Search

The advancement of experimental methods has provided new information about the structure and structural fluctuations of water. Despite the appearance of numerous models, which aim to describe a wide range of thermodynamic and electrical characteristics of water, there is a deficit in systemic understanding of structuring in aqueous solutions. A particular challenge is the fact that even pure water is a heterogeneous, multicomponent system composed of molecular and supramolecular structures. The possibility of the existence of such structures and their nature are of fundamental importance for various fields of science. However, great difficulties arise in modeling relatively large supramolecular structures (e.g. extended hydration shells), where the bonds between molecules are characterized by low energy. Generally, such structures may be non-equilibrium but relatively long-lived. Evidently, the short times of water microstructure exchanges do not mean short lifetimes of macrostructures, just as the instability of individual parts does not mean the instability of the entire structure. To explain this paradox, we review the data from experimental and theoretical research. Today, only some of the experimental results on the lifetime of water structures have been confirmed by modeling, so there is not a complete theoretical picture of the structure of water yet. We propose a new hierarchical water macrostructure model to resolve the issue of the stability of water structures. In this model, the structure of water is presented as consisting of many hierarchically related levels (the stratification model). The stratification mechanism is associated with symmetry breaking at the formation of the next level, even with minimal changes in the properties of the previous level. Such a hierarchical relationship can determine the unique physico-chemical properties of water systems and, in the future, provide a complete description of them.

У даній статті доводиться необхідність нор­мативного закріплення реституційно-компенса­ційних заходів в кримінальному законі України. Автори аналізують міжнародні нормативні акти, зокрема Декларацію ООН основних принципів правосуддя для жертв злочинів та зловживання владою, 1985; Європейську конвенцію з відшко­дування збитків жертвам насильницьких злочи­нів, 1983; Рекомендацію R (85) 11 Комітету мі­ністрів Ради Європи державам-членам стосовно положення потерпілого в межах кримінального права та кримінального процесу, 1985; Реко­мендацію Rec (2006) 8 Комітету Міністрів Ради Європи державам-членам щодо допомоги по­терпілим від злочинів, 2006, в яких встановлено певні обов’язки держав щодо закріплення в на­ціональних законах реституції та відшкодування шкоди. У статті визначено недостатність зако­нодавчого закріплення відшкодування (компен­сації) шкоди, завданої кримінальним правопо­рушенням, в кримінальному процесуальному та цивільному законодавстві України. В роботі аналізуються історичні норматив­но-правові акти, які діяли на території нашої держави, в яких передбачалися заходи, спря­мовані на забезпечення інтересів потерпілих від кримінальних правопорушень, доводиться, що з входженням до російської імперії позитивні над­бання в кримінальному праві, які були пов’я­зані з намаганням закріпити на законодавчому рівні реституційно-компенсаційні заходи, були втрачені. Водночас на прикладі кримінально­го закону Польщі доводиться, що держави, які мали спільну з нашою історію та однакові ви­токи формування законодавства, продовжили традиції нормотворення в заданому криміналь­но-правовому напрямку і тому в систему кримі­нально-правових заходів Польщі входять захо­ди компенсаційного характеру. В роботі приділено увагу аналізу положень проєкту Кримінального кодексу України, які регламентують реституцію і компенсацію, ви­значено певні недоліки і запропоновано деякі шляхи їх вирішення.

Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 perovskite-based crystals attract considerable scientific interest due to their interesting properties and possible use in piezoelectricity and photovoltaics. To understand the local structure and fundamental properties of such materials, in this work, we focused on the study within the density functional theory of structural, electronic, and optical properties of Pb[(Mg1/3Nb2/3)0.75Ti0.25]O3. Using GGA(PBEsol) approximation for structure optimization gives a good agreement with experimental data. Through the variation in Hubbard U parameters to GGA(PBEsol) functional, we achieve the bandgap for the Pb[(Mg1/3Nb2/3)0.75Ti0.25]O3 which is in good agreement with the experimental results. The study of the bond populations showed that the Mg-O bond demonstrates no covalency, whereas there is a significant Ti-O and Nb-O covalent bonding. Such different bonding characteristics must be responsible for the relaxor properties of Pb[(Mg1/3Nb2/3)0.75Ti0.25]O3 compound. In addition, the investigations of the optical properties of the Pb[(Mg1/3Nb2/3)0.75Ti0.25]O3 by adopting Hubbard U corrections, modifying the error of the GGA approximation, and confirming the electronic analysis, were performed.

