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Résumé : À l’école primaire, en Côte d’Ivoire, la grammaire et la conjugaison forment une seule sous-discipline du français appelée Exploitation de texte 2. Ainsi, vu la complexité que présente l’enseignement-apprentissage des notions en grammaire et en conjugaison, les progressions et les contenus dans les programmes éducatifs et guides d’exécution et dans les manuels élèves de français, à l’école primaire, doivent présenter une plus grande cohérence. La progression est, dans un tel cas, un guide qui présente les notions et les contenus dans un ordre logique et chronologique. L’objectif de la recherche est de savoir si les progressions en Grammaire dans les programmes éducatifs et guides d’exécution ainsi que dans les manuels élèves de français sont toujours conçus selon un ordre progressif de difficultés en séquences ou séances. La méthode de recherche est une analyse comparative des progressions des leçons en grammaire aux cours élémentaires 1 et 2 et aux cours moyens 1 et 2 pour savoir si elles tiennent toujours compte des compétences des élèves ainsi que de leurs difficultés. Des pistes de solutions seront ainsi proposées. Mots-clés : programmes éducatifs, guides d’exécution, manuels élèves de français, progressions, contenus d’enseignement.

Abstract Background This study aims to characterize the housekeeping and tissue-specific genes in 15 mouse tissues by using the serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) strategy which indicates the relative level of expression for each transcript matched to the tag. Results Here, we identified constantly expressed housekeeping genes, such as eukaryotic translation elongation factor 2, which is expressed in all tissues without significant difference in expression levels. Moreover, most of these genes were not regulated by experimental conditions such as steroid hormones, adrenalectomy and gonadectomy. In addition, we report previously postulated housekeeping genes such as peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase A, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and beta-actin, which are expressed in all the tissues, but with significant difference in their expression levels. We have also identified genes uniquely detected in each of the 15 tissues and other tissues from public databases. Conclusion These identified housekeeping genes could represent appropriate controls for RT-PCR and northern blot when comparing the expression levels of genes in several tissues. The results reveal several tissue-specific genes highly expressed in testis and pituitary gland. Furthermore, the main function of tissue-specific genes expressed in liver, lung and bone is the cell defence, whereas several keratins involved in cell structure function are exclusively detected in skin and vagina. The results from this study can be used for example to target a tissue for agent delivering by using the promoter of tissue-specific genes. Moreover, this study could be used as basis for further researches on physiology and pathology of these tissues.

The introduction of the invasive tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus in Côte d'Ivoire has led to a change in the population of ticks of the genus Rhipicephalus (Boophilus). Thus, this study aims to characterize morphologically the tick species of the genus Rhipicephalus (B.) by geometric morphometry. It consisted of collecting all ticks from cattle in 74 farms in the Savanes District. The collected ticks were identified in the laboratory and, after identification, only non-gorged adult ticks of the genus Rhipicephalus (B.) were retained for morphometric characterisation. A total of 394 ticks were examined under a digital microscope, images were digitised using the online program XYOM and the data were analysed. This study revealed that males of each species have a smaller average size than females. It also showed a variation in mean size in all species except for the females of Rhipicephalus (B.) decoloratus and Rhipicephalus (B.) geigyi whose mean sizes did not differ. Geometric morphometry allowed the separation of Rhipicephalus (B.) annulatus males from other males. In females, Rhipicephalus (B.) geigyi and Rhipicephalus (B.) microplus were distinguished from each other and from other females.

Irreversible two-photon photorearrangement of 1,2-diarylethenes is a unique process providing access to complex 2a 1 ,5a-dihydro-5,6-dithiaacenaphthylene (DDA) heterocyclic core. This reaction was serendipitously discovered during studies on photoswitchable diarylethenes and was initially considered as a highly undesired process. However, in recent years, it has been recognized as an efficient photochemical reaction, interesting by itself and as a promising synthetic method for the synthesis of challenging molecules. Herein, we discuss the state-of-the-art in studies on this notable process., (© 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Celiac disease is an immune-mediated intestinal disorder that results from loss of oral tolerance (LOT) to dietary gluten. Reovirus elicits inflammatory Th1 cells and suppresses Treg responses to dietary antigen in a strain-dependent manner. Strain type 1 Lang (T1L) breaks oral tolerance, while strain type 3 Dearing reassortant virus (T3D-RV) does not. We discovered that intestinal infection by T1L in mice leads to the recruitment and activation of NK cells in mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) in a type I IFN-dependent manner. Once activated following infection, NK cells produce type II IFN and contribute to IFN-stimulated gene expression in the MLNs, which in turn induces inflammatory DC and T cell responses. Immune depletion of NK cells impairs T1L-induced LOT to newly introduced food antigen. These studies indicate that NK cells modulate the response to dietary antigen in the presence of a viral infection.

