in order to reduce risk of poor pharmacotherapy outcomes (1). Adequate pharmacotherapy literacy is strategy for proper and safe medicines use. Daily, many people misuse medicines due to inadequate pharmacotherapy literacy. Recently, specific assessment tools and interventions were developed to alleviate patients' needs for simplification, education, and support during medicines use. The objective of study was to review and present pharmacotherapy literacy researches in the adult population (in healthy individuals and specific patient populations). Previous researches included respondents at population level and in health institutions. It was developed 13 instruments for evaluation of pharmacotherapy literacy, 9 for particular medicines group, and 4 instruments were general. Most instruments included only dimensions of functionality and numeracy. In all populations, predictors of pharmacotherapy literacy levels were: education, age, sex and ability for self-medication. Persons with lower pharmacotherapy literacy need assistance and simpler information when dispensing medicines. As a guideline for identifying patients with lower pharmacotherapy literacy, a RALPH (Recognize and Address Limited Pharmaceutical Literacy) interview was created to support pharmacists for easier identification of patients with limited literacy (2). The number of pharmacotherapy literacy studies is rising. Pharmacists, as the most accessible health professionals, have key role in reducing patient confusion and improving pharmacotherapy literacy, through communication tailored to their needs, after identification of pharmacotherapy literacy levels. Farmakoterapijska pismenost predstavlja specifičnu pismenost u kontekstu upotrebe lekova. Označava sposobnost pojedinaca da pronađe, proceni, izračuna i razume informacije o lekovima, potrebne radi donošenja odluka, bez obzira na način prenosa i sadržaj informacije (pisana, izgovorena, slika, simbol) sa ciljem smanjenja rizika od loših ishoda farmakoterapije (1). Adekvatna farmakoterapijska pismenost strategija je za pravilnu i bezbednu upotrebu lekova. Svakodnevno, mnogo osoba pogrešno primeni lek usled neadekvatne farmakoterapijske pismenosti. Poslednjih godina razvijeni su specifični intrumenti za procenu i intervencije usmerene ka olakšanju potreba pacijenata radi pojednostavljenja, edukacije i podrške prilikom upotrebe lekova. Ovom studijom prikazana su istraživanja farmakoterapijske pismenosti u populaciji odraslih osoba (na zdravim pojedincima i u specifičnim populacijama pacijenata). Dosadašnja istraživanja obuhvatila su različite grupe ispitanika na nivou populacije i u zdravstvenim institucijama, Razvijeno je 13 instrumenata za ispitivanje farmakoterapijske pismenosti, od kojih 9 za procenu kod određene grupe lekova, a 4 instrumenta su opšta. Većina instrumenata je uključila samo funkcionalnu i numeričku dimenziju pismenosti. U svim populacijama, kao prediktori nivoa farmakoterapijske pismenosti izdvajaju se obrazovanje, starost, pol i sposobnost samomedikacije. Osobe niže farmakoterapijske pismenosti traže asistenciju i jednostavnije informacije prilikom izdavanja lekova. Kao smernica za identifikaciju pacijenata sa nižim nivoom farmakoterapijske pismenosti kreiran je RALPH (Recognize and Address Limited Pharmaceutical Literacy) intervju sa ciljem podrške farmaceutima za lakše prepoznavanje pacijenata sa ograničenom farmakoterapijskom pismenošću (2). Broj istraživanja farmakoterapijske pismenosti je u porastu. Farmaceuti kao najdostupniji zdravstveni profesionalci, imaju ključnu ulogu u smanjenju konfuzije pacijenata i poboljšanju njihove farmakoterapijske pismenosti, kroz komunikaciju prilagođenu njihovim potrebama, kada procene nivo pismenosti. VIII Kongres farmaceuta Srbije sa međunarodnim učešćem, 12-15.10.2022. Beograd

Throughout history, people have been affected by numerous pandemics, whether caused by human factors or natural disasters and calamities (1). In the conditions of epidemics, health workers also become vulnerable, and as a priority they put the needs of their patients above their own (2). The aim of the research was to examine beliefs of students regarding the obligations of health workers in the conditions of global pandemics, on a sample of 268 students from the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade were interviewed using a purpose-built questionnaire. The mean age was 21.41±2.11. Dominated by females (87.3%), from the fifth year of study (35%) and with a completed secondary vocational school (52.2%). The majority of respondents (91%) believe that by choosing a profession they consciously