Public administration in the field of healthcare is carried out using certain tools (methods, techniques, operations, algorithms of actions, procedures and techniques of action, management technologies, communication strategies, etc.). The composition of the mechanisms of public administration in the sphere of healthcare is proposed, which is determined by the results of the analysis of the content and results of the medical reform in Ukraine. The aim (purpose of application), features of action, limitations and degree of completeness of public administration mechanisms in the field of healthcare in Ukraine are considered. Further improvement of public administration in the field of healthcare in Ukraine lies in the plane of system creation of its instrumental base. The system of public administration mechanisms in the field of healthcare is a set of various mechanisms, the simultaneous action of which in terms of interconnection and interdependence allows to ensure high-quality public administration in the most important socioeconomic sector of the country, which is healthcare. The features of the system of mechanisms of public administration in the sphere of healthcare are characterized. The formation of a system of public administration mechanisms in the field of healthcare in Ukraine should have a fundamental basis, which is formed in the form of appropriate conceptual foundations. The conceptual foundations of the formation of the system of public administration mechanisms in the field of healthcare in Ukraine contain a set of attitudes, principles, provisions, guidelines and vectors of action of state institutions, combined into constructs, the reliance on which will allow the formation of such a really effective system. The creation of a system of public administration mechanisms in the field of healthcare in Ukraine is important for improving the quality of public administration, and therefore great attention should be paid to this process.

The article argues the relevance of the self-esteem problem in adolescence, which is extremely important during their period of maturation, self-definition, evaluation of their abilities, basic values, and the search for ways to fulfill their dreams and satisfy needs. In scientific literature, there is no unequivocal interpretation of the essence of this phenomenon, as some researchers emphasize the need to create conditions for the development of necessary practical experience in positive self-assessment. Others focus on enhancing self-expression and self-disclosure, while others emphasize raising demands on adolescents to develop the ability to overcome difficulties in achieving success. The article emphasizes the necessity of considering the peculiarities of adolescence, the processes of self-identification, evaluation of one's actions, and the construction of perspectives, which are particularly challenging at this age. Unresolved aspects of the identified problem are highlighted, including the study of the level of formation of key competencies crucial for the formation of a positive attitude towards deep self-discovery, serving as a stimulus for self-development and self-improvement. Experimental findings establish that the individual's attitude towards oneself and the development of self-esteem are influenced by the attitudes of those around them. The research identified a range of problems in adolescents that require targeted systematic work, such as the inability to conduct a deep analysis of their achievements and failures, the inability to determine ways and options to overcome purely educational or life difficulties, the inability to appreciate the advice and remarks of more experienced individuals, insufficiently formed orientation towards the future, inadequate evaluation of others' attitudes towards oneself, and the inability to maintain the desired social status, as well as the inability to terminate unwanted relationships. The most essential competencies are highlighted, and the conclusion is drawn that they should be systematically developed, considering three basic factors: the experience of success and failure, the experience of others, and deep internal motivation.