Background: The sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine combination is a product used in the intermittent preventive treatment (IPT) of malaria in pregnant women in our country. To date, there is very little data on the teratogenic effect of this product. This study proposed to evaluate the teratogenic effect of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine on chicken embryos., Methods: The teratogenic effect of the product was evaluated on chicken embryos at a dose of 1.3 mg/g sulfadoxine and 0.06 mg/g pyrimethamine. The product was injected before the start of incubation and on days 12, 14, 16, and 18 of incubation. One batch received a double injection of the product on days 16 and 18 of incubation. The quality of the hatched chicks was evaluated by the Tona Score followed by the determination of hematological and biochemical parameters., Results: From the aforementioned, it appears that the eggs treated with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine significantly decreased the hatchability rate of the eggs. The chicks obtained were all of very good quality. Apart from a significant decrease in the weight of the chicks of the batch that received the injection twice and a significant increase in the weight of the yolk sac of the chicks of the batch that received the injection on day 16 compared to the control, no variation was obtained. A significant increase in the white blood cell count of the chicks compared to the control was reported in the chicks of the batch injected before incubation and on day 12, as well as a significant increase in the platelet count of the chicks of the batch injected twice. For biochemical parameters, no significant difference was reported in ALT and AST., Conclusion: Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine decreased egg hatch and caused an increase in embryo and chick mortality as well as a loss in relative chick weight and an increase in relative yolk sac weight. More in-depth studies would be needed on sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine teratogenicity and the benefit/risk ratio of this drug during pregnancy., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Rachida Moussa Tari et al.)

Introduction: several adverse pregnancy outcomes have been reported in gestations with associated hypothyroidism. The prevalence of hypothyroidism has not been frequently reported in Black Africans. This study sorts to report the prevalence and associated factors of hypothyroidism in Black African pregnant women., Methods: this was a hospital-based cross-sectional study, including all pregnant women attending the gynecologic unit of Bouget General Hospital Abidjan. Serum thyroid-stimulating hormone and T4 were obtained from all participants and analyzed using a fluorescent Immunochemistry assay. Data were analyzed using R version 4.05. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression was used to assess factors associated with hypothyroidism and statistical significance considered as p < 0.05., Results: overall there were 693 participants, mean age of 28.1(SD 6.4) years with an average gestational age of 24.1 (SD 8) weeks, and a majority of study participants were in the second trimester of gestation. The prevalence of hypothyroidism was 12.1% (n = 84) (10.8% subclinical hypothyroidism and 1.3% clinical hypothyroidism) whereas 1.9% (n = 13) had hyperthyroidism. In addition, patients with reported type 1 diabetes mellitus had an increased risk of hypothyroidism (aOR: 12.6, 95% CI 1.9-100.8; p ≤ 0.01)., Conclusion: this study revealed a high prevalence of hypothyroidism, though mostly in the subclinical form. Further research is warranted to confirm these findings which may have implications on early screening of hypothyroidism in black African women., (Copyright: Valéry Katché Adoueni et al.)

Intestinal reovirus infection can trigger T helper 1 (T H 1) immunity to dietary antigen, raising the question of whether other viruses can have a similar impact. Here we show that the acute CW3 strain of murine norovirus, but not the persistent CR6 strain, induces T H 1 immunity to dietary antigen. This property of CW3 is dependent on its major capsid protein, a virulence determinant. Transcriptional profiling of mesenteric lymph nodes following infection reveals an immunopathological signature that does not segregate with protective immunity but with loss of oral tolerance, in which interferon regulatory factor 1 is critical. These data show that viral capacity to trigger specific inflammatory pathways at sites where T cell responses to dietary antigens take place interferes with the development of tolerance to an oral antigen. Collectively, these data provide a foundation for the development of therapeutic strategies to prevent T H 1-mediated complex immune disorders triggered by viral infections., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

We report on a case of severe envenomation due to viper bites at the external genitalia in an 8-year-old child. The grade III poisoning involved hemostatic disorders and severe swelling. The patient consulted in a timely manner and recovered rapidly after antivenom FAV Africa(®) administration., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

This study characterizes the most highly expressed transcripts of 15 intact tissues in mice by using the serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) strategy which indicates the relative level of expression for each transcript matched to the tag. We show that the most abundant transcripts in the prostate, testis, and skeletal muscle characterize the main functions of these organs as an exocrine gland of male reproduction, spermatogenesis, and contraction, respectively. In addition, the top nine most abundant transcripts in the testis are tissue-specific genes while the most abundant transcripts in the prostate are also abundantly expressed in the liver. Furthermore, the most abundant transcripts in the ovary, mammary gland, and vagina are related to steroidogenesis, adipocytes, and keratinization, respectively, whereas genes involved in the cell defence are abundantly expressed in the liver, lung, bone, mammary gland, and adipose tissue. These findings suggest that the top 10 transcripts are sufficient to characterize each tissue of the body., (2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc)

The source of living kidney donors in the general population remains underused. The present study aims at assessing the prevalence and the characteristics of potential living kidney donors in Ivory Coast in a view of a project of kidney transplantation in French Black Africa. A survey was undertaken in Abidjan from 30 June to 7 July 2006. Nine hundred (and) sixty-two subjects living in the capital and aged between 19 and 64 years old were randomly chosen using data from the 1998 population census. Subjects were asked their age, gender, nationality, marital status, information on kidney graft and renal failure, and their willingness to donate kidney to a relative or friend for transplantation purpose. Seventy per cent of the population study appeared favourable to kidney donation. Potentials living kidney donors have displayed following characteristics: age inferior to 26 years old [OR=2.08, P<0.02, 95%CI: 1.10-3.92]; Ivorians national [OR=2.72, P<0.002, 95% CI 1.42-5.21]; having heard of kidney transplantation (OR=1.89, P<0.047, 95% CI 1-3.54]); the death of a relative or friend from renal failure [OR=1.82, P<0.002, 95% CI 1.25 2.67]. Being married adversely affect kidney donation [OR=0.52, P<0.0002, 95% CI 0.34-0.79]. Potentials living kidney donors are in great number in Ivory Coast, who had specific characteristics.