Search

Grad Vukovar iz godine u godinu prati povećanje broja biciklista u prometu te razvoj biciklističke infrastrukture i turizma. Pri planiranju pravilne i sigurne biciklističke infrastrukture izuzetno je važno poznavanje različitih vrsta biciklističkih prometnica te načini njihovog projektiranja, što je opisano u prvom dijelu ovog rada. U drugom dijelu rada analizirane su 4 najveće biciklističke prometnice u Vukovaru, dan je detaljan opis njihovih poprečnih presjeka, signalizacije, trenutnih stanja na prometnicama te je na svakoj od njih provedeno brojanje prometa. Dani su komentari vezani za navike biciklista koji se ovim prometnicama koriste kao i istaknuta su mjesta koja je potrebno sanirati.

The Ivovac channel, located on the edge of the Nature Park Kopački Rit, is important part of the NATURA 2000 area. The channel was connected to the Danube floodplain area as a part of the network of backwaters and channels. Due to the construction of the Osijek-Zmajevac embankment, it was separated from the constant water flow. Water regime changes led to the deposition of organic matter in the channel, habitat loss, and the disturbances of various biotic communities. However, to preserve the floodplain area and its biological diversity, the revitalization of the channel was conducted. The research of phytoplankton and microphytes (algae and cyanobacteria) in epixylon, as important indicators of the ecological state in aquatic ecosystems, was conducted in April 2019, before the revitalization, and in June 2021, after the revitalization of the Ivovac channel. Channel banks were overgrown with Phragmites australis before the revitalization and macrophytic vegetation was scarcely developed. After the revitalization macrophytes vegetation developed and beside the P. australis, Typha latifolia, Carex sp., Iris pseudacorus, Ceratophyllum demersum, Myriophyllum sp., Lemna sp., Salvinia natans and Nymphoides peltata also were recorded. The research periods also differed in regard to the monitored limnological parameters. The revitalization resulted to an increase in water depth (from 0.2 to 1.5 m), transparency (from 0.2 to 0.32 m), total suspended solids in the water (from 7.8 to 9.9 mg/L) and lower conductivity (from 792 to 714 µS/cm), ammonium concentration (from 0.016 to 0.0039 mg/L), total phosphorus (from 0.28 to 0.11mg/L) and total nitrogen (from 0.78 to 0.69 mg/L). In the research period before the revitalization, the abundance of phytoplankton was low, as indicated by chlorophyll concentration (chlorophyll-a 3.66 µg/L) with only 30 taxa present. After revitalization, the chlorophyll concentration was higher (chlorophyll-a 13.42 µg/L), and 54 taxa were recorded with the most represented taxa from the Bacillariophyta (diatoms), Chlorophyta (green algae) and Euglenophyta. A higher diversity of taxa was also found in epixylon after revitalization (110 taxa), and the most represented were diatoms and mostly filamentous green algae. Results indicate that the revitalization and permanent intake of water led to the improvement of the ecological conditions of the Ivovac channel and therefore to the increase of phytoplankton and microphytes diversity in the epixylon.

Obična planika (Arbutus unedo L.) je vazdazeleni grm ili nisko drvo koje raste u zemljama duž Mediterana i atlantskom području zapadne Europe. Pronađeni bioaktivni spojevi u običnoj planici kao što su polifenoli, flavonoidi, vitamini (C i E), terpenoidi, organske kiseline i karotenoidi smatraju se zaslužnima za karakteristična svojstva biljke, prvenstveno antioksidativna. Pored upotrebe u tradicionalnoj medicini u liječenju gastrointestinalnih i uroloških problema, hipertenzije i srčanih bolesti, ova se biljka sve više primjenjuje u prehrambenoj industriji za izradu džemova, sirupa, alkoholnih pića i meda te šumarstvu zahvaljujući brzoj regeneraciji opožarenih površina., Strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo L.) is an evergreen shrub or low tree that grows in countries along the Mediterranean and the Atlantic area of Western Europe. The bioactive compounds found in strawberry tree such as polyphenols, flavonoids, vitamins (C and E), terpenoids, organic acids, and carotenoids are considered to be responsible for the characteristic properties of the plant, primarily antioxidant. In addition to its use in traditional medicine in the treatment of gastrointestinal and urological problems, hypertension and heart disease, this plant began to be used in the food industry for the production of jams, syrups, alcoholic beverages and honey, and forestry due to rapid regeneration of burned areas.

U ovom diplomskom radu odabrano je i opisano nekoliko poznatih i zanimljivih vjerojatnosnih paradoksa: Monty Hall i njemu slični paradoksi, paradoks intranzitivnih kocaka, Bertrandov paradoks geometrijske vjerojatnosti, popularni rođendanski paradoks prikladan za primjenu u školskoj matematici te problem dviju omotnica kod kojeg paradoks leži u sugeriranom objašnjenju. Na samom kraju obrađen je Sankt-Peterburški paradoks za koji se rješenja predlažu zadnjih 300 godina, a neki prijedlozi rješenja imali su važan utjecaj na razvoj ekonomije. Pojava raznih paradoksa i rasprava o njihovim mogućim rješenjima tijekom korespondencije matematičara u razdoblju renesanse postavile su temelje suvremene teorije vjerojatnosti. Neki od paradoksa potaknuli su razvoj interdisciplinarnih znanosti i time omogućili napredak područja koja nisu usko vezana samo uz matematiku. Ti rezultati imaju utjecaj na vrijeme u kojemu živimo, a s obzirom da neki još nisu definitivno razrješeni, zasigurno će nastaviti svoj utjecaj i na vremena koja tek dolaze. In this thesis, several well known and interesting paradox are selected and described: the Monty Hall and similar paradoxes, intransitive dice paradox, Bertrand’s paradox on geometric probability, the popular birthday problem, suitable for implementation in school mathematics, and the two envelopes problem, where the paradox lies in a possible misleading explanation. At the very end, the thesis studies the Saint Petersburg paradox, which has been discussed for the last 300 years and some proposed solutions had an important impact on the development of the economics. The emergence of various paradoxes and discussions of their possible solutions during the correspondence of mathematicians in the Renaissance period laid the foundations of modern probability theory. Some of the paradoxes have spurred the development of interdisciplinary sciences and thus enabled the advancement of areas that are not closely related to mathematics alone. These results have an impact on the times we are living in, but since some have not yet been fully resolved, they will certainly continue to have an impact on the times yet to come.

