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3. Eyeglasses and risk of COVID-19 transmission—analysis of the Virus Watch Community Cohort study

Author

Michie, Susan, Hardelid, Pia, Wijlaars, Linda, Nastouli, Eleni, Spyer, Moira, Killingley, Ben, Cox, Ingemar, Lampos, Vasileios, McKendry, Rachel A., Cheng, Tao, Liu, Yunzhe, Gibbs, Jo, Gilson, Richard, Rogers, Alison, Johnson, Anne M., Navaratnam, Annalan M.D., O'Callaghan, Christopher, Beale, Sarah, Nguyen, Vincent, Aryee, Anna, Braithwaite, Isobel, Byrne, Thomas E., Fong, Wing Lam Erica, Fragaszy, Ellen, Geismar, Cyril, Hoskins, Susan, Kovar, Jana, Patel, Parth, Shrotri, Madhumita, Weber, Sophie, Yavlinsky, Alexei, Aldridge, Robert W., and Hayward, Andrew C.

Published
2024
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4. The incidence of COVID-19-related hospitalisation in migrants in the UK: Findings from the Virus Watch prospective community cohort study

Author

Fong, Wing Lam Erica, Nguyen, Vincent G, Burns, Rachel, Boukari, Yamina, Beale, Sarah, Braithwaite, Isobel, Byrne, Thomas E, Geismar, Cyril, Fragaszy, Ellen, Hoskins, Susan, Kovar, Jana, Navaratnam, Annalan MD, Oskrochi, Youssof, Patel, Parth, Tweed, Sam, Yavlinsky, Alexei, Hayward, Andrew C, and Aldridge, Robert W

Published
2024
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7. Nucleocapsid and spike antibody responses following virologically confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection: an observational analysis in the Virus Watch community cohort

Author

Michie, Susan, Hardelid, Pia, Wijlaars, Linda, Nastouli, Eleni, Spyer, Moira, Killingley, Ben, Cox, Ingemar, Lampos, Vasileios, McKendry, Rachel A, Cheng, Tao, Liu, Yunzhe, Gibbs, Jo, Gilson, Richard, Johnson, Anne M, Navaratnam, Annalan M D, Shrotri, Madhumita, Nguyen, Vincent, Braithwaite, Isobel, Beale, Sarah, Byrne, Thomas E, Fong, Wing Lam Erica, Fragaszy, Ellen, Geismar, Cyril, Hoskins, Susan, Kovar, Jana, Patel, Parth, Yavlinsky, Alexei, Aryee, Anna, Rodger, Alison, Hayward, Andrew C, and Aldridge, Robert W

Published
2022
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10. Barriers in accessing healthcare during the COVID-19 pandemic: analysis of the Virus Watch community cohort study

Author

Menezes, Dee, primary, Siegele-Brown, Chloe, additional, Yavlinsky, Alexei, additional, Nguyen, Vincent, additional, Braithwaite, Isobel, additional, Burns, Rachel, additional, Tweed, Sam, additional, Oskrochi, Youssof, additional, Kovar, Jana, additional, Fong, Wing Lam Erica, additional, Hayward, Andrew, additional, and Aldridge, Robert W, additional

Published
2024
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11. Eyeglasses and risk of COVID-19 transmission—analysis of the Virus Watch Community Cohort study

Author

Navaratnam, Annalan M.D., primary, O'Callaghan, Christopher, additional, Beale, Sarah, additional, Nguyen, Vincent, additional, Aryee, Anna, additional, Braithwaite, Isobel, additional, Byrne, Thomas E., additional, Fong, Wing Lam Erica, additional, Fragaszy, Ellen, additional, Geismar, Cyril, additional, Hoskins, Susan, additional, Kovar, Jana, additional, Patel, Parth, additional, Shrotri, Madhumita, additional, Weber, Sophie, additional, Yavlinsky, Alexei, additional, Aldridge, Robert W., additional, Hayward, Andrew C., additional, Michie, Susan, additional, Hardelid, Pia, additional, Wijlaars, Linda, additional, Nastouli, Eleni, additional, Spyer, Moira, additional, Killingley, Ben, additional, Cox, Ingemar, additional, Lampos, Vasileios, additional, McKendry, Rachel A., additional, Cheng, Tao, additional, Liu, Yunzhe, additional, Gibbs, Jo, additional, Gilson, Richard, additional, Rogers, Alison, additional, and Johnson, Anne M., additional

Published
2024
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13. Estimating the household secondary attack rate and serial interval of COVID-19 using social media.

Author

Dhiman, Aarzoo, Yom-Tov, Elad, Pellis, Lorenzo, Edelstein, Michael, Pebody, Richard, Hayward, Andrew, House, Thomas, Finnie, Thomas, Guzman, David, Lampos, Vasileios, Virus Watch Consortium, Aldridge, Rob, Beale, Sarah, Byrne, Thomas, Kovar, Jana, Braithwaite, Isobel, Fragaszy, Ellen, Fong, Wing Lam Erica, Geismar, Cyril, and Hoskins, Susan

Subjects
SOCIAL media, HOME environment, INFECTION, DESCRIPTIVE statistics, LONGITUDINAL method, EPIDEMIOLOGY, CONFIDENCE intervals, MIXED infections, COVID-19
Abstract

