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2. Impact of boundary layer stability on urban park cooling effect intensity.

Author

Haeffelin, Martial, Ribaud, Jean-François, Céspedes, Jonnathan, Dupont, Jean-Charles, Lemonsu, Aude, Masson, Valéry, Nagel, Tim, and Kotthaus, Simone

Abstract

The added heat in cities amplifies the health risks of heat waves. At night under calm winds and cloud-free skies, the air in the urban canopy layer can be several degrees warmer than in rural areas. This lower nocturnal cooling in the built-up settings poses severe health risks to the urban inhabitants, as indoor spaces cannot be ventilated effectively. With heat waves becoming more frequent and more intense in future climates, many cities are expanding their green spaces with the aim to introduce cooling through shading, evaporation and lower heat storage capacities. In this study, we assessed how the evening and nighttime cooling effect of urban parks (relative to nearby built-up settings) varies with the park size and the mesoscale atmospheric conditions during warm summer periods. Using a combination of meteorological surface station data and compact radiosondes, the cooling effect is quantified for several urban parks (about 15 ha) and urban woods (about 900 ha). A profiling Doppler wind lidar deployed in the city centre is used to measure turbulent vertical mixing conditions in the urban boundary layer. We find that the maximum nocturnal cooling effects in urban parks range around 1–5 °C during a 1-week heat wave event in mid-July 2022 but also in general during summer 2022 (June–August). Three atmospheric stability and mixing regimes are identified that explain the night-to-night variability in the park cooling effect. We find that very low turbulent vertical mixing in the urban boundary layer (<0.05 m2 s−2) results in the strongest evening cooling in both rural settings and urban parks and the weakest cooling in the built-up environment. This regime specifically occurs during heat waves in connection with large-scale advection of hot air over the region and corresponding subsidence. When nocturnal turbulent vertical mixing above the city is stronger, the evening cooling in urban green spaces is less efficient, so the atmospheric stratification above both urban parks and woods is less stable, and temperature contrasts compared to the built-up environment are less pronounced. These results highlight the fact that urban green spaces have a significant cooling potential during heat waves, with maximum effects at night as advection and mixing transport processes are minimal. This suggests adapting the opening hours of public parks to enable residents to benefit from these cooling islands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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4. The Paris low-level jet during PANAME 2022 and its impact on the summertime urban heat island.

Author

Céspedes, Jonnathan, Kotthaus, Simone, Preissler, Jana, Toupoint, Clément, Thobois, Ludovic, Drouin, Marc-Antoine, Dupont, Jean-Charles, Faucheux, Aurélien, and Haeffelin, Martial

Subjects
URBAN heat islands, ATMOSPHERIC models, ATMOSPHERIC temperature, WIND speed, WIND shear
Abstract

The low-level jet (LLJ) and the urban heat island (UHI) are common nocturnal phenomena. While the UHI has been studied extensively, interactions of the LLJ and the urban atmosphere in general (and the UHI in particular) have received less attention. In the framework of the PANAME (PAris region urbaN Atmospheric observations and models for Multidisciplinary rEsearch) initiative in the Paris region, continuous profiles of horizontal wind speed and vertical velocity were recorded with two Doppler wind lidars (DWLs) – for the first time allowing for a detailed investigation of the summertime LLJ characteristics in the region. Jets are detected for 70 % of the examined nights, often simultaneously at an urban and a suburban site, highlighting the LLJ regional spatial extent. Emerging at around sunset, the mean LLJ duration is ∼ 10 h, the mean wind speed is 9 m s -1 , and the average core height is 400 m above the city. The temporal evolution of many events shows signatures that indicate that the inertial oscillation mechanism plays a role in the jet development: a clockwise veering of the wind direction and a rapid acceleration followed by a slower deceleration. The horizontal wind shear below the LLJ core induces variance in the vertical velocity (σw2) above the urban canopy layer. It is shown that σw2 is a powerful predictor for regional contrast in air temperature, as the UHI intensity decreases exponentially with increasing σw2 and strong UHI values only occur when σw2 is very weak. This study demonstrates how DWL observations in cities provide valuable insights into near-surface processes relevant to human and environmental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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12. Implications of the dense city centre to surface-atmosphere exchanges