accept the possibility of being exposed to a high risk of infectious diseases. But, 67.5% of students stated that they were not fully awared of all the risks that characterize the profession of health worker and the risk to their health while dealing with sick patients, as well as the way of their own protection. More than half of respondents (56%) would refuse to provide medical care to a high-risk patients if they did not have adequate protection. The obtained results indicate that there is a certain level of concern for the safety of health workers in the conditions of a global pandemic. Brojne epidemije obeležile su ljudsku istoriju, bilo izazvane ljudskim faktorima ili prirodnim katastrofama i nepogodama (1). U uslovima epidemija i zdravstveni radnici postaju ranjivi, a kao prioritet stavljaju potrebe svojih pacijenata iznad sopstvenih (2). Cilj istraživanja je ispitati stavove studenata u vezi sa obavezama zdravstvenih radnika u uslovima globalnih pandemija na uzorku od 268 studenata Farmaceutskog fakulteta Univerziteta u Beogradu, sa namenski kreiranim upitnikom. Prosečna starost je bila 21,41±2,11. Dominiraju osobe ženskog pola (87,3%), sa pete godine studija (35%) i sa završenom srednjom stručnom školom (52,2%). Većina ispitanika (91%) smatra da izborom profesije svesno prihvataju mogućnost izlaganja visokom riziku od infektivnih bolesti. Međutim, 67,5% studenata nije u potpunosti upoznato sa svim rizicima koji karakterišu profesiju zdravstvenog radnika i rad sa obolelim pacijentima rizičnim po njihovo zdravlje, kao ni sa načinom sopstvene zaštite i više od polovine (56%) odbilo bi da pruži adekvatno medicinsko zbrinjavanje visoko rizičnom pacijentu ako nemaju odgovarajuću zaštitu. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju da postoji određeni nivo brige za bezbenost zdravstvenih radnika u uslovima globalne pandemije. VIII Kongres farmaceuta Srbije sa međunarodnim učešćem, 12-15.10.2022. Beograd

The position of pharmacists in Serbia has changed through periods of learning a professional role, complete professionalization and deprofessionalization. Solemn ceremony during faculty enrollment is important strategy for creating a sense of connection with the profession and strengthening its identity, as well as professional socialization of pharmacists (1). The aim of this research is to examine attitudes of students and alumni regarding the position of pharmaceutical profession in society. A cross-sectional study design with purpose-built questionnaire was used. Data were over a period of three months. 409 subjects participated, of which 140 were alumni, predominantly female (84.8%). Most respondents (86.8%) answered that pharmaceutical profession is not sufficiently valued in society or by other medical professions (79.2%) and the importance of pharmacists for patient healthcare is not sufficiently recognized (76.8%). The majority of respondents believe that public and other healthcare professionals do not recognize the knowledge of pharmacists for optimization of therapeutic outcomes (86%, 76.3% respectively). Introducing a solemn ceremony for students at admission, and taking the oath after studies was supported by 66.2% and 84.1% respondents, respectively, in response to growing challenges of deprofessionalization. Poor social status perception of pharmacy has been recognized together with importance of maintaining a professional environment at the faculty. Pharmacy students cannot become professionals immediately after receiving university degree or license to work. In order to become professionals, during their studies students need to recognize and become professionally sensitive to all the factors that make pharmacy specific, and set it apart from other healthcare professions. Položaj farmaceuta u društvu se u Srbiji menjao kroz periode učenja profesionalne uloge, potpune profesionlizacije i deprofesionalizacije. Svečana ceremonija prilikom upisa na fakultet predstavlja važnu strategiju za stvaranje osećaja povezanosti sa profesijom i ojačanje profesionalnog identiteta, kao i profesionalnu socijalizaciju farmaceuta (1). Cilj istraživanja jeste ispitivanje stavova studenata i alumnija u vezi sa položajem farmaceutske struke u društvu. Korišćena je metoda studije preseka sa namenski kreiranim upitnikom, kojim su podaci prikupljani tokom tri meseca. Učestvovalo je 409 ispitanika, od čega 140 alumnija, dominantno ženskog pola (84,8%). Većina ispitanika (86,8%) mišljenja je da farmaceutska struka nije dovoljno cenjena u društvu, niti je cenjena od strane drugih medicinskih struka (79,2%), te ni značaj farmaceuta i doprinos