The change in the status and conditions of teaching Polish as a foreign language in Ukraine has led to a fundamental change in the profile of those people who learn the Polish language, their needs, motivations and educational goals. The relevance of the study is related to the need to improve the system of work on teaching Polish to adult Ukrainians. The purpose of the study is to analyse the current situation of learning the Polish language in Ukraine by new groups of adults, taking into account age characteristics and social status, educational training and existing experience in learning foreign languages, previous contacts with the Polish language, needs and requirements regarding its mastery / proficiency level. This requires a more detailed analysis of the characteristics demonstrated by various groups of people consuming these educational services. The teacher is faced with the need to overcome students’ stereotypical perception of the speed of learning material, the mandatory presence of detailed explanations, the frequency of repetition, as well as the determination to obtain the final result. The factor of previous experience in learning foreign languages and the degree of student's previous education are important, as students transfer the associated successes and failures to the process of learning a new foreign language. Previous contact with the Polish language also has a significant impact on the effectiveness of learning. Ease of understanding the language, attempts to communicate with native speakers generally contribute to increasing motivation to study. The analysis showed that the goal of learning the Polish language for the majority of students was and remains the acquisition of higher education. The number of adults studying the language is also growing to fulfil their professional duties. Changing learning conditions alongside adjusting the goals and motivation level diversify the process of learning the Polish language, which often consists of several stages, in which Ukrainian and Polish teachers participate simultaneously. Taking into account all the listed aspects will make it possible to build an effective training model, namely to adapt programmes and training manuals to work with a qualitatively heterogeneous audience.

The modern didactic process can be supported by appropriate methodological support due to the expansion of educational opportunities for Ukrainian students. The need for textbooks in Polish as a foreign language in a professional context puts the teacher in the task of choosing or creating such an educational book. The relevance of the study lies in the need for the theoretical development of a number of issues related to the structure of the textbook, its orientation to a certain type of program, to the level of user proficiency in the national version of the Polish language. The didactic content of the textbook is also important: texts, the ratio of lexical, grammatical and communicative exercises, creative tasks, tasks for self-control, tests, auxiliary materials, etc. To answer these questions, the article analyzes the available textbooks on the Polish language in a professional direction, identifies the main trends in their creation and attempts to systematize their types. To achieve this goal, methods of analysis, synthesis, and observation of linguistic phenomena were used. Creating a quality textbook on the Polish language in a professional manner is connected to a specific educational need and, accordingly, the training program. Specialized student training involves the balanced use of professional texts, lexical, grammatical, and communicative tasks. Analyzing the didactic content of existing textbooks of professional Polish, you can group them into a single-profile and multidisciplinary; monolingual and oriented to the native language of the user; The presence of structural components that fully provide the educational process (from texts, dialogues, various exercises and tasks to questions for self-control, tests, individual tasks, dictionaries, etc.; those containing elements of interest and motivation; Availability of audio and video materials; by country of publication; adjustment to the current program.

The article presents the results of studying the influence of quantitative traits on the barley plant performance. Thirty typical plants were selected for each of the 28 genotypes spring two-row barley cultivars and their height, productive tillering capacity, spike length, number and weight of kernels from the main spike, 1000-kernel weight, and performance were measured. As a result, we found significant positive correlations between the performance and productive tillering capacity and weight of kernels from the main spike. Path analysis showed that the weight of kernels from the main spike had the greatest direct effect on the plant performance (0.61). We have established that the paths “spike length – weight of kernels from the main spike – performance” and “kernel number per spike – weight of kernels from the main spike – performance” are of the greatest importance in select for the barley plant performance.