Author

Kotthaus, Simone

Subjects
363.7
Abstract

In dense urban areas, micro-meteorological processes are closely entangled with human activities. This study of the central business district (CBD) analyses an extended (3.5 years) dataset of surface-atmosphere energy exchanges in London. The focus is on the controls on radiation, anthropogenic heat and the turbulent latent and sensible heat fluxes. The impact of the composition and three-dimensional structure of the urban surface, plus the associated anthropogenic activities, are investigated using remote sensing techniques, in-situ observations and modelling at a range of spatial and temporal scales. Radiative properties of urban surfaces are shown to significantly influence the radiation balance. Spectroscopy measurements of a variety of impervious materials illustrate that spectral features, often used to identify materials, are more distinct in the long-wave compared to the short-wave region. The impact of surface geometry and atmospheric conditions on the radiation balance is investigated based on local-scale measurements of broadband radiation components. Long-term radiative and turbulent heat flux measurements suggest a significant amount of energy is supplied by the anthropogenic heat flux, which is affirmed by model results. Micro-scale anthropogenic sources of heat, moisture, and carbon dioxide are addressed by a new filtering technique for the processing of local-scale eddy covariance (EC) fluxes. Surface characteristics and anthropogenic activities influence the energy partitioning of sensible and latent heat: substantial heat storage and additional anthropogenic energy enhance sensible heat exchange, while impervious surfaces restrict moisture availability. Given the limited vegetation in the source area, evaporation is mainly driven by rainwater. The dominant sensible heat and high momentum fluxes favour unstable and neutral atmospheric conditions. This work demonstrates how, even in the complex setting of a CBD, observations provide useful information about processes governing surface-atmosphere exchange that have to be understood in the context of global urbanisation and climate change adaptation strategies.

Published
2014

16. Can we use atmospheric CO2 measurements to verify emission trends reported by cities? Lessons from a 6-year atmospheric inversion over Paris

Author

Lian, Jinghui, primary, Lauvaux, Thomas, additional, Utard, Hervé, additional, Bréon, François-Marie, additional, Broquet, Grégoire, additional, Ramonet, Michel, additional, Laurent, Olivier, additional, Albarus, Ivonne, additional, Chariot, Mali, additional, Kotthaus, Simone, additional, Haeffelin, Martial, additional, Sanchez, Olivier, additional, Perrussel, Olivier, additional, Denier van der Gon, Hugo Anne, additional, Dellaert, Stijn Nicolaas Camiel, additional, and Ciais, Philippe, additional

Published
2023
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18. Impact of HO2 aerosol uptake on radical levels and O3 production during summertime in Beijing

Author

Dyson, Joanna E., primary, Whalley, Lisa K., additional, Slater, Eloise J., additional, Woodward-Massey, Robert, additional, Ye, Chunxiang, additional, Lee, James D., additional, Squires, Freya, additional, Hopkins, James R., additional, Dunmore, Rachel E., additional, Shaw, Marvin, additional, Hamilton, Jacqueline F., additional, Lewis, Alastair C., additional, Worrall, Stephen D., additional, Bacak, Asan, additional, Mehra, Archit, additional, Bannan, Thomas J., additional, Coe, Hugh, additional, Percival, Carl J., additional, Ouyang, Bin, additional, Hewitt, C. Nicholas, additional, Jones, Roderic L., additional, Crilley, Leigh R., additional, Kramer, Louisa J., additional, Acton, W. Joe F., additional, Bloss, William J., additional, Saksakulkrai, Supattarachai, additional, Xu, Jingsha, additional, Shi, Zongbo, additional, Harrison, Roy M., additional, Kotthaus, Simone, additional, Grimmond, Sue, additional, Sun, Yele, additional, Xu, Weiqi, additional, Yue, Siyao, additional, Wei, Lianfang, additional, Fu, Pingqing, additional, Wang, Xinming, additional, Arnold, Stephen R., additional, and Heard, Dwayne E., additional

