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The proportion of Canadian youth charged with a crime has been declining for most of the 1990s, according to the Canadian Crime Reporting Survey. Risk factors for juvenile delinquency are also covered and include include living in a single-parent family, lacking adequate social support, membership in a gang, being a school dropout and unemployed.

The article reports that contributors has significant experience advising scholars about publishing options in multiple disciplines and at various stages in their careers. Topics include considered that advisory roles are often tangential to standard processes of scholarship and publishing, individuals working in these roles often encounter similar issues repeatedly from slightly different angles.

Background: Increasing research suggests that gait abnormalities can be a risk factor for Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Notably, there is growing evidence highlighting this risk factor in individuals with amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment (aMCI), however further studies are needed. The aim of this study is to analyze cognitive tests results and brain-related measures over time in aMCI and examine how the presence of gait abnormalities (neurological or orthopedic) or normal gait affects these trends. Additionally, we sought to assess the significance of gait and gait-related measures as prognostic indicators for the progression from aMCI to AD dementia, comparing those who converted to AD with those who remained with a stable aMCI diagnosis during the follow-up. Methods: Four hundred two individuals with aMCI from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) database were included. Robust linear mixed-effects models were used to study the impact of gait abnormalities on a comprehensive neuropsychological battery over 36 months while controlling for relevant medical variables at baseline. The impact of gait on brain measures was also investigated. Lastly, the Cox proportional-hazards model was used to explore the prognostic relevance of abnormal gait and neuropsychological associated tests. Results: While controlling for relevant covariates, we found that gait abnormalities led to a greater decline over time in attention (DSST) and global cognition (MMSE). Intriguingly, psychomotor speed (TMT-A) and divided attention (TMT-B) declined uniquely in the abnormal gait group. Conversely, specific AD global cognition tests (ADAS-13) and auditory-verbal memory (RAVLT immediate recall) declined over time independently of gait profile. All the other cognitive tests were not significantly affected by time or by gait profile. In addition, we found that ventricles size increased faster in the abnormal gait group compared to the normal gait group. In terms of prognosis, abnormal gait (HR = 1.7), MMSE (HR = 1.09), and DSST (HR = 1.03) covariates showed a higher impact on AD dementia conversion. Conclusions: The importance of the link between gait and related cognitive functions in terms of diagnosis, prognosis, and rehabilitation in aMCI is critical. We showed that in aMCI gait abnormalities lead to executive functions/attention deterioration and conversion to AD dementia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diversity measures as a kind of alternative measure are often imposed to juveniles, who have committed minor criminal offenses. These measures are envisaged by relevant international acts (Tokyo Rules and Beijing Rules) and the criminal legislation of a considerable number of contemporary states. Within this article, the meaning of the diversity measures, the characteristics and the purpose of the diversity measures will be addressed. Also, the procedure and authority for imposing diversity measures will be elaborated, including the importance of imposing these measures. Moreover, this paper will analyze the practical activity of the bodies authorized by the Juvenile Justice Code of Kosovo (JJCK), which aim to impose diversity measures. The imposition of these measures will be reflected through statistical data, during the period 2007 - 2016 in Kosovo. During the preparation of this paper, legal, comparative, analytical, research and statistical methods were used. In the end, conclusions and recommendations will be presented on this topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extrajudicial measures under the Youth Criminal Justice Act require police to reorient their thinking about how to respond to youth. The act provides specific structure and guidance to police about the appropriateness of extrajudicial measures and does not preclude its use when a youth received one in the past. The emphasis on accountability and proportionality suggests that police ought to be driven by the seriousness of the youth's offending behaviour and much less by the youth's record. Drawing from a sample of 70 police officers from five jurisdictions within Ontario, our surveys ( N = 70) and in-depth interviews ( N = 64) with police reveal that they place relatively heavy weight on prior police contact of any kind (past extrajudicial measure or finding of guilt) and that this has a significant influence on their attitudes towards diverting youth for minor offences like mischief and shoplifting. The results are analyzed within the context of literature on police attitudes and decision making to divert in Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parental involvement has been a cornerstone of Canadian youth justice legislation and has been given greater importance under the Youth Criminal Justice Act (2003). Given the importance of parental involvement, one would expect that parental attendance and participation in court hearings would have some influence on the outcome of youth court cases. This study explores parental involvement in youth court proceedings at bail and sentencing hearings. The findings suggest that the majority of parents attended court hearings, and the courts heard that many parents were involved in their child's life, but that this information did not relate to the outcome of the hearing, except in relation to supervision and living arrangements at bail hearings. There is also a suggestion from the qualitative comments made at hearings that judicial decision makers did take into account parental support in determining the outcome of a case, but the number of cases where parental support was discussed in court was insignificant. The importance of these findings will be discussed in relation to the expanded scope of the parental role under the Youth Criminal Justice Act. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]