Le présent travail de Master 2 porte sur la traduction d’un extrait du roman Maigret hésite de Georges Simenon et l’analyse traductologique de cette traduction. Après l’introduction, nous allons présenter l’auteur du texte que nous avons traduit et expliquer les particularités du roman choisi. Les chapitres qui suivent seront consacrées à l’histoire de la traduction et à la traductologie. Ensuite, nous allons annoncer les approches sur lesquelles nous nous sommes appuyés pour faire notre analyse traductologique et nous allons observer les caractéristiques des romans policiers et de la traduction de ce type de roman. Notre traduction sera suivie par un commentaire général et une analyse traductologique divisée en quatre parties : stratégies syntaxiques, realia, expressions figées et noms propres. Ovaj diplomski rad bavi se prijevodom ulomka romana Maigret oklijeva Georgesa Simenona i traduktološkom analizom tog prijevoda. Nakon uvoda, predstavit ćemo autora teksta koji smo preveli i objasniti posebnosti odabranog romana. Poglavlja koja slijede bit će posvećena povijesti prijevoda i traduktologiji. Zatim ćemo najaviti pristupe kojima smo se vodili pri izradi traduktološke analize te ćemo izdvojiti karakteristike kriminalističkog romana i prijevoda ovog tipa romana. Nakon prijevoda slijedi opći komentar i traduktološka analiza podijeljena na četiri dijela: sintaktičke strategije, realiju, ustaljene izraze i osobna imena.

U ovome radu obrađena su prirodna (reljef, klima, vode, biljni i životinjski svijet), i društvena geografska obilježja Australije (povijest, stanovništvo, teritorijalna podjela, gradovi, gospodarstvo i prometna povezanost). Od navedenih obilježja za turizam Australije veliki doprinos ima razvoj gospodarstva koje danas spada među 13 najvećih gospodarstva na svijetu, zatim prometna povezanost i infrastruktura kako tuzemna tako i inozemna, te povoljna klima gdje je u nekim dijelovima Australije kupališni turizam razvijen tokom cijele godine. Osim geografskih obilježja obrađene su i kulturne znamenitosti i glavne turističke atrakcije, vrste turizma, turistička posjećenost i prihodi od turizma gdje se predviđa da će broj inozemnih turista u Australiji rasti 4,5 % godišnje. Naposljetku, kao glavna tema ovoga rada opisani su prirodni turistički resursi Australije. To su prirodna dobra koja se mogu gospodarski valorizirati, a njihova atraktivnost ključna je za razvoj turizma. Mogu biti geomorfološki, klimatski, hidrogeografski, biogeografski i pejsažni te je svaki od njih potkrijepljen primjerima koji se baziraju na turističkoj ponudi Australije.

Revitalizacija kanala Ivovac provedena je sa svrhom obnavljanja vodenog ekosustava i vraćanja močvarnog biljnog i životinjskog svijeta u novo stanište. Ivovac se nalazi na samom rubu Parka prirode Kopački rit te je dio Ekološke mreže i NATURA 2000 područja. Do sredine 20. stoljeća Ivovac je bio dio poplavnog područja i prirodne mreže Dunavskih rukavaca. Prema povijesnim kartama i usmenoj predaji ovo vlažno stanište bilo je pod stalnim utjecajem dotoka voda iz Dunava, nastanjeno močvarnom vegetacijom te brojnom vodenom i kopnenom florom. Sredinom 20. stoljeća, izgradnjom obrambenog nasipa Osijek – Zmajevac, kanal je odsječen od poplavne doline Dunava te je poremećen vodni režim. Vremenom se vlažno stanište isušilo, a taloženjem organske tvari i sukcesijom vodotok prelazi u kopneno stanište. Izmijenjeni kanal Ivovac prestaje biti stanište mnogim rijetkim i ugroženim vrstama. U periodu od ožujka do lipnja 2019. godine udruga Zeleni Osijek realizirala je revitalizaciju kanala Ivovac u okviru projekta ECO Wet te financijsku pomoć EU programa Interreg IPA programa prekogranične suradnje HR-SRB i Ureda za udruge Vlade RH. Revitalizacija je obuhvaćala uklanjanje drvenaste vegetacije, izmuljivanje, formiranje blagih pokosa i uvjeta pogodnih za razvoj vodozemaca, gmazova, riba te pripadajuće vodene i priobalne vegetacije. Revitalizacijom se Ivovac približio prvobitnom stanju te je osiguran kontinuiran dotok vode iz vodotoka Čarna (PP Kopački rit). Voda predstavlja glavnu komponentu kanala Ivovac. Prije izvođenja radova revitalizacije napravljena je fizikalna analiza vode te analiza mikrofita na obraštaju grančica kako bi se utvrdilo ekološko stanje kanala. Zabilježena je niska koncentracija klorofila u vodi te je utvrđeno 44 mikrofita na obraštaju grančica. Najzastupljenije mikrofite bile su dijatomeje od kojih su dominirale Planothidium lanceolatum i Navicula cryptocephala. Daljnja istraživanja će pokazati koliko se stanje u kanalu Ivovac promjenilo nakon revitalizacije.