We propose a method to estimate the household secondary attack rate (hSAR) of COVID-19 in the United Kingdom based on activity on the social media platform X, formerly known as Twitter. Conventional methods of hSAR estimation are resource intensive, requiring regular contact tracing of COVID-19 cases. Our proposed framework provides a complementary method that does not rely on conventional contact tracing or laboratory involvement, including the collection, processing, and analysis of biological samples. We use a text classifier to identify reports of people tweeting about themselves and/or members of their household having COVID-19 infections. A probabilistic analysis is then performed to estimate the hSAR based on the number of self or household, and self and household tweets of COVID-19 infection. The analysis includes adjustments for a reluctance of Twitter users to tweet about household members, and the possibility that the secondary infection was not acquired within the household. Experimental results for the UK, both monthly and weekly, are reported for the period from January 2020 to February 2022. Our results agree with previously reported hSAR estimates, varying with the primary variants of concern, e.g. delta and omicron. The serial interval (SI) is based on the time between the two tweets that indicate a primary and secondary infection. Experimental results, though larger than the consensus, are qualitatively similar. The estimation of hSAR and SI using social media data constitutes a new tool that may help in characterizing, forecasting and managing outbreaks and pandemics in a faster, affordable, and more efficient manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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14. Long COVID: what do we know now and what are the challenges ahead?

Author

Pinto Pereira, Snehal M, Newlands, Fiona, Anders, Jake, Banerjee, Amitava, Beale, Sarah, Blandford, Ann, Brown, Kate, Bu, Feifei, Fong, Wing Lam Erica, Gilpin, Gina, Hardelid, Pia, Kovar, Jana, Lim, Jason, Park, Chloe, Raveendran, Vishnuga, Shah, Anoop D, Shao, Xin, Wong, Andrew, Stephenson, Terence, and Shafran, Roz

Published
2024
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15. Tracking COVID-19 in England and Wales: Insights from Virus Watch - a prospective community cohort study

Author

Fong, Wing Lam Erica, primary, Nguyen, Vincent Grigori, additional, Beale, Sarah, additional, Byrne, Thomas Edward, additional, Geismar, Cyril, additional, Fragaszy, Ellen, additional, Kovar, Jana, additional, Navaratnam, Annalan M D, additional, Yavlinsky, Alexei, additional, Abubakar, Ibrahim, additional, Hayward, Andrew C, additional, and Aldridge, Robert W, additional

Published
2023
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16. Assessing the causal effect of air pollution on risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection

Author

Navaratnam, Annalan Mathew Dwight, primary, Beale, Sarah, additional, Boukari, Yamina, additional, Nguyen, Vincent, additional, Fong, Wing Lam Erica, additional, Braithwaite, Isobel, additional, Byrne, Thomas Edward, additional, Fragaszy, Ellen, additional, Geismar, Cyril, additional, Kovar, Jana, additional, Patel, Parth, additional, Shrotri, Madhumita, additional, Yavlinsky, Alexei, additional, Hayward, Andrew, additional, Khreis, Haneen, additional, and Aldridge, Robert W, additional

Published
2023
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17. Deprivation, essential and non-essential activities and SARS-CoV-2 infection following the lifting of national public health restrictions in England and Wales

Author

Hoskins, Susan, primary, Beale, Sarah, additional, Nguyen, Vincent, additional, Boukari, Yamina, additional, Yavlinsky, Alexei, additional, Kovar, Jana, additional, Byrne, Thomas, additional, Fong, Wing Lam Erica, additional, Geismar, Cyril, additional, Patel, Parth, additional, Johnson, Anne, additional, Aldridge, Robert, additional, and Hayward, Andrew, additional

Published
2023
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18. Inequalities in access to paid sick leave among workers in England and Wales

Author

Patel, Parth, primary, Beale, Sarah, additional, Nguyen, Vincent, additional, Braithwaite, Isobel, additional, Byrne, Thomas E., additional, Erica Fong, Wing Lam, additional, Fragaszy, Ellen, additional, Geismar, Cyril, additional, Hoskins, Susan, additional, Navaratnam, Annalan M. D., additional, Shrotri, Madhumita, additional, Kovar, Jana, additional, Aryee, Anna, additional, Hayward, Andrew C., additional, and Aldridge, Robert W., additional

Published
2023
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19. SARS-CoV-2 infections in migrants and the role of household overcrowding: a causal mediation analysis of Virus Watch data

Author

Boukari, Yamina, primary, Beale, Sarah, additional, Nguyen, Vincent, additional, Fong, Wing Lam Erica, additional, Burns, Rachel, additional, Yavlinsky, Alexei, additional, Hoskins, Susan, additional, Lewis, Kate, additional, Geismar, Cyril, additional, Navaratnam, Annalan MD, additional, Braithwaite, Isobel, additional, Byrne, Thomas E, additional, Oskrochi, Youssof, additional, Tweed, Sam, additional, Kovar, Jana, additional, Patel, Parth, additional, Hayward, Andrew, additional, and Aldridge, Robert, additional

Published
2023
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20. Cohort Profile: Virus Watch—understanding community incidence, symptom profiles and transmission of COVID-19 in relation to population movement and behaviour

Author

Byrne, Thomas, primary, Kovar, Jana, additional, Beale, Sarah, additional, Braithwaite, Isobel, additional, Fragaszy, Ellen, additional, Fong, Wing Lam Erica, additional, Geismar, Cyril, additional, Hoskins, Susan, additional, Navaratnam, Annalan M D, additional, Nguyen, Vincent, additional, Patel, Parth, additional, Shrotri, Madhumita, additional, Yavlinsky, Alexei, additional, Hardelid, Pia, additional, Wijlaars, Linda, additional, Nastouli, Eleni, additional, Spyer, Moira, additional, Aryee, Anna, additional, Cox, Ingemar, additional, Lampos, Vasileios, additional, Mckendry, Rachel A, additional, Cheng, Tao, additional, Johnson, Anne M, additional, Michie, Susan, additional, Gibbs, Jo, additional, Gilson, Richard, additional, Rodger, Alison, additional, Abubakar, Ibrahim, additional, Hayward, Andrew, additional, and Aldridge, Robert W, additional

