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Processes in hillslope soils present a particular challenge for agricultural production and soil management due to their hydropedological specifics and high soil erosion risk. Soil heterogeneities can cause preferential and/or lateral flow on the entire hillslope resulting in the off-site movement of water, fertilizers and chemicals used in crop production. A study was conducted under controlled conditions in a laboratory with undisturbed soil cores (250 cm3), which were used to estimate the soil hydraulic properties (SHP) using HYPROP and WP4C devices, while undisturbed soil columns (diameter = 16 cm, length = 25 cm) were used for the evaluation of preferential flow pathways using potassium bromide and Brilliant Blue. Samples were excavated in triplicate from the hilltop, backslope and footslope regions within the inter-rows of a vineyard from a critical zone observatory, SUPREHILL, in Croatia in Dystric Luvic Stagnosol. The aim of this study was to determine if the erosion-affected hillslope position affected the physical, chemical and hydraulic properties of soil and to identify water flow and possible preferential flow using dye and bromide tracers. The results of the sensor measurements and estimated SHPs were in agreement, showing a faster leaching of the irrigated rainwater in the footslope column. The tracer experiments showed variability even in the columns taken from the same position on the hillslope, which can be linked to plant roots and soil fauna activity. Altogether, the results showed a deeper loose layer at the footslope as a consequence of the soil erosion, which then resulted in higher hydraulic conductivity and the leached mass of the bromide due to better soil structure and pore connectivity. Thus, due to significant differences in the leached mass of bromide, this research should be later expanded in field experiments to reveal the impact of surface runoff, subsurface preferential and lateral flow on a larger scale.

Primjena optičkih pomagala postaje gotovo neizbježna u svakodnevnoj stomatološkoj praksi. Uvođenje mikroskopa u svijet dentalne medicine predstavljalo je veliko napredovanje za struku iz razloga što specifični optički principi te ergonomski povoljniji način rada povećavaju učinkovitost uz smanjenje umora i neugode pri radu. Upotreba mikroskopa posebno je značajna u endodonciji gdje je njegovom upotrebom prevaziđen problem prikazivanja endodontskog prostora. Time se olakšala dijagnostika i terapija bolesti pulpe i periapeksa. To danas omogućava lakše izvođenje širokog spektra zahvata u endodontskom prostoru kao i u drugim dijelovima usne šupljine čime su dentalni mikroskopi našli primjenu u gotovo svim granama dentalne medicine.

Water 15(13), 2398 - (2023). doi:10.3390/w15132398, Published by MDPI, Basel

Comprehensive research of several springs of the Holy Mountain has been conducted.

The diversity of processes which take place in hillslope agro-ecosystems makes the estimation of vadose zone hydrology very challenging. This research presents first results related to the measurements of meteorological data, soil water content, granulometric composition and isotopic signature of soil water and precipitation within SUPREHILL project. Vadose zone observatory has been placed on agricultural sloped area in Zagreb, within experimental field Jazbina. For the evaluation of soil water origin and dynamics, precipitation and soil water have been sampled. First four sampling campaigns have been done in two week intervals, while after it was decided to start sampling on a monthly time period. Stable isotopes of hydrogen (Δ2H) and oxygen (Δ18O) from soil water and precipitation have been determined by laser spectroscopy. First results showed different isotopic signature in soil water compared to precipitation which suggests the existence of different infiltration patterns in the experimental site. Isotopic signature corresponds to the variation of water content at different depths. Furthermore, results suggest that preferential flow and infiltration of precipitation can be expected till the maximum depth of 0.8 m which is probably related to the existence of low permeable layer. Future research and long-term monitoring will focus on the quantification of subsurface soil water dynamics and preferential flow, as well as on the non- linear agrochemical transport processes.

Frequent use of agrochemicals results in increased concentration of certain metals in vineyard soils, with the slope of terrain promoting their uneven spatial distribution. Therefore, at the SUPREHILL critical zone observatory (Jazbina experimental station, Zagreb), 27 vineyard soil samples were taken at three soil depths (0-30, 30-60, 60-90 cm) in October of 2020 at the top, middle, and the bottom of the slope, and digested in Aqua regia by microwave technique using MARSXpress system, CEM (HRN ISO 11466:2004). Metal (Fe, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn, and Hg) total concentrations in soil extracts were then measured using ICP-OES (Vista MPX AX, Varian ; HRN ISO 22036:2011). Data processing was done using Statistical Analysis Software (SAS Institute Inc., Version 8.3 Update 1, Cary NC USA, 2019-2020), with the analysis of variance done using One-Way ANOVA, and the significance of differences between the means determined using Tukey's test at P