The study was conducted to determine the influence of environmental parameters on phytoplankton structure and dynamics in the shallow lake (Lake Kopačko, 200-250 ha, depth 2-5 m) within the Kopački Rit floodplain. The investigation was carried out in different seasonal and hydrological conditions during winter, late spring and summer period characterised by high nutrient concentrations, especially total phosphorus (from 560 μg/L to 1804 μg/L). A total of 129 phytoplankton species were found, while phytoplankton abundance ranged from 8.83 x 106 to 87.52 x 106 individuals/L. Stable hydrological conditions and high nutrient concentrations during the winter period were favourable for the development of C, D and X1 (X3, J and TB) phytoplankton functional groups. High Danube water level and flooding conditions in late spring favoured the species from groups J, Y and X1 (C and D), while during the stable hydrological conditions and lower concentrations of nutrients, cyanobacteria from H1 and S1 and chlorococcal green algae from J and X1 functional groups were well developed. Results show that despite the differences in hydrological conditions and nutrient concentrations, phytoplankton structure was highly dependent on the winter community. Therefore, studies on winter phytoplankton communities are important for assessing and predicting annual changes of phytoplankton in shallow lakes.

U današnje vrijeme svjedoci smo velike popularnosti i snažne involviranosti različitih medijau životima ljudi. Brojne su mogućnosti i sadržaji koje pružaju mediji poput televizije, mobitela i interneta. Danas je internet vodeći medij koji uz sebe veže brojne pozitivne, ali i negativne strane. Prethodna istraživanja su pokazala da su mlađi adolescenti istovremeno najizloženiji internetskom sadržaju, ali i najrizičnija, te najosjetljivija skupina društva. Vodeći se spoznajom da je sve veći broj mladih izložen raznovrsnim medijima, te snagom medija, cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi vrste i učestalost korištenja medijskih sredstava, te ispitati doprinos korištenja različitih medija u objašnjenju internaliziranih i eksternaliziranih problema u ranoj adolescenciji. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 172 učenika šestih i sedmih razreda dviju osnovnih škola (80 učenica i 92 učenika) prosječne dobi 12 godina (M=12.24, sd= 0.68). Od mjernih instrumenata korištena su dva upitnika: Upitnik o medijskoj izloženosti (upitnik koji je konstruiran za potreba ovog istraživanja) i Skala samoprocjene ponašanja mladih (YSR - Youth Self-Report, Achenbach i Rescorla, 2001). Rezultati su pokazali da su i učenice i učenici značajno više izloženi internetskom sadržaju u odnosu na televizijski program. Nadalje, utvrđene su razlike s obzirom na spol u prisutnosti internaliziranih i eksternaliziranih problema, te su rezultati pokazali da adolescenti imaju značajno više rezultate na subskali kršenje pravila, dok su adolescentice postigle više rezultate na subskali povlačenje. U nastavku, postavljen je model koji se sastojao od vremena provedenog pred televizorom, na internetu i mobitelu, te godinama prvog pristupa internetu i godinama u kojem je dobiven prvi mobitel sa pristupom internetu, kao prediktorima u objašnjenju internaliziranih i eksternaliziranih problema. Međutim, rezultati su pokazali da je da je količina vremena provedenog na internetu jedini značajan prediktor koji objašnjava značajan dio varijance sindroma anksioznost/depresivnost, tjelesne poteškoće, kršenje pravila i agresivno ponašanje. Nowadays, we witness great popularity and strong involvement of diverse media in people's lives. There are many possibilities and content that media such as television, mobile phones and internet provide. Today, Internet being the leading media has its numerous positive but also negative sides. Previous research has showed that even though young adolescents are the most exposed to internet content, they are also the riskiest and the most sensitive group. Considering the fact that more and more adolescents are exposed to diverse media and its power, the main aim of this research was to determine types and frequency of social media use, as well as to examine contribution of different social media in explaining internalizing and externalizing problems in early adolescence. The research was conducted on 172 pupils in sixth and seventh grade of elementary school (80 female and 92 male). The average age of participants was 12 (M= 12.24, sd= 0.68). The measuring instruments used were: Questionnaire regarding media behavior (which was made for this study) and YSR - Youth Self-Report (Achenbach i Rescorla, 2001). The results have showed that pupils are considerably more exposed to internet content than television program. Furthermore, in determining differences in presence of internalizing and externalizing problems it has been shown that boys achieved higher scores on subscale of rule-breaking behaviour, while girls achieved higher scores on subscale of withdrawal/depression. In addition, a model was set, consisting of time spent in front of TV, on internet and mobile phone, as well as the age of first access to the Internet and the age of first mobile phone with internet access as predictor for level of internalizing and externalizing problems. However, results have showed that the sole significant predictor was time spent on internet, which explains significant part of variance of anxiety/depression syndrome, somatic complaints, rule-breaking behaviour and aggressive behaviour.

The aim of the present study was to present team teaching (TT) as a form of instruction recommended for use in the English language classrooms in Croatia and to investigate attitudes of future English language teachers towards TT. We combined two types of data collection techniques. First, we used a questionnaire to investigate the opinions of Austrian (N=33) and Croatian (N=30) students, future English language teachers, on TT. The Austrian participants had rather extensive experience with TT, while the Croatian participants had much less or no experience with TT as it is described in this paper. Second, a semi-structured interview was carried out with an Austrian TT expert enquiring about various aspects of TT. The results confirmed very positive attitudes of both Austrian and Croatian future English language teachers towards TT. The participants pointed out some benefits of TT for teachers and pupils ; they thought that, as future English teachers, they already possessed most of the necessary competences for TT and stated that TT should be regularly used in formal education. As a conclusion, we suggest that TT be (more) used in the English language classroom in Croatia.