Published
2023
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19. Can we use atmospheric CO2 measurements to verify emission trends reported by cities? Lessons from a six-year atmospheric inversion over Paris

Author

Lian, Jinghui, primary, Lauvaux, Thomas, additional, Utard, Hervé, additional, Bréon, François-Marie, additional, Broquet, Grégoire, additional, Ramonet, Michel, additional, Laurent, Olivier, additional, Albarus, Ivonne, additional, Chariot, Mali, additional, Kotthaus, Simone, additional, Haeffelin, Martial, additional, Sanchez, Olivier, additional, Perrussel, Olivier, additional, Denier van der Gon, Hugo Anne, additional, Dellaert, Stijn Nicolaas Camiel, additional, and Ciais, Philippe, additional

Published
2023
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20. Supplementary material to "Can we use atmospheric CO2 measurements to verify emission trends reported by cities? Lessons from a six-year atmospheric inversion over Paris"

Author

Lian, Jinghui, primary, Lauvaux, Thomas, additional, Utard, Hervé, additional, Bréon, François-Marie, additional, Broquet, Grégoire, additional, Ramonet, Michel, additional, Laurent, Olivier, additional, Albarus, Ivonne, additional, Chariot, Mali, additional, Kotthaus, Simone, additional, Haeffelin, Martial, additional, Sanchez, Olivier, additional, Perrussel, Olivier, additional, Denier van der Gon, Hugo Anne, additional, Dellaert, Stijn Nicolaas Camiel, additional, and Ciais, Philippe, additional

Published
2023
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21. Spatial variability of forward modelled attenuated backscatter in clear‐sky conditions over a megacity: Implications for observation network design

Author

Warren, Elliott, Charlton‐Perez, Cristina, Lean, Humphrey, Kotthaus, Simone, and Grimmond, Sue

Subjects
Atmospheric Science
Abstract

Sensors that measure the attenuated backscatter coefficient (e.g. automatic lidars and ceilometers, ALC) provide information on aerosols which can impact urban climate and citizen health. To design an observational network of ALC sensors for supporting data assimilation, and improve prediction of urban weather and air quality, a methodology is needed. In this study, spatio-temporal patterns of aerosol attenuated backscatter coefficient are modelled using Met Office numerical weather prediction (NWP) models at two resolutions, 1.5 km (UKV) and 300 m (London Model, LM), for 28 clear-sky days and nights. \ud Initially, attenuated backscatter coefficient data are analysed using S-mode principal component analysis with VARIMAX rotation. Four to seven empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) are produced for each model level with common EOFs found across different heights (day and night) for both NWP models. EOFs relate strongly to orography, wind and location of aerosol emissions sources highlighting these as critical controls of attenuated backscatter coefficient spatial variability across the megacity. Urban-rural differences are largest when wind speeds are low and vertical boundary layer dynamics can more effectively distribute near-surface aerosol emissions vertically. In several night-time EOFs, gravity wave features are found for both NWP models. Increasing the horizontal resolution of native ancillaries (model input parameters) and improving the urban surface scheme in the LM may enhance the urban signal in the EOFs.\ud Principal component analysis (PCA) output, with agglomerative Ward cluster analysis (CA), minimises intra-group variance. The UKV and LM CA shape and size results are similar and strongly related to orography. PCA-CA is a simple, but adaptable methodology, allowing close alignment with observation network design goals. Here the CA is used with wind roses to suggest the optimised placement of ALC deployment is one in the city to observe the urban plume, and others surrounding the city, with priority given to cluster size and frequency of upwind advection.