В статті представлено короткий нарис створення фундаментальної статті Рудольфа Карнапа «Подолання метафізики через логічний аналіз мови». Ми розглядаємо науковий шлях Рудольфа Карнапа, який разом зі спрямованістю Віденського гуртка, приводить до антиметафізичної настанови, що втілилася у «Логічній побудові світу» та «Науковому світорозумінні». Ми висвітлюємо культурно-історичні умови створення «Подолання метафізики через логічний аналіз мови», її наукові та філософські підгрунтя, аналізуємо вплив сучасників на розвиток відповідних ідей Карнапа. Далі ми здійснюємо детальний аналіз методу подолання метафізики, який представляє Карнап. Ми спробували відтворити рух карнапівських ідей у широкому філософському контексті за допомогою залучення його попередніх робіт та розвідок філософів, на яких він спирався. Ми прослідковуємо не лише філософську, але й культурну складову карнапівської спроби відкинути гайдеггерівську метафізику. Ми розширюємо контекст протиставлення традиційної метафізики і спроб її переосмислення, починаючи від Канта, який був останньою значною фігурою, спільної для аналітичної і континентальної філософії, і, водночас, провісником розходження їхніх шляхів. Ми стверджуємо, що філософи, в роботах яких ми зараз знаходимо витоки розділення аналітичної та континентальної традицій, в тому числі Гайдеггер і Карнап, мали спільне філософське тло, сформоване інтелектуальним простором Німеччини після Першої світової війни, який був зокрема заповнений неокантіанством Баденської школи, гусерлівською феноменологією та філософією життя Дільтея та Ніцше. Всі ці напрямки критикували традиційну метафізику і зробили внесок у оновлення методів філософствування. Підхід Карнапа до подолання метафізики виразив настанову цілої плеяди філософів, метою яких було створити наукову філософію. Незважаючи на подальші дискусії і навіть критику Карнапа його учнями, вплив його методологічної настанови на переосмислення метафізики незаперечний. Сучасна аналітична метафізика -- це повноправна методологічна послідовниця карнапівських методів – визначеності, редуктивності, експлікації, мета якої -- побудова категоріальних систем, які дозволяють найкраще описувати реальність з позиції, доцільної в певному дослідженні.

Переклад програмної статті Рудольфа Карнапа "Подолання метафізики логічним аналізом мови", здійснений за виданням Carnap R. Uberwindung der Metaphysik durch ¨ logische Analyse der Sprache. Erkenntnis. 2. Bd. 1931. S. 219-241.

The war and the COVID-19 pandemic posed a great challenge to Ukraine from the point of view of public finances. The purpose of the study is to systematize the European experience and analyze the Ukrainian practice of implementing parliamentary control ofpublic finances in the conditions of war and the COVID-19 pandemic. The methodological basis of the study is a systematic approach to the study of the process of parliamentary control ofpublic finances in the conditions of war and the COVID-19 pandemic. Toachieve the goal, the research used scientific methods such as: the dialectical method, the method of comparative analysis, the methods of synthesis and systematization, abstraction, generalization, and the graphic method. The mechanism of parliamentary control in the field of public finances in Ukraine is analyzed, which allows the legislative branch of power to guarantee that public funds are used responsibly and efficiently. The functions of the Accounting Chamber of Ukraine, which is an independent body that monitors and controls public finances in Ukraine, are analyzed. The problems with ensuring parliamentary control ofpublic finances are outlined, and measures to improve the efficiency of these processes are presented. The experience of the member states of the European Union in the implementation of parliamentary control ofpublic finances has been analyzed, which will contribute to the analysis of the possibilities of implementing successful experience in Ukrainian practice

Background and Objectives: Breastmilk is the safest and most suitable food for an infant, playing the role of their first vaccine and containing all the essential nutrients for the first months of life. The World Health Organisation recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life and continued breastfeeding while introducing a child to complementary foods until 2 years and beyond. According to Latvian statistics from 2022, only 27.4% of babies were breastfed for 12 months. The aim of this study was to determine the socio-economic factors and factors related to pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum that influence breastfeeding for more than 6 months in Latvia. Materials and Methods: Data were used from the cross-sectional survey “Research on factors and behaviours affecting the sexual and reproductive health of the population of Latvia”, which was conducted in 2023. A study sample was randomised and stratified by gender and five age groups. The analyses in this study are based on a sample of women who had given birth at least once (n = 1407), and the dependent variable was the duration of breastfeeding their last child. Binary logistic regression was conducted to identify the associated factors. Results: The point prevalence of longer duration of breastfeeding for the last child was 47.9% (n = 674). The odds of longer breastfeeding duration were higher among mothers who did not smoke during pregnancy (vs. smokers, aOR 2.1, p < 0.001), of Latvian nationality (vs. Russian, aOR 1.3, p = 0.03), who had two childbirth (vs. one, aOR 1.5, p = 0.003), who had the highest level of education (vs. primary education, aOR 2.0, p = 0.03), started breastfeeding immediately after the birth (vs. later than the first day, aOR 1.7, p = 0.01) or on the first day (vs. later, aOR 1.6, p = 0.01). Conclusions: We documented socio-demographic pregnancy and childbirth factors associated with longer breastfeeding durations. Efforts to promote breastfeeding practices should target mothers from the most vulnerable groups.