U radu je prikazan hrvatski pristup za određivanje graničnih vrijednosti tvari i pokazatelja mogućih onečišćenja podzemne vode u vodnom području rijeke Dunav i jadranskom vodnom području. Detaljno su obrazloženi kriteriji za određivanje graničnih vrijednosti, prilagođeni značajkama hidrogeoloških sustava te s njima povezanih ili o njima ovisnih kopnenih i vodenih ekosustava u Republici Hrvatskoj, koji se odnose na referentne standarde kakvoće, odnosno kriterijske vrijednosti, te na pozadinske koncentracije. Analizirane su različite metode procjene pozadinskih koncentracija, koje su korištene u postupku određivanja graničnih vrijednosti u RH, te je razmotrena pouzdanost rezultata dobivenih primjenom različitih metoda na osnovi zajedničkih kriterija. Prikazan je postupak utvrđivanja kriterijskih vrijednosti za važne prijamnike i vidove korištenja podzemne vode, a posebno su analizirani i opisani glavni tipovi graničnih vrijednosti koji se koriste u postupku ocjene kemijskoga stanja ili procjene rizika u pojedinim vodnim područjima. Na primjeru grupiranoga tijela podzemne vode Istočna Slavonija – sliv Drave i Dunava prikazan je postupak određivanja pozadinskih koncentracija i graničnih vrijednosti za odabrane tvari i pokazatelje., The paper presents the Croatian approach to the determination of limit values and indicators of potential groundwater pollution in the Danube River Basin District and Adriatic River Basin District. The criteria for determining limit values are elaborated in detail and adapted to the characteristics of hydrogeological systems and their associated or dependent terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems in the Republic of Croatia, i.e. referent quality standards, such as criteria values and background concentrations. Different methods for assessing background concentrations, which were used in the procedure of limit value determination in the Republic of Croatia, were analysed and the reliability of results obtained by applying different methods based on shared criteria were considered. The procedure of determining the criteria values for important recipients and different groundwater uses were described; the main types of limit values used in the procedures of chemical status assessment and risk assessment in individual river basin districts were analysed and described in particular. The procedure of determining background concentrations and limit values for selected substances and indicators were demonstrated on the example of the groundwater body group Eastern Slavonia – Drava and Danube basin., In der Arbeit wird der kroatische Ansatz zur Bestimmung der Grenzwerte von Materien und des Anzeigens möglicher Verunreinigungen von Grundwasser im Wassergebiet des Flusses Donau und im adriatischen Wassergebiet dargestellt. Die Kriterien zur Bestimmung der Grenzwerte sind genauestens erläutert und den Merkmalen von hydrogeologischen Systemen angepasst, sowie den damit verbundenen oder von ihnen abhängenden Land- und Wasserökosystemen in der Republik Kroatien, die sich auf referierende Qualitätsstandards, beziehungsweise Kriteriumswerte beziehen, ebenso auf Hintergrundkonzentrationen. Analysiert wurden verschiedene Schätzungsmethoden von Hintergrundkonzentrationen, die beim Bestimmungsverfahren der Grenzwerte in der Republik Kroatien benutzt wurden. Außerdem wurde die Verlässlichkeit der Resultate beurteilt, die bei der Anwendung verschiedener Methoden mit gemeinsamen Kriterien erhalten wurden. Dargestellt wurde die Bestimmungsmethode von Kriteriumswerten für wichtige Empfänger und Arten der Nutzung von Grundwasser, besonders analysiert und beschrieben wurden die Typen von Grenzwerten, die beim Verfahren der Beurteilung des chemischen Zustandes oder Schätzung von Risiken in den einzelnen Wassergebieten benutzt werden. Am Beispiel des gruppierten Körpers des Grundwassers Ostslawonien - das Becken von Drau und Donau wurde das Verfahren zur Bestimmung von Hintergrundkonzentrationen und Grenzwerten für ausgesuchte Materien und Indikatoren dargestellt.

Implanto-protetska nadoknada vertikalno frakturiranog zuba 22 uz protetsko vođenje i očuvanje kontura mekih tkiva

Izrada individualnog vijka za cijeljenje.

In late 2020, the first weighing lysimeters in Croatia were installed at the SUPREHILL vadose zone observatory, at the top and bottom of the hillslope. The use of undisturbed weighable lysimeters is commonly used to measure water and solute fluxes at the profile scale, which can also be representative at the field scale. The lysimeters are monolithically filled, equipped with a pressure-controlled lower boundary in order to mimic field dynamics (upward and downward fluxes), and are weighable so that high-precision calculations of hydraulic fluxes (i.e. rainfall, drainage, evapotranspiration, or dew) are possible. The first glance at the 2021 data shows differences between the top and bottom of the hillslope in observed evapotranspiration, while lesser differences are observed in measured precipitation using the system. As a result of the position on the hillslope, different behavior of the soil-water potential that serves as a reference value for establishing equilibrium between the field and lysimeters is observed. Along with the first data from the observatory, the presented material includes installation methodology, system specifications, and description of the feedback control of the lower hydraulic boundary condition with its main components.