Published
2023
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21. Cohort Profile:Virus Watch - understanding community incidence, symptom profiles and transmission of COVID-19 in relation to population movement and behaviour

Author

Byrne, Thomas, Kovar, Jana, Beale, Sarah, Braithwaite, Isobel, Fragaszy, Ellen, Fong, Wing Lam Erica, Geismar, Cyril, Hoskins, Susan, Navaratnam, Annalan M.D., Nguyen, Vincent, Patel, Parth, Shrotri, Madhumita, Yavlinsky, Alexei, Hardelid, Pia, Wijlaars, Linda, Nastouli, Eleni, Spyer, Moira, Aryee, Anna, Cox, Ingemar, Lampos, Vasileios, McKendry, Rachel A., Cheng, Tao, Johnson, Anne M., Michie, Susan, Gibbs, Jo, Gilson, Richard, Rodger, Alison, Abubakar, Ibrahim, Hayward, Andrew, Aldridge, Robert W., Byrne, Thomas, Kovar, Jana, Beale, Sarah, Braithwaite, Isobel, Fragaszy, Ellen, Fong, Wing Lam Erica, Geismar, Cyril, Hoskins, Susan, Navaratnam, Annalan M.D., Nguyen, Vincent, Patel, Parth, Shrotri, Madhumita, Yavlinsky, Alexei, Hardelid, Pia, Wijlaars, Linda, Nastouli, Eleni, Spyer, Moira, Aryee, Anna, Cox, Ingemar, Lampos, Vasileios, McKendry, Rachel A., Cheng, Tao, Johnson, Anne M., Michie, Susan, Gibbs, Jo, Gilson, Richard, Rodger, Alison, Abubakar, Ibrahim, Hayward, Andrew, and Aldridge, Robert W.

Abstract

This article aims to provide evidence on which public health approaches are most likely to be effective in reducing the spread and impact of the virus and investigates community incidence, symptom profiles and transmission of COVID-19 in relation to population movement and behaviour. In all, 28,527 households and 58,628 participants of age (0-98 years, mean age 48), were recruited between June 2020 and March 2022. Data collected include demographics and details of occupation, comorbidities, medications and infection-prevention behaviours. Households are followed up weekly with illness surveys capturing symptoms and their severity, activities in the week prior to symptom onset and any COVID-19 test results. Additional occasional surveys capture household finance, employment, mental health, access to health care, vaccination uptake, activities and contacts. Data have been linked to Hospital Episode Statistics (HES), inpatient and critical care episodes, outpatient visits, emergency care contacts, mortality, virology testing and vaccination data held by National Health Service (NHS) Digital. Nested within Virus Watch are a serology and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) cohort study (n=12,877) and a vaccine evaluation study (n=19,555).

Published
2023

22. Comparative effectiveness of different primary vaccination courses on mRNA-based booster vaccines against SARs-COV-2 infections: a time-varying cohort analysis using trial emulation in the Virus Watch community cohort

Author

Nguyen, Vincent Grigori, primary, Yavlinsky, Alexei, additional, Beale, Sarah, additional, Hoskins, Susan, additional, Byrne, Thomas E, additional, Lampos, Vasileios, additional, Braithwaite, Isobel, additional, Fong, Wing Lam Erica, additional, Fragaszy, Ellen, additional, Geismar, Cyril, additional, Kovar, Jana, additional, Navaratnam, Annalan M D, additional, Patel, Parth, additional, Shrotri, Madhumita, additional, Weber, Sophie, additional, Hayward, Andrew C, additional, and Aldridge, Robert W, additional

Published
2023
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23. The incidence of COVID-19-related hospitalisation in migrants in the UK: Findings from the Virus Watch prospective community cohort study

Author

Fong, Wing Lam Erica, primary, Nguyen, Vincent G, additional, Burns, Rachel, additional, Boukari, Yamina, additional, Beale, Sarah, additional, Braithwaite, Isobel, additional, Byrne, Thomas E, additional, Geismar, Cyril, additional, Fragaszy, Ellen, additional, Hoskins, Susan, additional, Kovar, Jana, additional, Navaratnam, Annalan MD, additional, Oskrochi, Youssof, additional, Patel, Parth, additional, Tweed, Sam, additional, Yavlinsky, Alexei, additional, Hayward, Andrew C, additional, and Aldridge, Robert W, additional

Published
2023
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24. A case-crossover study of the effect of vaccination on SARS-CoV-2 transmission relevant behaviours during a period of national lockdown in England and Wales

Author

Serisier, Aimee, primary, Beale, Sarah, additional, Boukari, Yamina, additional, Hoskins, Susan, additional, Nguyen, Vincent, additional, Byrne, Thomas, additional, Fong, Wing Lam Erica, additional, Fragaszy, Ellen, additional, Geismar, Cyril, additional, Kovar, Jana, additional, Yavlinsky, Alexei, additional, Hayward, Andrew, additional, and Aldridge, Robert W., additional

Published
2023
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25. Symptom profiles of community cases infected by Influenza, RSV, rhinovirus, seasonal coronavirus, and SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern

Author

Geismar, Cyril, primary, Nguyen, Vincent, additional, Fragaszy, Ellen, additional, Shrotri, Madhumita, additional, Navaratnam, Annalan, additional, Beale, Sarah, additional, Byrne, Thomas, additional, Fong, Wing Lam, additional, Yavlinsky, Alexei, additional, Kovar, Jana, additional, Hoskins, Susan, additional, Braithwaite, Isobel, additional, Aldridge, Robert, additional, and Hayward, Andrew, additional

Published
2022
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26. SARS-CoV-2 infections in migrants and the role of household overcrowding: A causal mediation analysis of Virus Watch data

Author

Boukari, Yamina, primary, Beale, Sarah, additional, Nguyen, Vincent Grigori, additional, Fong, Wing Lam Erica, additional, Burns, Rachel, additional, Yavlinsky, Alexei, additional, Hoskins, Susan, additional, Lewis, Kate Marie, additional, Geismar, Cyril, additional, Navaratnam, Annalan M D, additional, Braithwaite, Isobel, additional, Byrne, Thomas E, additional, Oskrochi, Youssof, additional, Tweed, Sam, additional, Kovar, Jana, additional, Patel, Parth, additional, Hayward, Andrew C, additional, and Aldridge, Robert W, additional

Published
2022
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27. Relative contribution of essential and non-essential activities to SARS-CoV-2 transmission following the lifting of public health restrictions in England and Wales

Author

Hoskins, Susan, primary, Beale, Sarah, additional, Nguyen, Vincent, additional, Boukari, Yamina, additional, Yavlinsky, Alexei, additional, Kovar, Jana, additional, Byrne, Thomas, additional, Fragaszy, Ellen, additional, Fong, Wing Lam Erica, additional, Geismar, Cyril, additional, Patel, Parth, additional, Navaratnam, Annalan M. D., additional, van Tongeren, Martie, additional, Johnson, Anne M., additional, Aldridge, Robert W., additional, and Hayward, Andrew, additional

Published
2022
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28. Occupation, Worker Vulnerability, and COVID-19 Vaccination Uptake: Analysis of the Virus Watch prospective cohort study

Author

Beale, Sarah, primary, Burns, Rachel, additional, Braithwaite, Isobel, additional, Byrne, Thomas, additional, Lam Erica Fong, Wing, additional, Fragaszy, Ellen, additional, Geismar, Cyril, additional, Hoskins, Susan, additional, Kovar, Jana, additional, Navaratnam, Annalan M.D., additional, Nguyen, Vincent, additional, Patel, Parth, additional, Yavlinsky, Alexei, additional, Van Tongeren, Martie, additional, Aldridge, Robert W, additional, and Hayward, Andrew, additional

Published
2022
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30. Bayesian reconstruction of household transmissions to infer the serial interval of COVID-19 by variants of concern: analysis from a prospective community cohort study (Virus Watch)

Author

Geismar, Cyril, primary, Nguyen, Vincent, additional, Fragaszy, Ellen, additional, Shrotri, Madhumita, additional, Navaratnam, Annalan M D, additional, Beale, Sarah, additional, Byrne, Thomas E, additional, Fong, Wing Lam Erica, additional, Yavlinsky, Alexei, additional, Kovar, Jana, additional, Braithwaite, Isobel, additional, Aldridge, Robert W, additional, Hayward, Andrew C, additional, White, Peter, additional, Jombart, Thibaut, additional, and Cori, Anne, additional

Published
2022
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31. Settings for non-household transmission of SARS-CoV-2 during the second lockdown in England and Wales – analysis of the Virus Watch household community cohort study

Author

Hoskins, Susan, Beale, Sarah, Nguyen, Vincent, Fragaszy, Ellen, Navaratnam, Annalan MD, Smith, Colette, French, Clare, Kovar, Jana, Byrne, Thomas, Fong, Wing Lam Erica, Geismar, Cyril, Patel, Parth, Yavlinksy, Alexei, Johnson, Anne M, Aldridge, Robert W, Hayward, Andrew, and Virus Watch Collaborative

Abstract

BACKGROUND: “Lockdowns” to control serious respiratory virus pandemics were widely used during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. However, there is limited information to understand the settings in which most transmission occurs during lockdowns, to support refinement of similar policies for future pandemics. METHODS: Among Virus Watch household cohort participants we identified those infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outside the household. Using survey activity data, we undertook multivariable logistic regressions assessing the contribution of activities on non-household infection risk. We calculated adjusted population attributable fractions (APAF) to estimate which activity accounted for the greatest proportion of non-household infections during the pandemic’s second wave. RESULTS: Among 10,858 adults, 18% of cases were likely due to household transmission. Among 10,475 participants (household-acquired cases excluded), including 874 non-household-acquired infections, infection was associated with: leaving home for work or education (AOR 1.20 (1.02 – 1.42), APAF 6.9%); public transport (more than once per week AOR 1.82 (1.49 – 2.23), public transport APAF 12.42%); and shopping (more than once per week AOR 1.69 (1.29 – 2.21), shopping APAF 34.56%). Other non-household activities were rare and not significantly associated with infection. CONCLUSIONS: During lockdown, going to work and using public or shared transport independently increased infection risk, however only a minority did these activities. Most participants visited shops, accounting for one-third of non-household transmission. Transmission in restricted hospitality and leisure settings was minimal suggesting these restrictions were effective. If future respiratory infection pandemics emerge these findings highlight the value of working from home, using forms of transport that minimise exposure to others, minimising exposure to shops and restricting non-essential activities.