Published
2022
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22. PANAME – Project synergy of atmospheric research in the Paris region

Author

Haeffelin, Martial, Kotthaus, Simone, Bastin, Sophie, Bouffies-Cloché, Sophie, Cantrell, Chris, Christen, Andreas, Dupont, Jean-Charles, Foret, Gilles, Gros, Valérie, Lemonsu, Aude, Leymarie, Juliette, Lohou, Fabienne, Madelin, Malika, Masson, Valéry, Michoud, Vincent, Price, Jeremy, Ramonet, Michel, Ribaud, Jean-Francois, Sartelet, Karine, Wurtz, Jean, Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), SPACE - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), Laboratoire d'aérologie (LAERO), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Pôle de recherche pour l'organisation et la diffusion de l'information géographique (PRODIG (UMR_8586 / UMR_D_215 / UM_115)), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-AgroParisTech-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Centre d'Enseignement et de Recherche en Environnement Atmosphérique (CEREA), École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-EDF R&D (EDF R&D), and EDF (EDF)-EDF (EDF)

Subjects
[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph]
Abstract

International audience; The Paris region (France) is increasingly the focus of urban atmospheric research. Numerous national and international research projects have chosen Europe’s largest metropolitan region as their study area to better understand and predict critical hazards (incl. heat, air pollution, thunderstorms) in the context of a changing climate. Located on rather flat terrain in continental, mid-latitude climates, the densely populated Paris region is very suitable for the evaluation of urban processes in numerical simulations at different scales. The European research infrastructures ACTRIS and ICOS are developing strategies for the improved operational monitoring of air pollution and greenhouse gas budgets, respectively. Various research projects are conducting fundamental process studies and model developments to investigate the dynamics and chemistry of the urban atmosphere and its interactions with the rural surroundings and regional-scale flow to better quantify associated health risks and inform sustainable planning.In addition to numerous modelling activities (chemistry-transport, numerical weather prediction, climate projections), diverse atmospheric observations are collected. These include dense surface station networks, turbulent flux towers, and ground-based atmospheric remote sensing to monitor the atmospheric boundary layer. This multi-project context motivates the pooling of resources.To facilitate efficient project synergy and to optimise the coordination of the individual experimental campaigns, the PANAME initiative (https://paname.aeris-data.fr/) was established. PANAME provides a framework to optimise the design of the Paris region measurement network and helps to standardise the operations. A professional, multi-disciplinary data portal is developed at the French AERIS atmospheric data centre to host the PANAME observations and model results. Here, data are collected and formatted, standardised advanced products are derived from the diverse sensor networks and high-quality visualisations are generated in near real-time. The presentation will provide an overview on the scientific objectives of the on-going projects, the deployment of measurements and simulation tools, and the data portal design.

Published
2023
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24. Meteorological variability and regional pollutant distributions during the summer 2022 ACROSS/PANAME campaign

Author

Beekmann, Matthias, primary, Siour, Guillaume, additional, Di Antonio, Ludovico, additional, Foret, Gilles, additional, Meleux, Frederic, additional, Colette, Augustin, additional, Rosso, Amandine, additional, Di Biagio, Claudia, additional, Cuesta, Juan, additional, Formenti, Paola, additional, Gratien, Aline, additional, Haeffelin, Martial, additional, Kotthaus, Simone, additional, Masson, Valery, additional, Michoud, Vincent, additional, and Cantrell, Christopher, additional

Published
2023
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26. A modular data management approach for environmental observation campaigns in multiple cities

Author

Zeeman, Matthias, primary, Benjamins, Kit, additional, Briegel, Ferdinand, additional, Drouin, Marc-Antoine, additional, Feigel, Gregor, additional, Fenner, Daniel, additional, Kotthaus, Simone, additional, Hilland, Rainer, additional, Meier, Fred, additional, Morrison, William, additional, Plein, Marvin, additional, Metzger, Swen, additional, Reddy, Karthik, additional, Chrysoulakis, Nektarios, additional, Grimmond, Sue, additional, and Christen, Andreas, additional

Published
2023
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28. PANAME: a portal laboratory for city's environmental data

Author

Douet, Vincent, primary, Bouffiès-Cloché, Sophie, additional, Dumont, Joanne, additional, Haeffelin, Martial, additional, Dupoont, Jean-Charles, additional, Kotthaus, Simone, additional, Masson, Valéry, additional, Lemonsu, Aude, additional, Gros, Valerie, additional, Cantrell, Christopher, additional, Michoud, Vincent, additional, and Payan, Sébastien, additional