Istraživanje je provedeno u svrhu utvrđivanja strukture fitoplanktonskih zajednica u poplavnom području tijekom ljetnog i zimskog razdoblja u 2013. i 2014. godini. Na temelju statističke obrade podataka, prema fizikalno- kemijskim čimbenicima i funkcionalnim skupinama fitoplanktona, jasno je vidljiva podjela uzoraka u dvije osnovne grupe. Prva grupa je zimsko razdoblje koje karakteriziraju stabilni hidrološki uvjeti i visoke koncentracije hranjivih tvari. Takvi uvjeti omogućili su razvoj C, D i X1 (X3 u 2013. i J i TB u 2014. godini) funkcionalnih skupina fitoplanktona. Druga grupa je podijeljena na dvije podgrupe: kasno proljetno razdoblje koje karakterizira visok vodostaj rijeke Dunav i plavljenje poplavnog područja, a dominantne skupine su bile J, Y i X1 (uz prisutnost C i D skupina) i ljetno razdoblje koje karakteriziraju stabilni hidrološki uvjeti i niža koncentracija hranjivih tvari. Takvi uvjeti pogodovali su razvoju H1, S1, J i X1 funkcionalnih skupina. Istraživanja zimske fitoplanktonske zajednice u plitkim jezerima su iznimno značajna jer je struktura zimske zajednice važna za razumijevanje sezonskih i godišnjih promjena u plitkim jezerima.

U radu se istražuju stavovi studenata diplomskih studija Agronomskog fakulteta o mogućnostima i ograničenjima zapošljavanja nakon završetka studija. Istraživanje je provedeno sredinom 2015. godine na uzorku od 89 ispitanika. Veliki dio (93, 3%) ispitanika izjavio je da često razmišlja o zaposlenju nakon studija, dok ih istovremeno samo nešto više od petine i ima jasnu viziju o svojoj budućoj poslovnoj karijeri. Ispitanici su suglasni kako usvajanje znanja utječe na povećanje samopouzdanja i samouvjerenosti (86, 5%)te kako pronalazak posla najviše ovisi o vlastitim sposobnostima (68, 5%). Više od polovice ispitanika (59, 6%) nakon završenog studija htjelo bi raditi u javnom sektoru i to najviše u Ministarstvu poljoprivrede (12, 4%) te različitim poljoprivrednim agencijama (12, 4%). Razlog tome je još uvijek u Hrvatskoj veća stabilnost radnog mjesta i percepcija sigurnijeg prihoda u javnom nego u privatnom sektoru. Oko 78% ispitanika želi ostati živjeti i raditi u Hrvatskoj ali su spremni su zbog posla promijeniti mjesto življenja unutar Hrvatske (18%). Najveći dio ih očekuje da će se zaposliti unutar godine dana nakon završetka studija (60, 7%), a neki (5, 6%) imaju već osiguran posao nakon studija.

In this paper the existence of paradoxical asymmetry, defined as faster reaction times (RTs) to the second language (L2) than the first language (L1), in the spoken production of the Croatian and English languages is investigated. Contrary to the common procedure in which asymmetrical processing of the two languages is obtained in language-switching tasks, this study uses monolingual blocks in which a picture-naming task is carried out in monolingual language sets, either entirely in Croatian or entirely in English. Performance of two groups of speakers is compared: proficient Croatian-English dominant bilinguals and Croatian non-proficient learners of English. It was hypothesized that the RTs to the L2 in the dominant bilinguals’ production would be faster than the RTs in their L1 (paradoxical asymmetry), while the less proficient L2 speakers would show the opposite result pattern (asymmetry). The hypotheses were confirmed. The results were interpreted in terms of Grosjean’s (1998, 2001) bilingual language mode. It is suggested that the paradoxical asymmetry effect occurs due to the always present resting level activation of the mother tongue which needs to be inhibited for the processing of L2 in the dominant bilinguals to take place. Upon the processing of the L1 its reactivation takes up a lot of cognitive effort. This reactivation results in increased processing costs of the mother tongue in the processing of the dominant bilinguals. The asymmetrical processing costs found in the non-proficient L2 learners of English are interpreted in terms of the Revised Hierarchical Model (Kroll and Stewart 1994) which predicts that the access to the L2 lexical form is performed via the L1 lexical form in low- proficiency L2 users. The emphasis of the paper is on the paradoxical asymmetry effect taking place in the non-switch condition, which points to the role of the constant underlying activation and inhibition of the speakers’ languages taking place, rather than their instant activation and inhibition occurring upon the language switch moment.

While minority speakers learning a foreign language through the medium of their second language are sometimes considered to be at a disadvantage, they are also at an advantage, due to their highly developed metalinguistic awareness. We study multilingual experiences of five quadrilingual Albanians residing in Croatia to show their positive attitudes toward language learning and instances of facilitation of their foreign language learning (English as FL1 and German/Italian as FL2) found at the levels of phonology, lexis and grammar. While the learning of foreign language grammar was reported to be facilitated by the knowledge of our participants’ second language metalanguage of Croatian, they also reported instances of facilitation of English phonology acquisition by making associations between the phonological systems of their mother tongue and English. In the learning of their foreign languages’ lexis, associations with the vocabulary of all their languages were used.