The subject matter of the study is to provide a detailed description of investigative (search) and covert investigative (search) actions as means of proof in criminal proceedings related to illegal trafficking in firearms or ammunition. The purpose of the article is to clarify the place, content, significance and system of such actions. It is suggested that the actions under study are inherent phenomena, necessary processes which include methods of collecting and verifying factual data to form appropriate admissible and reliable evidence as the basis for making a lawful, reasonable and well-grounded court decision in criminal proceedings related to illegal trafficking in firearms or ammunition. This study is aimed at creating preconditions for improving existing and developing new forensic recommendations and methods for investigating criminal proceedings related to illegal trafficking in firearms or ammunition, as well as developing proposals for improving the current criminal procedure legislation in terms of regulating evidence. As a result of the study, it has been obtained new scientifically substantiated results which contribute to improving the provision of investigative bodies with modern methodological recommendations aimed at increasing the efficiency of investigation of criminal offenses related to illegal trafficking in firearms or ammunition. It has been clarified the meaning of investigative (search) and covert investigative (search) actions as effective means of proof due to their cognitive and identification capabilities, the significance of these actions (ensuring obtaining proper, admissible and reliable proof) has been determined and their system (priority and subsequent, typical and exceptional) has been considered. It has been proved that these actions form the instrumental basis for the formation of the evidence base in the course of criminal investigations. It is concluded that a systematic approach to the formation and scientifically based analysis and generalization of the content of evidence are the conditions for the development of effective modern methods of investigating criminal offenses related to illegal trafficking in firearms or ammunition.

Scientific sources demonstrate different attitudes of researchers to cryptocurrencies because they treat them as a category of currency, virtual money, commodity, etc. Accordingly, the relation to the valuation and risk of cryptocurrency as an investment object is different. The purpose of the article is to identify cryptocurrency value formation factors and determine the risks of investing in cryptocurrency. Cryptocurrency is simultaneously considered a currency, an asset with uncertain income, and a specific product, the price of which is determined by the energy costs for mining new cryptocurrency blocks. Thus, the paper examines the risks of investing in cryptocurrency from several positions. First, the study identifies the factors of formation of the value and risk of cryptocurrency as ordinary money based on comparing cryptocurrency with traditional money. Unlike traditional money, cryptocurrency is not tied to the economic performance of a particular country; also, central banks do not control or regulate their mining. Instead, the cryptocurrency emissions depend on the computational capacity of the equipment used for their mining. As a financial asset, cryptocurrency can be a “financial bubble” because their value increasing often exceeds the cost of mining. On the other hand, given the emergence of cryptocurrency as a phenomenon of the information economy, the paper analyses the impact of specific technical features (cryptographic hashing algorithm, the complexity of creating new blocks, the technology of verification of mining operations, etc.) on the risk of investing in cryptocurrency assets.

The main direction of increasing efficiency and safety of the work of sorting humps is the management automation of breaking-up of trains. The difficulty of solving this problem is due to the fact that it is solved in the absence of accurate information about the running characteristics of the cars, the parameters of their routes of rolling and environmental conditions. In addition to this, car retarders implement given modes with errors. The purpose of this study is to assess the influence of various random factors on the indicators of cars rolling from the sorting humps. The research was carried out using methods of simulation modeling, planning of factorial experiments and statistical analysis. As a result, it was established that the main factors affecting the mean square deviation of the time of the cars rolling are the distance of unregulated rolling and the specified speed of the cut leaving the car retarders. The research results make it possible to improve algorithms for determining braking modes for retarders in the absence of accurate information to solve the problem.