njihovog rada u zdravstvenom zbrinjavanju pacijenata nisu dovoljno prepoznati (76,8%). Većina ispitanika smatra da građani i drugi zdravstveni radnici ne propoznaju znanje koje farmaceuti imaju i koje mogu da pruže u optimizaciji terapijskih ishoda (86%, 76,3% redom). Uvođenje svečane ceremonije kod prijema studenata na početku studija i polaganje zakletve na kraju studija, podržalo je 66,2% ispitanika u prvom, odnosno 84,1% u drugom slučaju, kao odgovor na rastuće izazove deprofesionalizacije. Rezultati ukazuju da je loša percepcija društvenog statusa apotekarske profesije prepoznata i da je prepoznat značaj podsticanja profesionalnog okruženja na fakultetu. Studenti farmacije ne mogu da postani profesionalci onog trenutka kada dobiju fakultetsku diplomu ili licencu za rad u zdravstvu, već je potrebno da tokom studija prepoznaju i postaju profesionalno senzitivni za sve one identitete koji čine apotekarsku profesiju specifičnom i izdvajaju je od ostalih zdravstvenih profesija. VIII Kongres farmaceuta Srbije sa međunarodnim učešćem, 12-15.10.2022. Beograd

Peer education (PE) is a more effective strategy for improving the health of adolescents than traditional methods (for example, teacher training) (1). Along the improvement of knowledge, beliefs, attitudes and behaviours between students are also improved with various medical problems in mind (2). We analysed the positive and negative sides of PE from the perspective of students, as well as how many would be interested in peer-to-peer education. A cross-sectional study has been conducted in November and December of 2020 on a sample of students from the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade (N = 145), using a purpose-built questionnaire. Dominant were females (83.4%). As the most significant positive side, 44.8% of respondents state that they are better acquainted with the issues and the way of thinking of peer educators. As the main shortcoming, the largest number of respondents (97.8%) state insufficient experience and training of peer educators. Students would like to be educators (51.3%), mostly on the topic of disease prevention, health promotion and healthy lifestyles (20.3%). The results show that students have positive attitudes towards peer education, which need to be further researched, especially because of its importance in adolescence. Vršnjačka edukacija (VE) je efikasnija strategija za poboljšanje zdravlja adolescenata od tradicionalnih metoda (npr. obuka od strane nastavnika) (1). Pored poboljšanja znanja, u vezi sa različitim zdravstvenim pitanjima unapređuju se verovanja, stavovi i ponašanja među studentima (2). Analizirali smo koje su pozitivne i negativne strane VE iz ugla studenata, kao i u kojoj meri su studenti zainteresovani za vršnjačke edukacije. Studija preseka je sprovedena u novembru i decembru 2020. godine na uzorku studenata Farmaceutskog fakulteta Univerziteta u Beogradu (N=145), korišćenjem namenski kreiranog upitnika. Dominantno je bilo osoba ženskog pola (83,4%). Kao najznačajniju pozitivnu stranu 44,8% ispitanika navodi bolju upućenost u problematiku i način razmišljanja vršnjačkih edukatora. Kao glavni nedostatak, najveći broj ispitanika (97,8%) navodi nedovoljno iskustva i obučenost vršnjačkih edukatora. Studenti bi voleli da budu edukatori (51,3%), najviše na temu prevencije bolesti, promocije zdravlja i zdravih stilova života (20,3%). Rezultati pokazuju da je studenti imaju pozitivne stavove prema vršnjačkoj edukaciji što je potrebno dalje istraživati posebno zbog značaja u periodu adolescencije. VIII Kongres farmaceuta Srbije sa međunarodnim učešćem, 12-15.10.2022. Beograd

Nedostatak propisa o oglašavanju lekova u prvoj polovini XIX veka u Srbiji, omogućio je oglašivačima da daju preuveličane, često lažne tvrdnje o dejstvu reklamiranih lekova, nudeć i ih kao univerzalne lekove za sve bolesti. Odsustvo informacija o sadržaju potencijalno opasnih supstanci, placebo efeketi i samomedikacija, bili su značajni faktori njihove dugotrajne popularnosti, ali i kritike od strane kreatora zdravstvene politike. Cilj rada je prikazati hronologiju regulative u oglašavanju lekova u Srbiji. Korišć ene su metode dokumentacione analize i desk analize sekundarnih podataka. Implementacijom zakonskih propisa o oglašavanju lekova prvo je regulisano označavanje lekova. Pravilnik Stalnog stručnog saveta za ispitivanje i kontrolu lekova (1926.) zabranjivao je promet neregistrovanih lekova, oglašavanje postojećih lekova pod drugim nazivima i oglašavanje lekova jakog dejstva u dnevnoj štampi. Pravilnik o oglašavanju lekova i lekovitih specijaliteta u dnevnim listovima