Prikaz zbornika HDPL-a u izdanju Peter Lang (skupa održanoga 2015. godine)

Review of the CALS 2015 conference proceedings

U radu se ispituju intenzitet i načini utjecaja medija na ovladavanje jezičnim vje- štinama u engleskome jeziku u osnovnoškolskome i srednjoškolskom obrazo- vanju skupine hrvatskih ispitanika (N=127) koji su u trenutku provođenja istraživanja pohađali drugu godinu studija. Među ispitanicima se nalazio i pod- uzorak studenata engleskoga jezika (N=36). Kao instrument upotrijebljen je upit- nik predstavljen u obliku internetske aplikacije izrađene za potrebe istraživanja. U upitniku je ispitivan utjecaj uređaja kojima se ispitanici služe u svakodnev- nome životu, a preko kojih su bili izloženi engleskom jeziku te su tako informal- no učili taj jezik tijekom svojega osnovnoškolskog i srednjoškolskog obrazovanja. Informalno učenje definira se kao svjestan ili nesvjestan proces učenja koje nije strukturirano u smislu ciljeva učenja, vremena u kojemu se uči i podučavanja, a kojim se stječu određene vještine. Ispitanici su trebali procijeniti koliko je koji uređaj/medij utjecao na njihovo informalno učenje i razvijanje svake pojedine vještine u engleskome jeziku (slušanje, čitanje, pisanje, govorenje) u osnovnoškol- skome i srednjoškolskom razdoblju. Rezultati su pratili sličnu težnju u slučaju ukupnoga uzorka ispitanika i pod- uzorka studenata engleskoga jezika. Najveći utjecaj na informalno učenje engle- skoga jezika u oba obrazovna razdoblja imali su uređaji kojima se može pre- traživati internet, koji se istaknuo kao ključni medij u razvoju svih četiriju vje- ština, dok gledanje televizije i DVD-a nije igralo značajniju ulogu samo u ovlada- vanju vještinom pisanja. Uređaji za slušanje glazbe imali su značajnu ulogu u usvajanju vještina slušanja i govorenja. U zaključku se predlaže sljedeći korak u kojemu bi se dale preporuke za uporabu spoznaja ovoga i sličnih istraživanja u dodatnome uvježbavanju engleskoga jezi- ka u slobodno vrijeme, a to bi se znanje upotrijebilo u institucionaliziranoj na- stavi. Na taj bi se način ostvarila navika uporabe engleskoga jezika izvan školske klupe, što bi otvorilo put cjeloživotnom održavanju vještina engleskoga jezika i po završetku formalnoga obrazovanja.

Nezaposlenost je jedan od najvećih problema Hrvatske, a koja je posebno prisutna kod mlađeg dijela populacije. Sa stopom ukupne nezaposlenosti od 17, 3% i udjelu nezaposlenosti kod mladih (dobi od 25 godina) od 45, 5%, Hrvatska je treća država Europske unije (EU). Cilj rada je bio istražiti motive studenata diplomskih studija Agronomskog fakulteta za odabir studijskog programa te spremnost njihovog uključivanja na tržište rada. Za potrebe rada provedena je on-line anketa među studentima diplomskih studija (89 osoba ili 10% upisanih), a dobiveni podaci obrađeni su u statističkom programu SPSS. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da su studenti zadovoljni upisanim programom na Fakultetu te smatraju da nastavni program „doprinosi napretku hrvatske poljoprivrede“. Bitan motiv upisa na odabrani Fakultet i studij je bila u budućnosti veća plaća pri čemu se i dalje kao mjesto željenog zaposlenja preferira javni sektor. Većina ispitanika nakon završetka studija želi ostati u Hrvatskoj, ali ako u roku od godine dana ne pronađu posao spremni su odseliti se u inozemstvo. Kao moguće poboljšice tijekom studiranja a bitne za kvalitetnije uključenje na tržištu rada navode kvalitetniju stručnu praksu, više samostalnih radnih zadataka te više praktične nastave. Kao glavno ograničenje svoga budućeg bržeg zapošljavanja smatraju opću ekonomsku situaciju u Državi.

Throughout history, the most positive effects of European multilingualism have been diverse cultural, scientific and civilization achievements. Since no complete population in any single European country has been monolingual, mutual influence and exchanges have been considerable, which led not only to linguistic contacts, but also to numerous exchanges of ideas and goods, inventions and other achievements. Current surveys show that Europeans still hold bilingualism and multilingualism in high esteem. In order to learn how such positive multilingual environment influences the usage of various languages in Europe and, more specifically, in Croatia, data from the EU and CE documents and other publications are analysed, presented and discussed in the light of the M + 2 Barcelona goal. The aim was to determine whether political decisions, in addition to an increasing official multilingualism within European institutions, coupled with ICT and audio-visual media present in the lives of European citizens, have influenced personal multilingualism (the actual usage of the second and third languages) in a positive way regarding the passive and active usage of those languages. Moreover, the position of English as a lingua franca in such an environment is investigated in order to establish whether there are changes in its significance and regularity of usage among European citizens due to their positive attitudes towards the M + 2 principle. An interpretation of the European results as compared with the Croatian data is given. With that in view, it might be important to envisage measures which could be undertaken to boost the usage and learning of the world languages as well as of the smaller and less- used European languages and non-European languages.

Studies of auditory perception in bilinguals focus on the interaction between linguistic and non- linguistic factors in language processing. The interaction of bottom-up (linguistic) and top-down (linguistic and non-linguistic) processes in language processing is presented in models built on the basis of the interpretation of experimental research results. The focus is also on the question of language switch control and the roles linguistic and non-linguistic factors have in language switching. This study rests on the proposition put forward in the BIMOLA model (Grosjean 1997) that bottom-up acoustic information specific to one language can speed up the recognition of words in that language in bilingual speech processing, diminishing the language switch cost. The paper studies the influence of sensory information (bottom-up), and contextual information and control processes (top-down) in the auditory processing of isolated English and Croatian words. The results of two groups of speakers differing in their English language proficiency have been compared (C1 and C2 according to CEFR). An auditory language decision task has been carried out in three language sets consisting of mixed and one-language stimulus lists. The interaction of the independent variables of language (Croatian, English), the language set (monolingual, bilingual) and English language proficiency (C1, C2) with regard to the dependent variable of reaction time is investigated. Research results will be used to clarify the language switch control in the auditory processing of these two languages. Due to the phonetic and phonological language specificities of the studied languages, small or insignificant influence of top-down processes on auditory perception is expected. Moreover, it is expected that bottom-up processes will influence the language selectivity of processing and ease the processing strain at the moment of the language switch.