Perturbed motions of a rigid body, close to the Lagrange case, under the action of restoring and perturbation torques of forces are investigated in the paper. The following problem is formulated: investigating solutions behavior of system of equations of motion for nonzero values of small parameter on a sufficiently long time interval. To analyze a nonlinear system of equations of motion, the averaging method is used. The problem can be decomposed into slowly and quickly changing variables. Conditions for the possibility of averaging the equations of motion with respect to the phase of nutation angle are presented and averaging procedure for slow variables of a perturbed motion of a rigid body in the first approximation is described. As an example of the developed procedure, we investigate a perturbed motion, close to Lagrange case, taking into account constant dissipative and small torque, and dissipative torques depending on slow time. A new class of rotational motions of a dynamically symmetric rigid body about a fixed point has been investigated with restoring and perturbation torques of forces being taken into account.

Ambiguous results of pairwise correlation analyses and pathway analyses were obtained from different researchers. Therefore, the study of the correlation of traits and conducting a road analysis of the productivity of new genotypes using different sets of traits is relevant. The purpose of this study was to establish the correlation coefficients between the characteristics of spring barley, their direct and side effects on plant productivity, and to identify the determinants of plant selection. The research used the correlation method to determine the correlation coefficients between traits, and the method of path analysis – to establish the direct and side effects of traits on plant productivity. The positive analysis of plant productivity in the variant using quantitative traits without components of productivity revealed positive direct effects in the action on productivity and positive correlation with it traits productive bushiness as determinants of forecasting the effectiveness of high-yielding plants. In the variant using plant productivity and traits of the mass of grain from the main ear and afterspring, the path analysis found that only these two traits had a considerable direct and indirect effect in interaction with other traits on plant productivity, as well as average and high (respectively) correlation with it. Therefore, in the case of determining the mass of grain from the main ear or from the afterspring, these two separate features can also be used as determinants of the forecast of the efficiency of selection of high-yielding plants

The state when all people at any time have physical and economic access to safe and wholesome food sufficient to satisfy their physiological needs and benefits necessary for an active and healthy lifestyle is denominated as food security its principal components being: availability as the degree of actual or potential affordability of food in a certain group of the population during a certain period; accessibility, as the degree of the population’s ability to receive food at its disposal during a certain period of time; consumption, as the ability of the population to provide enough nutritious food for a certain period of time. The concept of food security, along with economic aspects, incorporates a number of technical components: alimentary and nutritional value of food, other physical and chemical characteristics, suitability for transportation and short-term and long-term storage. The technical regulation is the legal regulation of relations in the field of determining and fulfilling mandatory requirements for product characteristics or related processes and production methods. The principal directions for taking into account food security requirements in technical regulation are rational consumption norms, state food resources, food safety and certain indicators of their quality. Principal directions of implying food security fundamentals in the frames of technical regulation and standardization are specified as well as the algorithm of expedient involvement of the basics of food safety in regulatory norms. The consideration of the principles of food security in technical regulation can be fulfilled by developing normative documents that contain norms concerning long-term storage, amending existing regulatory documents, the scope of which are certain foods, with relevant sections as well as the development of documents that will normalize, if necessary, special methods for research of long-term storage products, such as butter and frozen meats. It is stated that specialized refrigerators and storage facilities, can carry out long-term storage of butter and meats for periods exceeding those specified in the national standards. It is possible to develop standards defining the terms and conditions of long-term storage of foods in the conditions of enterprises of the state reserve system. Another possible solution to the existing problem is the introduction of provisions regarding special requirements for long-term storage of foods in the state reserve, these involved in solving the issues of the food security, to the norms in force.