ili drugim načinom (1931) određuje sadržinu teksta oglasa čiji je sadržaj kontrolisao Stalni stručni savet za ispitivanje i kontrolu lekova (1). Regulacija oglašavanja lekova u Srbiji je evoluirala u posmatranom periodu, prateći stalne promene u društvenom, tehnološkom i političkom okviru, uz održavanje visokog nivoa odgovornosti kreatora politike i farmaceuta u zaštiti zdravlja stanovništva. The lack of regulations on drug advertising in the first half of the 19th century in Serbia enabled advertisers to make exaggerated, often false claims about the effect of advertised drugs, offering them as universal remedies for all diseases. Lack of information on the content of potentially dangerous substances, placebo effects and self-medication, were significant factors in their long-term popularity, but also criticism by health policy makers. The aim of this paper is to present the chronology of regulations in drug advertising in Serbia. Methods of documentation analysis and desk analysis of secondary data were used. The implementation of legal regulations on drug advertising first regulated the labeling of drugs. The Rulebook of the Permanent Expert Council for the Testing and Control of Medicines (1926) prohibited the sale of unregistered medicines, the advertising of existing medicines under other names and the advertising of strong drugs in the daily press. The Ordinance on the Advertising of Medicines and Medicinal Specialties in Daily Newspapers or in Other Manners (1931) determines the content of the text of an advertisement whose content was controlled by the Permanent Expert Council for Testing and Control of Medicines (1). The regulation of drug advertising in Serbia has evolved in the observed period, following the constant changes in the social, technological and political framework, while maintaining a high level of responsibility of policy makers and pharmacists in protecting the health of the population. VIII Kongres farmaceuta Srbije sa međunarodnim učešćem, 12-15.10.2022. Beograd

Antibiotics are the gold standard in treating and preventing recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs), but their widespread, irrational use leads to the development of antimicrobial resistance (1,2). The aim of this study was to analyze the use of antibiotics in patients with UTIs symptoms. An online survey for patients was disseminated by researchers and community pharmacists during the winter 2020/21. The study was approved by the Ethical Committee of the University of Belgrade – Faculty of Pharmacy. The study included 736 respondents, 31.5 years of age in average, and most of them were women (80.8%). Approximately 40% of patients reported that they experienced symptoms of UTIs in previous years, and 49.3% of patients did not seek a counsel of health care professionals, and rather had used therapy following the advice of friends, family members or by their opinion. A smaller number of patients used antibiotics in therapy (n=178, 24.2%) prescribed by the doctor (79.2% of patients), and in some cases without prior consultation with a doctor (20.8% of patients). Antibiotics successfully treated 70% of UTIs. According to data collected from 133 patients, 17 different antibiotics were used in UTI treatment. The most used antibiotics were: ciprofloxacin (23.3%), cephalexin (17.3%) and fosfomycin (14.3%). Antibiotics used for UTIs treatment didn’t comply with the European Association of Urology guidelines. Considering that the use of medicines could be initiated by patients and therefore be unreported, the use of medicines for UTIs should be analysed both from clinical patients’ data records and individual patients’ reports. Antibiotici predstavljaju zlatni standard u lečenju i prevenciji rekurentnih infekcija urinarnog trakta (IUT), ali njihova učestala, neracionalna upotreba dovodi do razvoja antimikrobne rezistencije (1,2). Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je da se analizira upotreba antibiotika kod pacijenata sa simptomima IUT. Istraživači i farmaceuti u javnim apotekama su distribuirali pacijentima onlajn anketu tokom zime 2020/21. Studiju je odobrila Etička komisija Farmaceutskog fakulteta – Univerziteta u Beogradu. Istraživanjem je obuhvaćeno 736 ispitanika, prosečne starosti 31,5 godina, među kojima su najviše bile žene (80,8%). Približno 40% pacijenata je izjavilo da su imali simptome IUT tokom prethodne godine, od kojih 49,3% pacijenata nije tražilo savet zdravstvenih profesionalaca, već je koristilo terapiju po savetu prijatelja, članova porodice ili po njihovom sopstvenom mišljenju. Manji broj pacijenata koristio je