Published
2022

32. Nucleocapsid and spike antibody responses following virologically confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection: an observational analysis in the Virus Watch community cohort

Author

Navaratnam, Annalan M D, primary, Shrotri, Madhumita, additional, Nguyen, Vincent, additional, Braithwaite, Isobel, additional, Beale, Sarah, additional, Byrne, Thomas E, additional, Fong, Wing Lam Erica, additional, Fragaszy, Ellen, additional, Geismar, Cyril, additional, Hoskins, Susan, additional, Kovar, Jana, additional, Patel, Parth, additional, Yavlinsky, Alexei, additional, Aryee, Anna, additional, Rodger, Alison, additional, Hayward, Andrew C, additional, Aldridge, Robert W, additional, Michie, Susan, additional, Hardelid, Pia, additional, Wijlaars, Linda, additional, Nastouli, Eleni, additional, Spyer, Moira, additional, Killingley, Ben, additional, Cox, Ingemar, additional, Lampos, Vasileios, additional, McKendry, Rachel A, additional, Cheng, Tao, additional, Liu, Yunzhe, additional, Gibbs, Jo, additional, Gilson, Richard, additional, and Johnson, Anne M, additional

Published
2022
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33. A case-crossover study of the effect of vaccination on SARS-CoV-2 transmission relevant behaviours during a period of national lockdown in England and Wales

Author

Serisier, Aimee, primary, Beale, Sarah, additional, Boukari, Yamina, additional, Hoskins, Susan, additional, Nguyen, Vincent, additional, Byrne, Thomas, additional, Fong, Wing Lam Erica, additional, Fragaszy, Ellen, additional, Geismar, Cyril, additional, Kovar, Jana, additional, Yavlinsky, Alexei, additional, Hayward, Andrew, additional, and Aldridge, Robert W, additional

Published
2022
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34. Between-occupation differences in work-related COVID-19 mitigation strategies over time: Analysis of the Virus Watch Cohort in England and Wales.

Author

Beale, Sarah, Yavlinsky, Alexei, Hoskins, Susan, Nguyen, Vincent, Byrne, Thomas, Wing Lam Erica Fong, Kovar, Jana, Van Tongeren, Martie, Aldridge, Robert W., and Hayward, Andrew

Subjects
MEDICAL personnel, COVID-19, SOCIAL distancing, HAND care & hygiene, OCCUPATIONAL roles
Abstract

Objectives COVID-19 mitigations have had a profound impact on workplaces, however, multisectoral comparisons of how work-related mitigations were applied are limited. This study aimed to investigate (i) occupational differences in the usage of key work-related mitigations over time and (ii) workers' perceptions of these mitigations. Methods Employed/self-employed Virus Watch study participants (N=6279) responded to a mitigation-related online survey covering the periods of December 2020-February 2022. Logistic regression was used to investigate occupation- and time-related differences in the usage of work-related mitigation methods. Participants' perceptions of mitigation methods were investigated descriptively using proportions. Results Usage of work-related mitigation methods differed between occupations and over time, likely reflecting variation in job roles, workplace environments, legislation and guidance. Healthcare workers had the highest predicted probabilities for several mitigations, including reporting frequent hand hygiene [predicted probability across all survey periods 0.61 (95% CI 0.56-0.66)] and always wearing face coverings [predicted probability range 0.71 (95% CI 0.66-0.75) - 0.80 (95% CI 0.76-0.84) across survey periods]. There were significant crossoccupational trends towards reduced mitigations during periods of less stringent national restrictions. The majority of participants across occupations (55-88%) agreed that most mitigations were reasonable and worthwhile even after the relaxation of national restrictions; agreement was lower for physical distancing (39-44%). Conclusions While usage of work-related mitigations appeared to vary alongside stringency of national restrictions, agreement that most mitigations were reasonable and worthwhile remained substantial. Further investigation into the factors underlying between-occupational differences could assist pandemic planning and prevention of workplace COVID-19 transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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35. Workplace contact patterns in England during the COVID-19 pandemic: Analysis of the Virus Watch prospective cohort study

Author

Beale, Sarah, Hoskins, Susan, Byrne, Thomas, Fong, Wing Lam Erica, Fragaszy, Ellen, Geismar, Cyril, Kovar, Jana, Navaratnam, Annalan MD, Nguyen, Vincent, Patel, Parth, Yavlinsky, Alexei, Johnson, Anne M, Van Tongeren, Martie, Aldridge, Robert W, Hayward, Andrew, and Virus Watch Collaborative

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Workplaces are an important potential source of SARS-CoV-2 exposure; however, investigation into workplace contact patterns is lacking. This study aimed to investigate how workplace attendance and features of contact varied between occupations across the COVID-19 pandemic in England. METHODS: Data were obtained from electronic contact diaries (November 2020-November 2021) submitted by employed/self-employed prospective cohort study participants (n=4,616). We used mixed models to investigate the effects of occupation and time for: workplace attendance, number of people sharing workspace, time spent sharing workspace, number of close contacts, and usage of face coverings. FINDINGS: Workplace attendance and contact patterns varied across occupations and time. The predicted probability of intense space sharing during the day was highest for healthcare (78% [95% CI: 75-81%]) and education workers (64% [59%-69%]), who also had the highest probabilities for larger numbers of close contacts (36% [32%-40%] and 38% [33%-43%] respectively). Education workers also demonstrated relatively low predicted probability (51% [44%-57%]) of wearing a face covering during close contact. Across all occupational groups, workspace sharing and close contact increased and usage of face coverings decreased during phases of less stringent restrictions. INTERPRETATION: Major variations in workplace contact patterns and mask use likely contribute to differential COVID-19 risk. Patterns of variation by occupation and restriction phase may inform interventions for future waves of COVID-19 or other respiratory epidemics. Across occupations, increasing workplace contact and reduced face covering usage is concerning given ongoing high levels of community transmission and emergence of variants. FUNDING: Medical Research Council; HM Government; Wellcome Trust.