Published
2023
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29. Atmospheric boundary layer height from ground-based remote sensing: a review of capabilities and limitations

Author

Kotthaus, Simone, primary, Bravo-Aranda, Juan Antonio, additional, Collaud Coen, Martine, additional, Guerrero-Rascado, Juan Luis, additional, Costa, Maria João, additional, Cimini, Domenico, additional, O'Connor, Ewan J., additional, Hervo, Maxime, additional, Alados-Arboledas, Lucas, additional, Jiménez-Portaz, María, additional, Mona, Lucia, additional, Ruffieux, Dominique, additional, Illingworth, Anthony, additional, and Haeffelin, Martial, additional

Published
2023
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32. Supplementary material to "Impact of HO2 aerosol uptake on radical levels and O3 production during summertime in Beijing"

Author

Dyson, Joanna E., primary, Whalley, Lisa K., additional, Slater, Eloise J., additional, Woodward-Massey, Robert, additional, Ye, Chunxiang, additional, Lee, James D., additional, Squires, Freya, additional, Hopkins, James R., additional, Dunmore, Rachel E., additional, Shaw, Marvin, additional, Hamilton, Jacqueline F., additional, Lewis, Alastair C., additional, Worrall, Stephen D., additional, Bacak, Asan, additional, Mehra, Archit, additional, Bannan, Thomas J., additional, Coe, Hugh, additional, Percival, Carl J., additional, Ouyang, Bin, additional, Hewitt, C. Nicholas, additional, Jones, Roderic L., additional, Crilley, Leigh R., additional, Kramer, Louisa J., additional, Acton, W. Joe F., additional, Bloss, William J., additional, Saksakulkrai, Supattarachai, additional, Xu, Jingsha, additional, Shi, Zongbo, additional, Harrison, Roy M., additional, Kotthaus, Simone, additional, Grimmond, Sue, additional, Sun, Yele, additional, Xu, Weiqi, additional, Yue, Siyao, additional, Wei, Lianfang, additional, Fu, Pingqing, additional, Wang, Xinming, additional, Arnold, Stephen R., additional, and Heard, Dwayne E., additional

Published
2022
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33. Impact of HO2 aerosol uptake on radical levels and O3 production during summertime in Beijing

Author

Dyson, Joanna E., primary, Whalley, Lisa K., additional, Slater, Eloise J., additional, Woodward-Massey, Robert, additional, Ye, Chunxiang, additional, Lee, James D., additional, Squires, Freya, additional, Hopkins, James R., additional, Dunmore, Rachel E., additional, Shaw, Marvin, additional, Hamilton, Jacqueline F., additional, Lewis, Alastair C., additional, Worrall, Stephen D., additional, Bacak, Asan, additional, Mehra, Archit, additional, Bannan, Thomas J., additional, Coe, Hugh, additional, Percival, Carl J., additional, Ouyang, Bin, additional, Hewitt, C. Nicholas, additional, Jones, Roderic L., additional, Crilley, Leigh R., additional, Kramer, Louisa J., additional, Acton, W. Joe F., additional, Bloss, William J., additional, Saksakulkrai, Supattarachai, additional, Xu, Jingsha, additional, Shi, Zongbo, additional, Harrison, Roy M., additional, Kotthaus, Simone, additional, Grimmond, Sue, additional, Sun, Yele, additional, Xu, Weiqi, additional, Yue, Siyao, additional, Wei, Lianfang, additional, Fu, Pingqing, additional, Wang, Xinming, additional, Arnold, Stephen R., additional, and Heard, Dwayne E., additional

Published
2022
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37. Towards the profiling of the atmospheric boundary layer at European scale—introducing the COST Action PROBE

Author

Cimini, Domenico, Haeffelin, Martial, Kotthaus, Simone, Löhnert, Ulrich, Martinet, Pauline, O’Connor, Ewan, Walden, Christopher, Coen, Martine Collaud, and Preissler, Jana