Prikaz slučaja augmentacije mekoga tkiva prije fiksnoprotetske terapije nad zubima i implantatima.

Hillslope soils are especially challenging due to larger possibilities of soil erosion which can lead to soil heterogeneity and result in nonlinear water flow and solute transport. Thus, to determine water flow and possibly quantify preferential flow we conducted a soil column study within the first Croatian critical zone observatory SUPREHILL. The research was conducted in controlled conditions on undisturbed soil columns (25 cm depth and 16 cm in diameter) taken from the hilltop, middle and hillbottom positions. Since soil hydraulic properties are impacting water flow and thus the solute transport, undisturbed soil cores (250 cm3) were taken from the hilltop, middle and hillbottom in three repetitions and the soil hydraulic properties were estimated using HYPROP and WP4C. After application of 150 mL tracer (potassium bromide, KBr) at concentration of 1g L‒1 KBr, columns are irrigated. Soil moisture is measured with soil moisture sensor on 7 cm depth and tensiometer on 17 cm depth set inside each soil column. At the end of the column, the leachate is collected to determine Br‒ in water samples which helped us to determine dispersivity coefficient and water flow behaviour. Furthermore, to identify preferential flow we applied Brilliant blue dye tracer on the top of the soil columns, afterwards the columns are photographed. Quantification of preferential flow was conducted in ImageJ software using image analyses procedure. First results are showing the fastest water flow in the soil column taken from the middle part of the hillslope which is in line with hydraulic conductivity values obtained using HYPROP and WP4C. In the future, we plan to expand the research by applying KBr and Brilliant blue in the field, as well as by taking undisturbed soil samples for CT scanning and numerical simulations which will give us more specified information about preferential flow and nonlinear dynamics.

Radi se o prikazu slučaja pacijentice (18 godina) operirane u djetinjstvu nekoliko puta zbog obostranog rascjepa nepca i usne. Izražena je subtotalna bezubost u gornjoj čeljusti i djelomična bezubost u donjoj zbog anodoncije. Maksila je izrazito retroponirana, a koštani segmenti nisu međusobno srasli u području alveolarnog nastavka sprijeda. Ima vrlo neprikladnu gornju totalnu protezu i donju djelomičnu protezu. U periodu od dvije i pol godine kod pacijentice je učinjeno nekoliko kirurških zahvata u smislu definitivne implantoprotetske sanacije njezinog stanja. U prvom zahvatu učinjena je Le Fort I osteotomija maksile i pomak prema naprijed uz istovremenu augmentaciju koštanim transplantatom s zdjelične kosti i maksile. Nakon nekoliko mjeseci postavljeni su implantati u maksilu, a korišten je i jedan zigomatični implantat. Potom je u općoj anesteziji učinjena i rekonstrukcija alveolarnog grebena mandibule, koštanim transplantatom s druge zdjelične kosti i nakon nekoliko mjeseci postavljeni dentalni implantati. Obje čeljusti protetski su sanirane fiksnim protetskim nadomjestcima fiksiranih vijcima na dentalne implantate. U gornjoj čeljusti izrađen je „Malo Bridge“ nadomjestak koji se sastoji od titanske konstrukcije izrađene tehnikom glodanja te cirkonij oksidnih krunica cementiranih na konstrukciju.

Prikaz protetske rehabilitacije pacijentice s rascjepom nepca i usnice

Potentially toxic metals (PTMs) form the important group of substances causing contamination of soil and groundwater. The subject of this study is a Gleysol profile developed in the vicinity of the Velika Gorica wellfield area of the Zagreb aquifer, Croatia. The main aims of the investigation were: a) to determine the sorption characteristics of zinc, copper and cadmium using a batch experiment and b) to build isotherms of PTMs in order to detect the potential impact of pollution on groundwater. Potential sources of contamination near the sampling area are traffic and intensive agriculture. Mathematical expressions were applied to establish the relationship between the concentration of the adsorbent in the liquid phase and the solid phase at equilibrium and in laboratory conditions. Relative sorption capacity was also used to compare the metal sorption capacity of the samples. Freundlich distribution coefficients were determined from sorption isotherms, and the sequence is Cu > Zn > Cd. The comparison of sorption isotherms has shown that Cu has the strongest sorption in the soil. Cu showed retention of 49 %, Zn of 32 %, while only 24 % of Cd is sorbed at this soil horizon (2Ag2). This can be explained by physical-chemical properties of soil horizon such as finer particles, the highest CEC values and OM content. Monitoring of Cd concentrations with depth in this type of soils is needed in order to quantify leaching of cadmium to the groundwater of the Zagreb aquifer system.