At the newly founded Catholic University of Croatia in Zagreb History major students take a 3- year-long English for Academic Purposes (EAP) course. Due to the fact that the University is a young one, it was necessary to design a new EAP syllabus in accordance with course requirements and University values. The general aim of the course is to equip students with the skills necessary to achieve the desired academic excellence in their field of study. Moreover, the knowledge of English will be required in students' future work and development as it is a necessary skill for professional research and communication between peers on the international level. In this paper guidelines for the EAP course syllabus design tailored for the History major students at the Catholic University of Croatia are presented. The following aspects are focused on: learning outcomes, tasks, materials and academic topics covered, and assessment.

This paper studies the influence of language- specific elements in visual stimuli on the reaction times of bilingual speakers at the moment of the language switch. Premises of the models of bilingual language processing BIA and BIA+ are studied in terms of their different views upon the language switch cost and the predictions the models make about the influences factors within and outside language have on bilingual processing. Croatian-English dominant bilinguals carried out a lexical decision task in which four independent variables were controlled: language of the stimulus (Croatian/English), language switch (language switch/no language switch), language specificity of the visual elements in the stimuli (language-specific/language- nonspecific), and stimulus type (word/pseudoword). The interaction of the given variables was looked into ; the participants’ reaction times to the stimuli with and without language-specific elements in the language switch and the nonswitch conditions were compared. According to the results, language- specific elements in the stimuli did not influence the language switch condition ; however, no language switch cost was found either. Such results of the visual processing of Croatian- English dominant bilinguals were interpreted in terms of the premises of the BIA+ model into which the basic predictions of BIMOLA, the model of bilingual auditory processing, were integrated.

Uvod. Kardiopulmonalna reanimacija postupak je oživljavanja osobe kod koje je došlo do zastoja srčanog rada. Indikacije za započinjanje reanimacije i prekidanje jednom započete reanimacije često su etički, moralni i ekonomski problem. Cilj je ovoga rada prikupiti podatke o stavovima liječnika o postupcima kardiopulmonalne reanimacije te nastavku i prestanku iste kod bolesnika s upitnim indikacijama za reanimaciju. Cilj je ispitati postoje li razlike u stavovima između muškaraca i žena spram reanimacije i jesu li se susreli s pojmom placebo-reanimacija. Metode. Istraživanje je provedeno anonimnim anketnim upitnikom koji je ispunilo 190 liječnika KBC Osijek, od čega je bilo 111 (58, 4%) liječnika, a 79 (41, 6%) liječnica prosječne dobi 41 godina. Statistička značajnost razlika među skupinama utvrđena je χ² testom i medijan testom. Rezultati su prikazani kao medijan uz interkvartilni raspon. Statistički značajnim rezultatom smatrao se p≤0, 05. Rezultati. Ova je studija potvrdila kako u odgovorima na većinu pitanja ne postoje značajne razlike u stavovima liječnika i liječnica spram oživljavanja. Situacije u kojima liječnici i liječnice jednako postupaju su kod bolesnika bez svijesti, poremećenog mentalnog statusa, s uznapredovalom malignom bolesti te kod dementnih bolesnika. Također nema razlike u (ne)započinjanju reanimacije obzirom na dob bolesnika te obzirom na cijenu reanimacije i kasnijeg života. 63% liječnika donijelo je odluku o ne- reanimiranju bolesnika nasuprot 45% liječnica. Dok 50% liječnika smatra kako se upute o ne- reanimaciji trebaju prenijeti kolegama, s tim se slaže tek 24% liječnica. Također 28% liječnica i 17% liječnika nikada nije donijelo odluku o nereanimaciji. Stavovi spram reanimacije bolesnika u terminalnom stadiju bolesti su također različiti: 66% muškaraca i 49% žena ne bi započeli takvu reanimaciju. Dok 84% liječnica smatraju kako je reanimaciju uputno započeti radi moguće eksplantacije organa, svega 69% liječnika dijeli njihov stav. Iskazana želja bolesnika o ne-reanimaciji je razlog za nezapočinjanje iste za 70% liječnika, dok čak 83% liječnica poštuju takvu želju. Zaključak: U većini odgovora ne postoje statistički značajne razlike između muškaraca i žena. Iako je preko 85% ispitanika navelo kako se nisu susreli s pojmom placebo-reanimacije, iz rezultata ovog upitnika vidljivo je da većina njih isti postupak provodi.

This paper deals with the organisation of the mental lexica of monolingual and bilingual speakers and the differences between them. The word association method is used to investigate the organisation of the mental lexicon between two groups of participants: a group of monolingual speakers of Croatian and a group of Croatian-English dominant bilinguals. The English stimulus used in the word association task is based on the Kent Rosanoff list which is adapted to provide the stimulus presented in the Croatian language. The associative links and some specific features of these links in the Croatian and English languages are studied. The data obtained from the two groups of participants are compared. Specific focus is placed on the associations provided in the Croatian language by the monolingual and bilingual participants. The influence of one language on the other in the bilingual speakers’ answers is focused on in order to establish the existence and extent of the mother tongue ←→ second language interference in the association providing process carried out by the bilingual participants.