antibiotike u terapiji (n=178, 24,2%) na osnovu lekarskog recepta (79,2% pacijenata), a u pojedinim slučajevima i bez prethodne konsultacije sa lekarom (20,8% pacijenata). Antibiotici su uspešno lečili 70% IUT. Prema podacima prikupljenim od 133 pacijenta, u lečenju IUT korišćeno je 17 različitih antibiotika. Najviše korišćeni antibiotici su: ciprofloksacin (23,3%), cefaleksin (17,3%) i fosfomicin (14,3%). Antibiotici koji su korišćeni za lečenje IUT nisu bili u skladu sa smernicama Evropskog udruženja za urologiju. Budući da pacijenti u nekim slučajevima sami započinju terapiju bez prethodne konsultacije sa lekarima, upotrebu lekova za IUT treba analizirati kako na osnovu kliničkih podataka pacijenata, tako i iz izveštaja pojedinačnih pacijenata. VIII Kongres farmaceuta Srbije sa međunarodnim učešćem, 12-15.10.2022. Beograd

Discovery of antibiotics significantly decreased the mortality rate and extended life expectancy. However, the irrational use of antibiotics has made bacteria resistant to a number of them (1). Many countries are adopting certain strategies for the use of the antibiotics. Integral parts of these strategies are the education of health professionals as well as KAP research (knowledge, attitudes and behaviors) of medical students regarding the rational use of antibiotics (2). The aim of the research was to examine the knowledge of pharmacy students regarding the rational use of antibiotics in Serbia through an online questionnaire. The research was conducted among 375 students, during 2019 at 5 faculties in Serbia with department of pharmacy from junior to senior study year. The sample was determined as 10% of the total number of students in each year of study. The average age of respondents was 22.15 ± 1.78 years. The largest percentage of students (86.9%) answered that a module on the rational use of antibiotics (drugs) within the Pharmacy study program is needed. Respondents' knowledge was tested through 15 questions. The total percentage of correct answers in the questionnaire was 85.2%. Most of the respondents had 14 correct answers (32%), while 16.8% had all 15. The knowledge level mostly grew from the first to the final year of study. The knowledge of Serbian pharmacy students regarding the rational use of antibiotics is at a high level and they are aware of the antimicrobial resistance problems as well as the irrational use of antibiotics. Otkriće antibiotika značajno je smanjilo stopu smrtnosti i produžilo životni vek. Sa druge strane, neracionalna upotreba antibiotika dovela je do pojave da su bakterije rezistentne na veći broj antibiotika (1). Mnoge zemlje širom sveta donose određene strategije za upotrebu antibiotika. Sastavni delovi ovih strategija su edukacije zdravstvenih radnika kao i KAP istraživanja (znanja, stavova i ponašanja) studenata zdravstvenih fakulteta u vezi sa racionalnom upotrebom antibiotika (2). Cilj istraživanja je bio da se putem online upitnika ispitaju znanja studenata farmacije u vezi sa racionalnom upotrebom antibiotika na nivou Srbije. Istaživanje je sprovedeno na 5 fakulteta u Srbiji na kojima postoji odsek farmacija, na svim godinama studija. Uzorak je bio određen kao 10% studenata od ukupnog broja na svakoj godini studija. Istraživanje je sprovedeno tokom juna i jula 2019. godine. U istraživanju sprovedenom online učestvovalo je 375 studenata. Prosečan broj godina ispitanika bio je 22,15±1,78. Najveći procenat studenata (86,9%) je odgovorio da je modul o racionalnoj upotrebi antibiotika (lekova) u okviru studijskog programa Farmacija potreban. Znanja ispitanika proverena su kroz 15 pitanja. Ukupan procenat tačnih odgovora u upitniku bio 85,2%. Najveći procenat ispitanika je imao 14 tačnih odgovora (32%), dok je na svih 15 pitanja tačno odgovorilo 16,8%. Procenat znanja je uglavnom rastao od prve ka završnoj godini studija. Znanja studenata farmacije u vezi sa racionalnom upotrebom antibiotika, na nivou Srbije, su na visokom nivou i svesni su problema antimikrobne rezistencije kao i neracionalne upotrebe antibiotika. VIII Kongres farmaceuta Srbije sa međunarodnim učešćem, 12-15.10.2022. Beograd