Abstract

The atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) is the layer closest to the Earth’s surface within which most human activities take place. The vertical profile of atmospheric thermodynamic parameters in the ABL impact weather, air quality and climate. However, surface sensor networks and satellite observations do not provide sufficient information on the high temporal variability and strong vertical gradients that occur in the ABL. Thus, the ABL represents an important but rather under-sampled part of the atmosphere. This observational gap currently hampers progress in numerical weather prediction, air quality forecasting and climate assessment. Due to recent technological and methodological advances, ground-based remote sensing instruments are now able to provide high-quality profiles of ABL parameters such as temperature, humidity, wind, aerosol and cloud properties. However, even though state-of-the-art ABL profilers are deployed at numerous sites in Europe, efficient science and technology networking and coordination is still required to exploit this rich dataset effectively. The current lack of data and procedure harmonization often diminishes the potential societal benefits of the existing ABL profiling data. This paper introduces PROBE, a new initiative funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST), that aims to broaden the bridge between a wide range of user needs and the science and technology expertise residing in industry and academia, while strengthening and harmonizing methods and procedures to yield higher quality ABL observational data. Here, the challenges, objectives and implementation plan for PROBE are described, highlighting some preliminary results that will be further developed into operational applications during the 4-year duration (2019–2023) of this collaborative project.

Published
2024
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38. Harmonized gap-filled datasets from 20 urban flux tower sites

Author

Lipson, Mathew, primary, Grimmond, Sue, additional, Best, Martin, additional, Chow, Winston T. L., additional, Christen, Andreas, additional, Chrysoulakis, Nektarios, additional, Coutts, Andrew, additional, Crawford, Ben, additional, Earl, Stevan, additional, Evans, Jonathan, additional, Fortuniak, Krzysztof, additional, Heusinkveld, Bert G., additional, Hong, Je-Woo, additional, Hong, Jinkyu, additional, Järvi, Leena, additional, Jo, Sungsoo, additional, Kim, Yeon-Hee, additional, Kotthaus, Simone, additional, Lee, Keunmin, additional, Masson, Valéry, additional, McFadden, Joseph P., additional, Michels, Oliver, additional, Pawlak, Wlodzimierz, additional, Roth, Matthias, additional, Sugawara, Hirofumi, additional, Tapper, Nigel, additional, Velasco, Erik, additional, and Ward, Helen Claire, additional

Published
2022
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39. WRF (v4.0)-SUEWS (v2018c) Coupled System: Development, Evaluation and Application.

Author

Ting Sun, Omidvar, Hamidreza, Zhenkun Li, Ning Zhang, Wenjuan Huang, Kotthaus, Simone, Ward, Helen C., Zhiwen Luo, and Grimmond, Sue

Subjects
METEOROLOGICAL research, WEATHER forecasting, MIXING height (Atmospheric chemistry), SPRING, HEAT flux, SUMMER, ATMOSPHERE
Abstract

The process of coupling the Surface Urban Energy and Water Scheme (SUEWS) into the Weather research and forecasting (WRF) model is presented, including pre-processing of model parameters to represent spatial variability of surface characteristics. Fluxes and mixed layer height observations in the southern UK are used to evaluate a two-week period in each season. Mean absolute errors, based on all periods, are smaller in residential Swindon than central London for turbulent sensible and latent heat fluxes (QH, QE) with greater skill on clear days at both sites (for incoming and outgoing short- and longwave radiation, QH and QE). Clear seasonality is seen in the model performance: with better absolute skill for QH and QE in autumn and winter, when there is a higher frequency of clear days, than in spring and summer. As the WRF-modelled incoming shortwave radiation has large errors, we apply a bulk transmissivity derived from local observations to reduce the incoming short-wave radiation input to the land surface scheme - this could correspond to increased presence of aerosols in cities. We use the coupled WRF-SUEWS system to investigate impacts of the anthropogenic heat flux emissions on boundary layer dynamics by comparing areas with contrasting human activities (central-commercial and residential areas) in Greater London - larger anthropogenic heat emissions not only elevate the mixed layer heights but also lead to a warmer and drier near-surface atmosphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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45. Harmonized gap-filled datasets from 20 urban flux tower sites