This paper studies written language processing in speakers of two languages which differ in their morphological richness, namely Croatian as L1 and English as L2, and the existence of deceptive transparency in such processing. Deceptive transparency is defined as the phenomenon according to which L2 learners are prone to misinterpret word meaning based on the word’s deceptive morphological structure (Laufer, 1997). The participants in this study were given sets of morphologically and semantically related (derived) and unrelated (deceptively transparent) word pairs in both languages. They were required to decide whether the words in each pair were related. Reaction times were measured and compared. Implications related to the organization of the mental lexicon and lexical access in Croatian speakers of English are discussed.

U radu se istražuje selektivnost leksičkoga pristupa u hrvatskih govornika globalnog engleskog pri slušnom procesiranju riječi. Uspoređeno je vrijeme reakcije ispitanika na hrvatske i engleske srodnice i nesrodnice u slušnom zadatku leksičke odluke. Pseudoriječi su izrađene tako da reflektiraju dizajn riječi upotrijebljenih za podražaj, odnosno i u pseudoriječima su razlikovane pseudoriječi izvedene iz srodnica i pseudoriječi izvedene iz nesrodnica. Utvrđen je obratan efekt srodnica u reakciji na engleske riječi srodnice, tj. suprotno očekivanju sporija reakcija na srodnice nego na nesrodnice. Nije utvrđena statistički značajna razlika između vremena reakcija na hrvatske riječi srodnice i nesrodnice, no pronađen je obratan efekt srodnica u reakciji na hrvatske pseudoriječi izvedene iz srodnica. Rezultati su interpretirani u smislu teorije egzemplara te potrebe donošenja odluke o jeziku prije donošenja leksičke odluke.

A new type of language speaker has emerged over the past few decades, namely the speaker of English as the language of globalisation or Global English. Such a speaker has a mother tongue different from English, is not bilingual, learns English as a foreign language but uses it intensively in some aspect of their life, mostly for educational or occupational purposes and possibly pastime. English is not the official language of their environment. A psycholinguistic investigation of language processing in such a speaker seems necessary for future research dealing with this (growing) group of speakers. In this study lexical decision task has been used to study visual lexical access in Croatian speakers of Global English in three language modes: Croatian, English, and mixed. Language mode has been defined as the state of activation of languages and language processing mechanisms in a bilingual speaker at any given point in time (Grosjean 2008). The results of this research are portrayed in form of two Global English language mode continua and compared to the bilingual language mode continuum as a type of an ideal. The difference between the language mode continuum of a bilingual and a speaker of Global English are discussed.

Cognates are translation equivalents which share similarity of form across languages (e.g. Cro. problem and Eng. problem). In relation to non–cognates, bilingual speakers have been shown to react to cognates faster (cognate facilitation effect) in the lexical decision task, and slower (cognate inhibition effect) in the language decision task. Postulates of the Bilingual Interactive Activation model + (BIA+) (Dijkstra & van Heuven, 2002) are used in the formulation of hypotheses and the explanation of results in this study. The cognate facilitation effect in the lexical decision task may be accounted for in the BIA+ model by suggesting increased semantic activation levels in cognate processing as opposed to non–cognate processing which occurs due to the shared characteristics of the items belonging to a cognate pair (Lemhöfer & Dijkstra, 2004). In this study, cognate processing of a group of Croatian speakers of Global English is investigated by means of a lexical decision task. Croatian speakers of Global English use the English language (which is not their mother tongue) on a daily basis in some aspect of their lives (work, academia, international communication) as well as in their pastime. As English is used as the lingua franca of the modern business world and education, and the number of speakers of Global English is on the rise in Croatia, their language processing needs to be examined and represented in the models of language processing. In the analysis the interaction of the following independent variables was investigated: language (Croatian / English), word type (word / pseudoword), and cognateness (cognate / non–cognate). The analysis of variance showed a significant triple interaction of language, word type and cognateness. The opposite cognate effect was found in reactions to Croatian cognates as reaction times to Croatian cognates were slower than reaction times to Croatian non–cognates. There was no effect of cognateness found in reaction times to English words and pseudowords, and Croatian pseudowords. On the basis of the results of this study, an adaptation of the BIA+ model was laid out so as to accommodate the findings related to cognate processing in Croatian speakers of Global English. The significant additions to the BIA+ model involve lateral inhibition of the cognates within the same processing levels, lateral inhibition at the language level which results in the necessity of the participants to perform a language decision prior to performing the lexical decision, and inhibitory influence of the activation of the less proficient language on the mother tongue activation which is reflected in the mother tongue inhibition in the processing.

Usporedba video digitalizatora.

The paper presents the results of the ultrasound methodology used in the study of coarticulatory effect of the neighboring vowel context on the Croatian fricatives /s/ and /ʃ/ for each vowel context separately. It is hypothesized that /s/ will be more variable than /ʃ/ and the vowels will have greater coarticulatory influence on /s/ than on /ʃ/. For both fricatives there will be more influence and variability of the tongue position of the back vowels than the front vowels. The hypotheses are based on the Degree of the Articulatory Constraint Model (DAC, Recasens. Pallares and Fontdevilla 1997). It is also assumed that the tongue position for fricatives will be more sensitive in carry-over than in anticipatory coarticulation. The speech material was recorded via two simultaneous channels (acoustic and ultrasound) with head stabilization (PHILIP) and speaker stabilization (S.O.S), and a part of the Croatian ultrasound Corps (HULK) (Carović, 2014a). Six speakers (3 male and 3 female) with healthy speaking and hearing status were used for recording purposes. Ultrasound images were annotated in monosyllabic non-words. The results were presented by means of visual examination and two quantified measures: tongue Center of Gravity index and variability index. This kind of basic research can provide important information about the variability of the fricatives /s/ and /ʃ / in Croatian, in diagnostics and in rehabilitation of speech, e.g. in teaching Croatian as L2.00000

This book brings together a selection of sixteen papers presented at the 29th international annual conference of the Croatian Applied Linguistics Society held from 24th to 26th April 2015 at the University of Zadar, Croatia. The conference was dedicated to the topic of applied linguistics research and methodology. Accordingly, this book addresses a growing tendency of applied linguists to bring forth and discuss methodological issues they are faced with in preparing, carrying out and disseminating their research.