The goal of our work is to show how a theoretical approach to modeling of reasoning can be analyzed to identify controversial issues that reveal prospects for further research. We will consider one of the basic approaches to modeling of reasoning based on the concept of belief revision AGM, which is viewed as classical because it formulates the basic concepts of belief, introduces the main ways of representing beliefs, cognitive actions, systems of postulates for cognitive actions and the basic principles for constructing epistemic systems. However, this conceptual foundation raises many controversial issues that require further research, such as the problem of purity of the doxastic operations, the problem of primacy of the doxastic operations and the problem of connection between the doxastic operations. To find a possible solution to these controversial points, we will attempt to model the main ideas of AGM within the framework of standard consistent, and complete logic \L{}3. The basic principle of our translation is the scheme for constructing an epistemic theory proposed by G\"ardenfors, which is considered the basis of AGM. We use a strict three-valued logic formalism to constrain the functioning of doxastic operators and to test how they will function when trying to express the corresponding AGM postulates in a given system. It will allow us to approach the solution of the classical AGM problems or at least to present them from a different perspective. We consider the fundamental possibility of obtaining other doxastic operators in this way and also show how we can implement the minimality criterion for the contraction operator by combining several theorems of three-valued logic. The presented method of translating an informal conceptual scheme into formal logic is convenient for teaching students the basics of modeling and makes it possible to demonstrate the relationships and limitations of the modeled objects and processes.

The advancement of experimental methods has provided new information about the structure and structural fluctuations of water. Despite the appearance of numerous models, which aim to describe a wide range of thermodynamic and electrical characteristics of water, there is a deficit in systemic understanding of structuring in aqueous solutions. A particular challenge is the fact that even pure water is a heterogeneous, multicomponent system composed of molecular and supramolecular structures. The possibility of the existence of such structures and their nature are of fundamental importance for various fields of science. However, great difficulties arise in modeling relatively large supramolecular structures (e.g. extended hydration shells), where the bonds between molecules are characterized by low energy. Generally, such structures may be non-equilibrium but relatively long-lived. Evidently, the short times of water microstructure exchanges do not mean short lifetimes of macrostructures, just as the instability of individual parts does not mean the instability of the entire structure. To explain this paradox, we review the data from experimental and theoretical research. Today, only some of the experimental results on the lifetime of water structures have been confirmed by modeling, so there is not a complete theoretical picture of the structure of water yet. We propose a new hierarchical water macrostructure model to resolve the issue of the stability of water structures. In this model, the structure of water is presented as consisting of many hierarchically related levels (the stratification model). The stratification mechanism is associated with symmetry breaking at the formation of the next level, even with minimal changes in the properties of the previous level. Such a hierarchical relationship can determine the unique physico-chemical properties of water systems and, in the future, provide a complete description of them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the problems of digitalization of accounting in the agricultural sector of Ukraine as the main element of modernization of business processes in the conditions of digitalization. Accordingly, the issue of using modern accounting tools for agricultural enterprises, which largely depends on the implementation of the scenario of digital development of rural areas of Ukraine, in particular, the development of digital infrastructure, is gaining relevance. The purpose of the article is to investigate the current trends in the digitisation of the accounting of agricultural enterprises and their impact on the management of business processes in today’s conditions. The research uses the dialectical method of cognition and general scientific techniques and principles of complex research, which include empirical, theoretical-cognitive and general logical methods, in particular: observation, comparison, description, generalization; analysis, synthesis, analogy and abstraction; systematic approach; monographic; comparative analysis. The article examines the benefits of using information technologies in the activities of enterprises in the agrarian sector and identifies factors that slow down the process of its transformation. It was established that the development of an agricultural enterprise based on the digitalization of management processes requires a significant amount of time for implementation, which is associated with making significant investments in the acquisition and support of technologies, as well as training employees in new professional skills. The innovations of the modern information space that can be used in the business environment for the digital transformation of business, in particular for the purpose of productive organization of accounting processes, are considered. The generalized results and formulated conclusions can be applied in the practical activities of Ukrainian agricultural enterprises in the context of the use of the formed information base of technologies, online services, specialized applications for the digitalization of accounting processes, reporting, taxation, as well as the determination of critical factors for slowing down the use of digital technologies, which will contribute to the overall transformation business processes of economic entities of the agro-industrial complex