Author

Lipson, Mathew, Grimmond, Sue, Best, Martin, Chow, Winston T.L., Christen, Andreas, Chrysoulakis, Nektarios, Coutts, Andrew, Crawford, Ben, Earl, Stevan, Evans, Jonathan, Fortuniak, Krzysztof, Heusinkveld, Bert G., Hong, Je Woo, Hong, Jinkyu, Järvi, Leena, Jo, Sungsoo, Kim, Yeon Hee, Kotthaus, Simone, Lee, Keunmin, Masson, Valéry, McFadden, Joseph P., Michels, Oliver, Pawlak, Wlodzimierz, Roth, Matthias, Sugawara, Hirofumi, Tapper, Nigel, Velasco, Erik, Ward, Helen Claire, Lipson, Mathew, Grimmond, Sue, Best, Martin, Chow, Winston T.L., Christen, Andreas, Chrysoulakis, Nektarios, Coutts, Andrew, Crawford, Ben, Earl, Stevan, Evans, Jonathan, Fortuniak, Krzysztof, Heusinkveld, Bert G., Hong, Je Woo, Hong, Jinkyu, Järvi, Leena, Jo, Sungsoo, Kim, Yeon Hee, Kotthaus, Simone, Lee, Keunmin, Masson, Valéry, McFadden, Joseph P., Michels, Oliver, Pawlak, Wlodzimierz, Roth, Matthias, Sugawara, Hirofumi, Tapper, Nigel, Velasco, Erik, and Ward, Helen Claire

Abstract

A total of 20 urban neighbourhood-scale eddy covariance flux tower datasets are made openly available after being harmonized to create a 50 site-year collection with broad diversity in climate and urban surface characteristics. Variables needed as inputs for land surface models (incoming radiation, temperature, humidity, air pressure, wind and precipitation) are quality controlled, gap-filled and prepended with 10 years of reanalysis-derived local data, enabling an extended spin up to equilibrate models with local climate conditions. For both gap filling and spin up, ERA5 reanalysis meteorological data are bias corrected using tower-based observations, accounting for diurnal, seasonal and local urban effects not modelled in ERA5. The bias correction methods developed perform well compared to methods used in other datasets (e.g. WFDE5 or FLUXNET2015). Other variables (turbulent and upwelling radiation fluxes) are harmonized and quality controlled without gap filling. Site description metadata include local land cover fractions (buildings, roads, trees, grass etc.), building height and morphology, aerodynamic roughness estimates, population density and satellite imagery. This open collection can help extend our understanding of urban environmental processes through observational synthesis studies or in the evaluation of land surface environmental models in a wide range of urban settings. These data can be accessed from https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7104984 (Lipson et al., 2022).

Published
2022

46. Data for 'Harmonized gap-filled dataset from 20 urban flux tower sites' for the Urban-PLUMBER project

Author

Lipson, M., Grimmond, S., Best, M., Chow, W., Christen, A., Chrysoulakis, N., Coutts, A., Crawford, B., Earl, S., Evans, Jonathan, Fortuniak, Krzysztof, Heusinkveld, Bert, Hong, Je-Woo, Hong, Jinkyu, Järvi, Leena, Jo, Sungsoo, Kim, Yeon Hee, Kotthaus, Simone, Lee, Keunmin, Masson, Valery, McFadden, Joseph P., Michels, Oliver, Pawlak, Wlodzimierz, Roth, Matthias, Sugawara, Hirofumi, Tapper, Nigel, Velasco, Erik, Ward, Helen C., Lipson, M., Grimmond, S., Best, M., Chow, W., Christen, A., Chrysoulakis, N., Coutts, A., Crawford, B., Earl, S., Evans, Jonathan, Fortuniak, Krzysztof, Heusinkveld, Bert, Hong, Je-Woo, Hong, Jinkyu, Järvi, Leena, Jo, Sungsoo, Kim, Yeon Hee, Kotthaus, Simone, Lee, Keunmin, Masson, Valery, McFadden, Joseph P., Michels, Oliver, Pawlak, Wlodzimierz, Roth, Matthias, Sugawara, Hirofumi, Tapper, Nigel, Velasco, Erik, and Ward, Helen C.