An important finding of research on the lexical aspect of second language acquisition is that lexical competence is multidimensional. It encompasses several aspects of knowledge and can be described in terms of separate (listing and describing all aspects and dimensions of lexical knowledge) or global traits models (describing only a few critical dimensions). Starting from Housen Bulté Pierrard and Van Daele’s (2008) theoretical conceptualisation of lexical proficiency, i.e. its declarative component, and Read’s (2000) definition of lexical richness, this study explores how well various lexical measures portray EFL learners’ productive lexical proficiency. The declarative component of lexical competence includes the constructs of size, width and depth of lexical knowledge, which are inferred from the following lower-order constructs: lexical diversity (the number of different words used), lexical density or productivity (the percentage of content words), lexical sophistication (the proportion of low-frequency words) and lexical errors. To answer the research questions, 100 essays written by B2 EFL learners are analysed. The paper presents and discusses the results of statistical analyses used to explore the relationship between ‘the numbers’ (i.e. various linguistic measures) and a more impressionistic, holistic evaluation of lexical competence conducted by trained raters.

This paper is based on the research conducted as part of the international project " Evolution of Semantic Systems " (Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen). The Croatian language was one of 50 Indo-European languages included in the research. All research within the project consisted of several different types of speaker elicitation testing. Colour terms were one of the four basic areas of research. The results of the colour naming task are presented in the paper. The data was comprised of 1680 responses in total. The results of the data analysis showed some regularities in colour naming in Croatian. In this paper conventionalized lexicalization patterns of colour naming in Croatian are defined and distinguished from novel expressions. The goal of the paper is to define strategies used in colour naming.

Verbal prefixes play a great role in teaching Croatian as a second language (CL2) because they facilitate acquisition of meanings for entire verb groups. Verbal prefixes in Croatian language (CL) have already been researched (Belaj 2008, Šarić 2014), but not all of them have been described yet. Also, their role in CL2 teaching has still not received much scientific attention. The aim of this paper is to create the basis for a glottodidactic model of teaching prefixed verbs as a part of CL2 curriculum. Our primary claim is that interpretation of the meaning (or meanings) of a verbal prefix, that (co)shapes the meaning of a prefixed verb, along with the frequency of the meaning or meanings of the prefix, is crucial for teaching prefixed verbs in C2L curriculum. Thus, the meaning that is more frequently represented in language would be given chronological and quantitative advantage in the CL2 curriculum. Prefixed verbs are often followed by a prepositional phrase headed by a preposition that is cognate to a verbal prefix. We aimed to investigate how this fact affects the acquisition of verbal prefixes. We presume that the acquisition of a prefix is more systematic if the verb is followed by a preposition cognate to the prefix, and, consequently, that the acquisition is less systematic if the verb isn’t followed by a cognate prefix. Students’ ability to infer meanings of the prefix u- and prefix pro- was analyzed. Results of the research confirmed that the knowledge of the meaning of cognate prepositions represents the best support to learners in identifying and interpreting the meaning of verbal prefix and of the prefixed verb itself. This proof represents a starting point for the development of a linguistic model for the glottodidactic processing of meanings of verbal prefixes in CL2 teaching. The development of such model should also include results of corpus linguistics studies that show the representation and frequency of each meaning of each prefix in language. Based on corpus data, CL2 teaching should give priority to more frequent meanings of prefixes in chronological and quantitative terms.

Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird die Anwendung der Analyse der thematischen Struktur (engl. topical structure analysis) (Lautamatti 1990, Simpson 2000) und der Analyse des Themas (engl. topic- based analysis) (Watson Todd 1998) bei der Analyse und Bewertung fremdsprachlicher Lernertexte verglichen. Der qualitativen Analyse der Lernertexte folgt eine statistische Analyse der Daten, in der die Ergebnisse miteinander verglichen werden, die durch die Anwendung der zwei genannten Methoden gewonnen wurden. Zudem findet auch ein Vergleich mit den Ergebnissen der analytischen Bewertung im Staatsabitur statt. Die Analyse der Ergebnisse hat mehrere Problembereiche in der Anwendung beider Methoden zur Kohärenzanalyse und -bewertung aufgedeckt. Im abschließenden Teil des Beitrags wird auf theoretische und praktische Implikationen der Untersuchung eingegangen.

Reading is a complex skill which depends on a number of factors including general language proficiency, background knowledge or reading tasks. Comprehension occurs at different levels (e.g. word, sentence, discourse, relation to prior knowledge), so it is measured using a variety of tasks whose content and form may affect readers’ performance. In our research we compared performance in the comprehension of college-level expository texts in English (L2) tested with two different question formats: multiple-choice questions (MC), a standard tool in reading comprehension research methodology, and graphic organizer completion tasks (GO) as a less common method of comprehension assessment. Significantly better performance was observed in GO compared to MC. The GO performance less strongly correlated with both L2 competence measures (L2 proficiency, text-specific vocabulary) than the performance in MC. The results are discussed within the framework of cognitive models of text comprehension and the interaction of bottom-up/top-down processes. It is suggested that the explicit text structure provided by GO may have triggered top-down cognitive processes which facilitate comprehension.