The use of quinine bark was first documented in 1630 by Jesuit missionaries, after which it occupied the great attention of scientists (1). In 1746 Count Claude Toussaint Marot de la Garaye was the first to crystallize a substance from quinine bark and called it "sel essentiel de quinquina", which was later found to have no clinical effects. With the development of acid-base extraction procedures, in 1820, two French scientists, pharmacists Pierre Pelletier and Joseph Caventou, isolated the active substance and called it quinine. They used the "yellow" bark of quinine, which was known to be more effective against malaria than the "gray" bark used by scientists in previous attempts at isolation. Having received numerous awards and honors, these two scientists established a factory in Paris for the extraction of quinine, an activity that is often mentioned as the beginning of the modern pharmaceutical industry. After isolation, doctors confirmed its efficacy and specificity in the treatment of malarial fever, making quinine preparations become part of the official Materia medica. Isolation enabled quantitative assessment of bark quality, more precise dosing and higher efficiency (1,2). Quinidine, cinchonine and cinchonidine are isolated after quinine, and the effectiveness of these four alkaloids was evaluated in one of the earliest clinical trials, conducted from 1866 to 1868 on 3,600 subjects. Quinine is included in a number of pharmacopoeias, and the Pharmacopée universelle describes more than 100 official quinine- based preparations for the treatment of a large number of diseases (2). Primena kore hininovca prvi put je dokumentovana 1630. godine od strane Jezuitskih misionara, nakon čega ova biljna droga okupira veliku pažnju naučnika (1). Godine 1746. grof Claude Toussaint Marot de la Garaye prvi izoluje supstancu iz kore hininovca i nazvava je “sel essentiel de quinquina”, za koju se kasnije utvrđuje da nema kliničke efekte. Sa razvojem postupaka kiselinsko-bazne ekstrakcije, 1820. godine dva francuska naučnika, farmaceuti Pierre Pelletier i Joseph Caventou konačno izoluju aktivnu supstancu i nazivaju je hinin. U ovom eksperimentu koristili su „žutu“ koru hininovca, za koju se znalo da je efikasnija protiv malarije od „sive“ kore koju su koristili naučnici u brojnim prethodnim pokušajima izolacije. Dobivši brojne nagrade i počasti, ova dva naučnika u Parizu otvaraju fabriku za ekstrakciju hinina, delatnost koja se često pominje kao početak moderne farmaceutske industrije. Ubrzo nakon izolacije lekari potvrđuju njegovu efikasnost i specifičnost u terapiji malaričnih groznica čime preparati hinina postaju deo oficinalne Matrije medike. Izolacija je omogućila kvantitativnu procenu kvaliteta kore, preciznije doziranje i veću efikasnost (1,2). Nakon hinina bivaju izolovani i hinidin, cinhonin i cinhonidin, a efikasnost ova četiri alkaloida procenjena je u jednom od najranijih kliničkih ispitivanja, sprovedenih od 1866. do 1868. godine na 3600 ispitanika. Hinin ulazi i u brojne farmakopeje, a Pharmacopée universelle opisuje više od 100 zvaničnih preparata zasnovanih na hininu za terapiju velikog broja bolesti (2). VIII Kongres farmaceuta Srbije sa međunarodnim učešćem, 12-15.10.2022. Beograd

Danas u farmaciji dominiraju žene. Istorijski podaci pokazuju da je to donedavno bila muška profesija. Medjutim, sredinom devetnaestog veka ženama se u svetu dozvoljava bavljenje apotekarstvom, a mogućnost da žene studiraju i vode apoteku dobijaju na prelazu iz devetnaestog u dvadeseti vek. Cilj rada je bio da se prikaže položaj i životni put prvih žena farmaceuta na teritoriji današnjeg Zrenjanina. Primenjena je dokumentaciona i istorijska analiza. Univerziteti na prostoru današnje Vojvodine primaju prve žene na studije farmacije u Ugarskoj (1895) i Austriji (1900). Prva žena, vlasnik apoteke na teritoriji Vojvodine je Ilona Halmoš Sege (1884-1944), koja je diplomirala farmaciju 1908. godine u Budimpešti. Prvu apoteku „Kod Svetog Stevana” otvorila je u Šupljaji, 1913. godine, a 1918. je prešla u Petrovgrad (današnji Zrenjanin) gde je kupila apoteku „Kod krune”. Iz međuratnog perioda zabeleženi su podaci o borbi apoteka za promete, kao i žalbe i nesuglasice vlasnika apoteka. Još jedna farmaceutkinja Vera Nikolić (1910-1989), kao kći farmaceuta i vlasnika apoteke „Kod anđela”, Emila Nikolića, preuzima od njega apoteku u međuratnom periodu, koju je vodila do nacionalizacije pedesetih godina prošlog veka, kada njena apoteka postaje „Šesta narodna apoteka”, a ona nastavlja da radi kao farmaceut do penzionisanja. Prve žene u farmaciji u Zrenjaninu su radile, borile se sa konkurecijom i opstale kao vlasnici apoteka više decenija, a njihov rad su prekinule istorijske ratne okolnosti. Iako u manjini, razvijale su i održavale apotekarstvo, i time dale doprinos razvoju zdravstva u ovom delu Banatskog regiona. Nowadays, women dominate pharmacy. They received the permission to study and run a pharmacy around the end of the 19 th and beginning of the 20th century. We aimed to present the position and life path of the first female pharmacists on the territory of today's municipality