Background: At the present moment, an urgent and unresolved problem is the search for a method to diagnose disorders of the hemostasis system in patients with the new coronavirus infection. The integral tests, in particular, the thrombodynamics test, will presumably make it possible to monitor changes in blood clotting, and predict the course of the disease in patients with COVID-19. Aims: To comparatively assess the plasma hemostasis parameters and results of the thrombodynamics test in patients with COVID-19 viral infection of different severity. Methods: The study included 96 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19, admitted to a hospital for infectious diseases on the base of the V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology in the period from April 23, 2020, to June 20, 2020, and discharged at the end of treatment. SARS-CoV-2 was identified by PCR. The patients were stratified by the severity into 3 groups: mild course (n=25), moderate course (n=54), severe course (n=17). The diagnostics and treatment of patients were carried out in accordance with the Temporary Methodological Recommendations of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of the new coronavirus infection, versions 5, 6, 7. In the course of the treatment, the patients were assessed for APTT, prothrombin %, prothrombin time (PT) and thrombin time, fibrinogen, D-dimer, platelet count, and the thrombodynamic test parameters (V/Vi/Vst, Tlag, Cs, D). Results: Significant differences were observed in the thrombin time, D-dimer, platelet count, and the thrombodynamic parameters of V/Vst, Cs, and D taken before admission and a week after admission. We found a relationship between the parameters of hemostasis (fibrinogen concentration, PT, prothrombin %, APTT, Tlag, D) and the duration of hospital stay. There was a positive relationship between the content of fibrinogen and D (r=0.6307, p 0.0001) and a strong positive relationship between PT and Tlag (r=0.7499, p 0.0001). Conclusions: The thrombodynamics test can be recommended as a potential tool for a personalized approach to monitoring the hemostasis system and treating patients with COVID-19.

Толерантність має межі. Толерантність – це ставлення щодо визнання іншого рівним, але відмінним. Якщо ми не можемо відрізнити хибне від відмінного, ми можемо отримати псевдотолерантність. Щоб зробити таке розрізнення, ми маємо супроводжувати толерантність критичною оцінкою. Наприклад, якщо умови функціонування толерантності порушуються, а відповідне ставлення до суспільних практик продовжує називатися толерантністю, ми можемо отримати безмежну толерантність, яка застосовується до будь-чого. Така псевдотолерантність ґрунтується на байдужості чи некомпетентності, а не на критичній оцінці. Трапляється також вимушена толерантність, для якої немає жодних інших причин, окрім примусу. Ці випадки не є толерантністю, хоча вони називаються тим самим терміном і можуть застосовуватися в схожих ситуаціях. Толерантність підтримує норму. Толерантність як соціальне явище має неочевидний наслідок – вона змінює статус толерованого явища, підіймаючи його до рівня соціального сприйняття, а потім і схвалення. Толерантність санкціонує толероване явище як допустиме відмінне інше, яке не можна критикувати і яке можна прийняти. При псевдотолерантності існує небезпека того, що деякі явища будуть безпідставно сприйняті як соціально прийнятні. Проте такі явища безпосередньо руйнують середовище толерантності. Наприклад: виправдане насильство або нешкідлива брехня. Не все підлягає толеруванню. Існують певні соціальні практики, які не можна терпіти, тому що вони не інші чи відмінні, а хибні чи небезпечні. Питання можливості толерантності до соціальних практик вимагає використання критичного мислення для пошуку та застосування відповідних критеріїв. Не можна терпіти фейки, брехню та дезінформацію, оскільки вони руйнують умови толерантності в епістемологічному співтоваристві. Вони створюють такі епістемічні альтернативи, які не можна відкинути, а їхня непозбувна наявність знижує когнітивний статус знання в цілому, спричиняючи тим самим деградацію епістемічного середовища. Щоб зберегти можливість бути толерантними, ми повинні турбуватися про те, як ми можемо підтримати середовище, в якому ми можемо бути толерантними. Так само, щоб мати можливість здобувати знання, ми повинні дбати про епістемічне середовище, в якому ми можемо це продуктивно робити.