Published
2022

36. Anti-spike antibody trajectories in individuals previously immunised with BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1 following a BNT162b2 booster dose

Author

Yavlinsky, Alexei, primary, Beale, Sarah, additional, Nguyen, Vincent, additional, Shrotri, Madhumita, additional, Byrne, Thomas, additional, Geismar, Cyril, additional, Fragaszy, Ellen, additional, Hoskins, Susan, additional, Fong, Wing Lam Erica, additional, Navaratnam, Annalan M D, additional, Braithwaite, Isobel, additional, Patel, Parth, additional, Kovar, Jana, additional, Hayward, Andrew, additional, and Aldridge, Robert W, additional

Published
2022
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37. Symptom profiles and accuracy of clinical case definitions for COVID-19 in a community cohort: results from the Virus Watch study

Author

Fragaszy, Ellen, Shrotri, Madhumita, Geismar, Cyril, Aryee, Anna, Beale, Sarah, Braithwaite, Isobel, Byrne, Thomas, Eyre, Max T, Fong, Wing Lam Erica, Gibbs, Jo, Hardelid, Pia, Kovar, Jana, Lampos, Vasileios, Nastouli, Eleni, Navaratnam, Annalan MD, Nguyen, Vincent, Patel, Parth, Aldridge, Robert W, and Hayward, Andrew

Abstract

Background: Understanding symptomatology and accuracy of clinical case definitions for community COVID-19 cases is important for Test, Trace and Isolate (TTI) and future targeting of early antiviral treatment. \ud Methods: Community cohort participants prospectively recorded daily symptoms and swab results (mainly undertaken through the UK TTI system). We compared symptom frequency, severity, timing, and duration in test positive and negative illnesses. We compared the test performance of the current UK TTI case definition (cough, high temperature, or loss of or altered sense of smell or taste) with a wider definition adding muscle aches, chills, headache, or loss of appetite. \ud Results: Among 9706 swabbed illnesses, including 973 SARS-CoV-2 positives, symptoms were more common, severe and longer lasting in swab positive than negative illnesses. Cough, headache, fatigue, and muscle aches were the most common symptoms in positive illnesses but also common in negative illnesses. Conversely, high temperature, loss or altered sense of smell or taste and loss of appetite were less frequent in positive illnesses, but comparatively even less frequent in negative illnesses. The current UK definition had 81% sensitivity and 47% specificity versus 93% and 27% respectively for the broader definition. 1.7-fold more illnesses met the broader case definition than the current definition. \ud Conclusions: Symptoms alone cannot reliably distinguish COVID-19 from other respiratory illnesses. Adding additional symptoms to case definitions could identify more infections, but with a large increase in the number needing testing and the number of unwell individuals and contacts self-isolating whilst awaiting results.

Published
2022

38. SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and breakthrough infections in the Virus Watch cohort

Author

Aldridge, Robert W, Yavlinsky, Alexei, Nguyen, Vincent, Eyre, Max T, Shrotri, Madhumita, Navaratnam, Annalan M D, Beale, Sarah, Braithwaite, Isobel, Byrne, Thomas, Kovar, Jana, Fragaszy, Ellen, Fong, Wing Lam Erica, Geismar, Cyril, Patel, Parth, Rodger, Alison, Johnson, Anne M, Hayward, Andrew, Aldridge, Robert W, Yavlinsky, Alexei, Nguyen, Vincent, Eyre, Max T, Shrotri, Madhumita, Navaratnam, Annalan M D, Beale, Sarah, Braithwaite, Isobel, Byrne, Thomas, Kovar, Jana, Fragaszy, Ellen, Fong, Wing Lam Erica, Geismar, Cyril, Patel, Parth, Rodger, Alison, Johnson, Anne M, and Hayward, Andrew

Abstract

A range of studies globally demonstrate that the effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines wane over time, but the total effect of anti-S antibody levels on risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and whether this varies by vaccine type is not well understood. Here we show that anti-S levels peak three to four weeks following the second dose of vaccine and the geometric mean of the samples is nine fold higher for BNT162b2 than ChAdOx1. Increasing anti-S levels are associated with a reduced risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection (Hazard Ratio 0.85; 95%CIs: 0.79-0.92). We do not find evidence that this antibody relationship with risk of infection varies by second dose vaccine type (BNT162b2 vs. ChAdOx1). In keeping with our anti-S antibody data, we find that people vaccinated with ChAdOx1 had 1.64 times the odds (95% confidence interval 1.45-1.85) of a breakthrough infection compared to BNT162b2. We anticipate our findings to be useful in the estimation of the protective effect of anti-S levels on risk of infection due to Delta. Our findings provide evidence about the relationship between antibody levels and protection for different vaccines and will support decisions on optimising the timing of booster vaccinations and identifying individuals who should be prioritised for booster vaccination, including those who are older, clinically extremely vulnerable, or received ChAdOx1 as their primary course. Our finding that risk of infection by anti-S level does not interact with vaccine type, but that individuals vaccinated with ChAdOx1 were at higher risk of infection, provides additional support for the use of using anti-S levels for estimating vaccine efficacy. [Abstract copyright: © 2022. The Author(s).]