of Zrenjanin. Documentary and historical analysis were applied. Universities in the area of today's Vojvodina admitted women to study pharmacy in Budapest in 1895, and in Austria in 1900. The first female owner of a pharmacy in Vojvodina was Ilona Halmoš Sege, who graduated in 1908 in Budapest. She opened her first pharmacy "Kod Svetog Stevana" in Šupljaja in 1913, and she moved to Petrovgrad (Zrenjanin) in 1918, where she bought the pharmacy "Kod krune". In the interwar period mutual struggles of pharmacy owners for customers, complaints and disagreements. Another female pharmacist, Vera Nikolić, who was the daughter of Emil Nikolić, a pharmacist and owner of the pharmacy "Kod anđela", took over the pharmacy from her father in the interwar period. She led it until its nationalization in the 1950s, when her pharmacy became a state pharmacy , and she worked as a pharmacist until her retirement. The first women in pharmacy in Zrenjanin worked, fought with the competition, and survived as the owners of pharmacies for more decades, but their work was interrupted by historical war circumstances. Although in the minority, they developed and maintained apothecary profession and thus contributed to the development of healthcare in this part of the Banat. VIII Kongres farmaceuta Srbije sa međunarodnim učešćem, 12-15.10.2022. Beograd

Technology development, higher Internet and smart devices accessibility have contributed to increasing the use and application of social media, online platforms and applications in healthcare, where healthcare professionals use social media both privately and while performing professional tasks (1, 2). The aim of the research was to examine attitudes of biomedical sciences students towards application of social media in communication with patients. A questionnaire was created, then distributed using the Snowball technique. 311 students participated, all of whom used social media at least once. YouTube, Instagram, and Facebook are the most used platforms, used daily (97.11%) for personal and/or professional use. 82.24% believe helping patients to understand online information is a new pharmacists' duty in digital age, and 61.09% that it is their obligation to keep up with current trends in social media usage. The majority thinks that social media have the potential to improve communication between pharmacists and patients (76.38%) and that it is ethically acceptable for pharmacists to communicate with patients through social media (55.63%), without violating their confidentiality (53,23%). Every second student thinks that it is ethically unacceptable for a pharmacist to communicate with a patient through social media private accounts, and to visit patients' profiles (51.77%). Encouraging is that 92.60% find it unacceptable that patients' confidential information is shared without patients' consent. The results indicate a positive attitude of biomedical sciences students about using social media to help patients understand information available online, and that social media have the potential to improve communication between pharmacists and patients. Razvoj tehnologije, veća dostupnost interneta i pametnih uređaja, doprineli su povećanju upotrebe i primene društvenih mreža, onlajn platformi i aplikacija u zdravstvu, gde zdravstveni radnici društvene mreže koriste u svom privatnom životu, ali i u obavljanju svojih profesionalnih dužnosti (1,2). Cilj istraživanja je bio da se ispitaju stavovi studenata biomedicinskih nauka o primeni društvenih mreža u komunikaciji sa pacijentima. Namenski je kreiran upitnik, koji je distribuiran Snowball tehnikom. U istraživanju je učestvovalo 311 studenata, od kojih su svi barem nekada koristili društvene mreže. YouTube, Instagram i Facebook su društvene mreže koje najviše koriste i to svakodnevno (97,11%), za ličnu i/ili profesionalnu upotrebu. 82,24% smatra da je pomaganje pacijentima u razumevanju informacija dostupnih online nova dužnost farmaceuta u digitalnom dobu, a 61,09% da je njihova obaveza da budu u toku sa trenutnim trendovima u korišćenju društvenih mreža. Većina je mišljenja da društvene mreže imaju potencijal da unaprede komunikaciju između farmaceuta i pacijenta (76,38%) i da je etički prihvatljivo za farmaceuta da komunicira sa pacijentom putem društvenih mreža (55,63%), bez narušavanja njihovog poverljivog odnosa (53,23%). Svaki drugi student smatra da nije etički prihvatljivo za farmaceuta da komunicira sa pacijentom preko privatnih naloga na društvenim mrežama, i da posećuje profil pacijenata na društvenim mreža (51,77%). Ohrabruje rezultat da 92,60% nedopustivim smatra deljenje poverljivih informacija o pacijentima bez njihovog pristanka. Rezultati ukazuju na pozitivan stav studenata biomedicinskih nauka u korišćenju društvenih mreža u pomaganju pacijentima u razumevanju informacija dostupnih online, kao i da društvene mreže imaju potencijal da unaprede komunikaciju između farmaceuta i pacijenta. VIII Kongres farmaceuta Srbije sa međunarodnim učešćem, 12-15.10.2022. Beograd