Monitoring ion transport in sloped soils is of great importance as it can be affected by the slope. SUPREHILL observatory was set up at sloped vineyard, with wick lysimeters installed at the top, middle, and the bottom of the hillslope. Leachates were collected from February 2021 - January 2022, and analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity (E.C.), and ionic composition (NO3-, NH4+, PO43-, SO42-, Cl-, K+, Cu2+, and DOC). The analysis of data variance was done using One-Way ANOVA (SAS Institute Inc., 2019-2020), with the significance of differences between the means determined using Tukey's HSD test at P

In the soil vadose zone, one of the critical processes is the water flow which is important for the root uptake but could also enhance transport of potentially harmful agricultural substances to surface and groundwater. Thus, we established the first Croatian critical zone observatory SUPREHILL to specify subsurface preferential flow and nonlinear agrochemical transport processes. Among other instruments, wick lysimeters were installed at the 40 cm depth at the top, middle, and bottom of the vineyard hillslope. The water volumes collected in lysimeters were measured every two weeks. For estimation of soil hydraulic properties (SHP) using HYPROP and WP4C techniques, the undisturbed soil cores (250 cm3) were taken from the same positions at 1520 and 3540 cm depth in three repetitions. The first results from one-year research showed the highest amount of water collected in lysimeters at the hilltop and the lowest at the middle part of the hillslope. Estimated SHP showed that the middle position mostly has the highest values of bulk density and the lowest values of porosity which could cause slower vertical water movement. Furthermore, the water volume in lysimeters could be a result of variable slope in the investigated hillslope. For example, the slope on the top is minor compared to the middle and the bottom thus resulting in the slowest lateral subsurface flow and the highest amount of collected water. The middle and the bottom have similar slopes, but below the bottom position, the slope becomes less steep affecting the water movement at that position and reducing lateral subsurface flow causing a higher amount of water compared to the middle part. At the middle position, the subsurface runoff is possibly the main water pathway since the middle part has a steep slope that continues to the bottom of the hillslope. Thus, to precisely determine water movement at vineyard hillslope and therefore the agrochemical transport, later in research we will combine results obtained by sensors set at the field at various depths, undisturbed soil columns experiments, CT-scanning, and numerical simulations.

Zagreb aquifer presents one of the main sources of potable water for the inhabitants of the City of Zagreb and Zagreb County. It presents strategic water reserves protected by the Croatian State. In the first sanitary protection zone of the Velika Gorica well field, which is one of the major well fields, pedological pit was excavated and scientific research polygon was established. Long-term goals of the research are related to the modelling of groundwater flow and transport through unsaturated zone and quantification of effective infiltration. In this study, various equations for estimating evaporation and evapotranspiration were evaluated in detail to determine the maximum amount of water available for infiltration in 2019. The modified Penman- Monteith (CIMIS), Meyer, Turc, Hargreaves and Jensen-Haise equations were used. Due to different input parameters, linear regression was used to test the relationship between the most important parameters. In general, reference evapotranspiration estimated with different equations showed differences up to ±30%. Correlation and regression analysis between the evapotranspiration, evaporation, temperature, and solar radiation showed statistically significant positive correlations, with the highest correlation coefficient and coefficient of determination observed for solar radiation and reference evapotranspiration. However, only the equations of Meyer and Turc gave smaller values of evaporation and evapotranspiration than precipitation. The equations used for reference evapotranspiration gave higher values that ultimately resulted in unrealistic values for water available for infiltration. The annual Turc equation was chosen as the most appropriate equation for the investigated area, estimating the maximum available water for infiltration in 2019 to be about 269 mm.

The Sikirevci well field is one of the most important well fields in the eastern Slavonia used for the public water supply. In this study, stable isotopes of water were used to determine the origin of water from pumped aquifer, but also to test its connection with the Sava River. From August 2020 till July 2021, groundwater samples were collected from four pumping wells, while historical chemical analyses were used to determine the hydrogeochemical facies. The isotopic signature of the Sava River was found to be different from that of the sampled aquifer. The stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen (δ2H and δ18O) of the groundwater are more negative than those of the Sava River, indicating that the Sikirevci well field pumps water from the deeper part of the aquifer where Sava River does not have such a strong influence, although the d-excess values do not show such a large difference. Moreover, the isotopic composition of the groundwater is very stable and does not change over time. This is consistent with the presence of iron, manganese and arsenic concentrations in groundwater, which indicate reductive conditions. However, the variations in the concentrations of the observed potentially toxic metals indicate that different geochemical conditions prevailed during the study period. Most of the water samples had hydrogeochemical facies CaMg-HCO3, while two samples had slightly higher levels of sodium and magnesium. Results of this research indicate different conclusions when observing main isotopic composition with respect to d-excess values. Although d-excess is observed as a second order parameter, it can greatly help in data interpretation.

Prikaz slučaja detaljnog digitalnog planiranja imedijatnih proteza