Published
2022

39. Symptom profiles and accuracy of clinical case definitions for COVID-19 in a community cohort:results from the Virus Watch study

Author

Fragaszy, Ellen, Shrotri, Madhumita, Geismar, Cyril, Aryee, Anna, Beale, Sarah, Braithwaite, Isobel, Byrne, Thomas, Eyre, Max T, Fong, Wing Lam Erica, Gibbs, Jo, Hardelid, Pia, Kovar, Jana, Lampos, Vasileios, Nastouli, Eleni, Navaratnam, Annalan M D, Nguyen, Vincent, Patel, Parth, Aldridge, Robert W, Hayward, Andrew, Fragaszy, Ellen, Shrotri, Madhumita, Geismar, Cyril, Aryee, Anna, Beale, Sarah, Braithwaite, Isobel, Byrne, Thomas, Eyre, Max T, Fong, Wing Lam Erica, Gibbs, Jo, Hardelid, Pia, Kovar, Jana, Lampos, Vasileios, Nastouli, Eleni, Navaratnam, Annalan M D, Nguyen, Vincent, Patel, Parth, Aldridge, Robert W, and Hayward, Andrew

Abstract

Background: Understanding symptomatology and accuracy of clinical case definitions for community COVID-19 cases is important for Test, Trace and Isolate (TTI) and future targeting of early antiviral treatment. Methods: Community cohort participants prospectively recorded daily symptoms and swab results (mainly undertaken through the UK TTI system). We compared symptom frequency, severity, timing, and duration in test positive and negative illnesses. We compared the test performance of the current UK TTI case definition (cough, high temperature, or loss of or altered sense of smell or taste) with a wider definition adding muscle aches, chills, headache, or loss of appetite. Results: Among 9706 swabbed illnesses, including 973 SARS-CoV-2 positives, symptoms were more common, severe and longer lasting in swab positive than negative illnesses. Cough, headache, fatigue, and muscle aches were the most common symptoms in positive illnesses but also common in negative illnesses. Conversely, high temperature, loss or altered sense of smell or taste and loss of appetite were less frequent in positive illnesses, but comparatively even less frequent in negative illnesses. The current UK definition had 81% sensitivity and 47% specificity versus 93% and 27% respectively for the broader definition. 1.7-fold more illnesses met the broader case definition than the current definition. Conclusions: Symptoms alone cannot reliably distinguish COVID-19 from other respiratory illnesses. Adding additional symptoms to case definitions could identify more infections, but with a large increase in the number needing testing and the number of unwell individuals and contacts self-isolating whilst awaiting results.

Published
2022

40. Occupation, work-related contact and SARS-CoV-2 anti-nucleocapsid serological status: findings from the Virus Watch prospective cohort study

Author

Beale, Sarah, primary, Patel, Parth, additional, Rodger, Alison, additional, Braithwaite, Isobel, additional, Byrne, Thomas, additional, Fong, Wing Lam Erica, additional, Fragaszy, Ellen, additional, Geismar, Cyril, additional, Kovar, Jana, additional, Navaratnam, Annalan, additional, Nguyen, Vincent, additional, Shrotri, Madhumita, additional, Aryee, Anna, additional, Aldridge, Robert, additional, and Hayward, Andrew, additional

Published
2022
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41. Glasses and risk of COVID-19 transmission - analysis of the Virus Watch Community Cohort study

Author

Navaratnam, Annalan M D, primary, O’Callaghan, Christopher, additional, Beale, Sarah, additional, Nguyen, Vincent, additional, Aryee, Anna, additional, Braithwaite, Isobel, additional, Byrne, Thomas E, additional, Fong, Wing Lam Erica, additional, Fragaszy, Ellen, additional, Geismar, Cyril, additional, Hoskins, Susan, additional, Kovar, Jana, additional, Patel, Parth, additional, Shrotri, Madhumita, additional, Weber, Sophie, additional, Yavlinsky, Alexei, additional, Aldridge, Robert W, additional, and Hayward, Andrew C, additional

Published
2022
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42. Comparative effectiveness of different primary vaccination courses on mRNA based booster vaccines against SARs-COV-2 infections: A time-varying cohort analysis using trial emulation in the Virus Watch community cohort

Author

Nguyen, Vincent Grigori, primary, Yavlinsky, Alexei, additional, Beale, Sarah, additional, Hoskins, Susan, additional, Lampos, Vasileios, additional, Braithwaite, Isobel, additional, Byrne, Thomas E, additional, Erica Fong, Wing Lam, additional, Fragaszy, Ellen, additional, Geismar, Cyril, additional, Kovar, Jana, additional, Navaratnam, Annalan M D, additional, Patel, Parth, additional, Shrotri, Madhumita, additional, Weber, Sophie, additional, Hayward, Andrew C, additional, and Aldridge, Robert W, additional

Published
2022
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43. Nucleocapsid and spike antibody responses post virologically confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection: An observational analysis in the Virus Watch community cohort

Author

Navaratnam, Annalan M D, primary, Shrotri, Madhumita, additional, Nguyen, Vincent, additional, Braithwaite, Isobel, additional, Beale, Sarah, additional, Byrne, Thomas E, additional, Fong, Wing Lam Erica, additional, Fragaszy, Ellen, additional, Geismar, Cyril, additional, Hoskins, Susan, additional, Kovar, Jana, additional, Patel, Parth, additional, Yavlinsky, Alexei, additional, Aryee, Anna, additional, Rodger, Alison, additional, Hayward, Andrew C, additional, and Aldridge, Robert W, additional