Pharmacogenetics is a study of how people respond differently to drug therapy based upon their genes (1). Available pharmacogenetics tests performed before starting therapy allow each patient to receive the appropriate drug in an adequate dose, in accordance with their genetic status (2). The aim of this research was to assess the attitudes of pharmacy students about potential ethical issues that may be related to pharmacogenetics testing. This descriptive study was conducted in the period from November to December 2019. Students from all faculties of pharmacy in Serbia filled out a structured questionnaire of 35 questions. A total of 256 respondents, predominantly female (83.8%), studying at the Faculty of Pharmacy – University of Belgrade, participated in the research (88.7%). Most respondents would consider doing a genetic test (78.5%). Of the ethical issues that may be associated with pharmacogenetics testing, students cited patient privacy (27.0%) and data confidentiality (22.7%), or both issues simultaneously (11.3%). Other reasons were forced testing, stigmatization or racial problems (9.8%, 5.1%, 3.5%, respectively). Students of the Faculty of Pharmacy in Belgrade more often recognized all five ethical problems in relation to other faculties and this difference is high statistically significant (χ2 = 68.68, p

After the announcement of the international competition and the adoption of the Law on Pharmacies in 1865, numerous medical experts came to Serbia. The noble pharmaceutical family Draškoci moved from Slovakia to Belgrade in search of a better life in 1868. This paper aims to determine the significance and social contribution of the pharmaceutical family Draškoci to the economic and cultural life of the town of Svilajnac in the aforementioned period. Julije Draškoci opened the first pharmacy in Svilajnac on the 24 th of April 1875. After the foundation of the gymnasium in Svilajnac in 1877, he voluntarily taught for free gymnastics, physics and chemistry in that school. He was engaged in fruit and vineyard, cattle breading, and apiculture. He was the originator of mountaineering in Resava and Serbia, and the initiator of the school excursions. He was one of the founders of the Resava Savings Bank in 1885. He founded the Resava Shooting Club in 1891. Of his ten children, only his son William completed studies in pharmacy in Vienna, like him, and continued to run his father’s pharmacy until its nationalization in 1949. He participated in the Balkan Wars and the First World War. The people of Svilajnac will remember the Draškoci family for their exceptional contribution to the development of town and social life, and the pharmacist William especially for saving several of his fellow citizens from being shot during the Second World War. U Srbiju je prispeo veliki broj medicinskih stručnjaka nakon objavljivanja međunarodnog konkursa i donošenja zakona o apotekama 1865. godine. Plemićka farmaceutska porodica Draškoci se u potrazi za boljim životom preselila 1868. godine iz Slovačke u Beograd. Cilj ovog rada je da se utvrdi značaj i društveni doprinos porodice Draškoci privrednom i kulturnom životu tadašnje varošice Svilajnca. Julije Draškoci otvorio je prvu apoteku u Svilajncu 24. aprila 1875. Po osnivanju gimnazije 1877. godine, predavao je besplatno gimnastiku, fiziku i hemiju u toj školi. Bavio se vinogradarstvom, voćarstvom, stočarstvom i pčelarstvom. Začetnik je planinarstva u Resavi i Srbiji, i inicijator đačkih ekskurzija. Bio je jedan od osnivača Resavske štedionice 1885. godine. Osnovao je Resavsko streljačko društvo 1891. godine. Od njegovo desetoro dece samo je sin Viljem završio, kao i on, studije farmacije u Beču, i nastavio da vodi apoteku svog oca sve do njene nacionalizacije 1949. godine. Viljem je bio aktivni član Gimnastičkog društva i potpredsednik Sokolskog društva. Učestvovao je u Balkanskim ratovima i u Prvom svetskom ratu. Svilajnčani će porodicu Draškoci pamtiti po izuzetnom doprinosu razvoju gradskog i društvenog života, a apotekara Vilijema posebno i po tome što je tokom Drugog svetskog rata spasio od streljanja nekoliko svojih sugrađana. VIII Kongres farmaceuta Srbije sa međunarodnim učešćem, 12-15.10.2022. Beograd