Published
2022
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44. Inequalities in access to paid sick leave among workers in England and Wales

Author

Patel, Parth, primary, Beale, Sarah, additional, Nguyen, Vincent, additional, Braithwaite, Isobel, additional, Byrne, Thomas E, additional, Erica Fong, Wing Lam, additional, Fragaszy, Ellen, additional, Geismar, Cyril, additional, Hoskins, Susan, additional, Navaratnam, Annalan M D, additional, Shrotri, Madhumita, additional, Kovar, Jana, additional, Hayward, Andrew C, additional, and Aldridge, Robert W, additional

Published
2022
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45. Comparative effectiveness of ChAdOx1 versus BNT162b2 vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 infections in England and Wales: A cohort analysis using trial emulation in the Virus Watch community data

Author

Nguyen, Vincent Grigori, primary, Yavlinsky, Alexei, additional, Beale, Sarah, additional, Hoskins, Susan J, additional, Lampos, Vasileios, additional, Braithwaite, Isobel, additional, Byrne, Thomas Edward, additional, Fong, Wing Lam Erica, additional, Fragaszy, Ellen, additional, Geismar, Cyril, additional, Kovar, Jana, additional, Navaratnam, Annalan M D, additional, Patel, Parth, additional, Shrotri, Madhumita, additional, Weber, Sophie, additional, Hayward, Andrew, additional, and Aldridge, Robert W, additional

Published
2021
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46. Workplace Contact Patterns in England during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Analysis of the Virus Watch prospective cohort study

Author

Beale, Sarah, primary, Hoskins, Susan J, additional, Byrne, Thomas Edward, additional, Fong, Erica Wing Lam, additional, Fragaszy, Ellen, additional, Geismar, Cyril, additional, Kovar, Jana, additional, Navaratnam, Annalan MD, additional, Nguyen, Vincent, additional, Patel, Parth, additional, Yavlinsky, Alexei, additional, Johnson, Anne M, additional, Aldridge, Robert W, additional, and Hayward, Andrew, additional

Published
2021
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47. Household overcrowding and risk of SARS-CoV-2: analysis of the Virus Watch prospective community cohort study in England and Wales

Author

Aldridge, Robert W, primary, Pineo, Helen, additional, Fragaszy, Ellen, additional, Eyre, Max T, additional, Kovar, Jana, additional, Nguyen, Vincent, additional, Beale, Sarah, additional, Byrne, Thomas, additional, Aryee, Anna, additional, Smith, Colette, additional, Devakumar, Delan, additional, Taylor, Jonathon, additional, Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal, additional, Fong, Wing Lam Erica, additional, Geismar, Cyril, additional, Patel, Parth, additional, Shrotri, Madhumita, additional, Braithwaite, Isobel, additional, Patni, Nicholas, additional, Navaratnam, Annalan M.D., additional, Johnson, Anne M., additional, and Hayward, Andrew, additional

Published
2021
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48. Differential Risk of SARS-CoV-2 Infection by Occupation: Evidence from the Virus Watch prospective cohort study in England and Wales

Author

Beale, Sarah, primary, Hoskins, Susan, additional, Byrne, Thomas, additional, Erica Fong, Wing Lam, additional, Fragaszy, Ellen, additional, Geismar, Cyril, additional, Kovar, Jana, additional, Navaratnam, Annalan M D, additional, Nguyen, Vincent, additional, Patel, Parth, additional, Yavlinsky, Alexei, additional, Johnson, Anne M, additional, Van Tongeren, Martie, additional, Aldridge, Robert W, additional, and Hayward, Andrew, additional

Published
2021
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49. Waning of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies targeting the Spike protein in individuals post second dose of ChAdOx1 and BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccines and risk of breakthrough infections: analysis of the Virus Watch community cohort

Author

Aldridge, Robert W, primary, Yavlinsky, Alexei, additional, Nguyen, Vincent, additional, Eyre, Max T, additional, Shrotri, Madhumita, additional, Navaratnam, Annalan M D, additional, Beale, Sarah, additional, Braithwaite, Isobel, additional, Byrne, Thomas, additional, Kovar, Jana, additional, Fragaszy, Ellen, additional, Lam Erica Fong, Wing, additional, Geismar, Cyril, additional, Patel, Parth, additional, Rodger, Alison, additional, Johnson, Anne M, additional, and Hayward, Andrew, additional

Published
2021
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50. Trends, patterns and psychological influences on COVID-19 vaccination intention: Findings from a large prospective community cohort study in England and Wales (Virus Watch)

Author

Byrne, Thomas, primary, Patel, Parth, additional, Shrotri, Madhumita, additional, Beale, Sarah, additional, Michie, Susan, additional, Butt, Jabeer, additional, Hawkins, Nicky, additional, Hardelid, Pia, additional, Rodger, Alison, additional, Aryee, Anna, additional, Braithwaite, Isobel, additional, Fong, Wing Lam Erica, additional, Fragaszy, Ellen, additional, Geismar, Cyril, additional, Kovar, Jana, additional, Navaratnam, Annalan M.D., additional, Nguyen, Vincent, additional, Hayward, Andrew, additional, Aldridge, Robert W, additional, Wijlaar, Linda, additional, Nastouli, Eleni, additional, Spyer, Moira, additional, Killingley, Ben, additional, Cox, Ingemar, additional, Lampos, Vasileios, additional, McKendry, Rachel A., additional, Cheng, Tao, additional, Liu, Yunzhe, additional, Johnson, Anne M., additional, Gibbs, Jo, additional, and Gilson, Richard, additional

Published
2021
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