Abstract

Flux tower observations, model spin-up and site characteristics data for Urban-PLUMBER sites associated with the manuscript: "Harmonized, gap-filled dataset from 20 urban flux tower sites" https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5157-2022 Use of any data must give credit through citation of the above manuscript and other site sources as appropriate (see below). We recommend data users consult with site contributing authors and/or the coordination team in the project planning stage. Relevant site contacts are included in site metadata.

Published
2022

47. Atmospheric boundary layer height from ground-based remote sensing: a review of capabilities and limitations

Author

Kotthaus, Simone, primary, Bravo-Aranda, Juan Antonio, additional, Collaud Coen, Martine, additional, Guerrero-Rascado, Juan Luis, additional, Costa, Maria João, additional, Cimini, Domenico, additional, O’Connor, Ewan J., additional, Hervo, Maxime, additional, Alados-Arboledas, Lucas, additional, Jiménez-Portaz, María, additional, Mona, Lucia, additional, Ruffieux, Dominique, additional, Illingworth, Anthony, additional, and Haeffelin, Martial, additional

Published
2022
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49. Can we use atmospheric CO2 measurements to verify emission trends reported by cities? Lessons from a six-year atmospheric inversion over Paris.

Author

Lian, Jinghui, Lauvaux, Thomas, Utard, Hervé, Bréon, François-Marie, Broquet, Grégoire, Ramonet, Michel, Laurent, Olivier, Albarus, Ivonne, Chariot, Mali, Kotthaus, Simone, Haeffelin, Martial, Sanchez, Olivier, Perrussel, Olivier, Gon, Hugo Anne Denier van der, Dellaert, Stijn Nicolaas Camiel, and Ciais, Philippe

Subjects
EMISSION inventories, CITIES & towns, ATMOSPHERIC boundary layer, METROPOLITAN areas, FOSSIL fuels, ATMOSPHERIC models
Abstract

Existing CO2 emissions reported by city inventories usually lag real-time by a year or more and are prone to large uncertainties. This study responds to the growing need for timely and precise estimation of urban CO2 emissions to support the present and future mitigation measures and policies. We focus on the Paris metropolitan area, the largest urban region in the European Union and the city with the densest atmospheric CO2 observation network in Europe. We performed long-term atmospheric inversions to quantify the citywide CO2 emissions, both fossil fuel and biogenic sources and sinks, over six years (2016–2021) using a Bayesian inverse modeling system. Our inversion framework benefits from a novel near-real-time hourly fossil fuel CO2 emission inventory (Origins.earth) at 1 km spatial resolution. In addition to the mid-afternoon observations, we attempt to assimilate morning CO2 concentrations based on the ability of the WRF-Chem transport model to simulate atmospheric boundary layer dynamics constrained by observed layer heights. Our results show a long-term decreasing trend by around 2 % per year in annual CO2 emissions over the Paris region. The impact of COVID-19 pandemic led to a 13 %±1 % reduction in annual fossil fuel CO2 emissions in 2020 with respect to 2019. Then, annual emissions increased by 5.2 % from 32.6±2.2 MtCO2 in 2020 to 34.3±2.3 MtCO2 in 2021. Based on a combination of up-to-date inventories, high-resolution atmospheric modeling, and high-precision observations, our current capacity could deliver near real-time CO2 emission estimates at city scale in less than a month, and the results agree within 10 % with independent estimates from multiple city-scale inventories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
Full Text
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50. Can we use atmospheric CO2 measurements to verify emission trends reported by cities? Lessons from a six-year atmospheric inversion over Paris.

Author

Jinghui Lian, Lauvaux, Thomas, Utard, Hervé, Bréon, François-Marie, Broquet, Grégoire, Ramonet, Michel, Laurent, Olivier, Albarus, Ivonne, Chariot, Mali, Kotthaus, Simone, Haeffelin, Martial, Sanchez, Olivier, Perrussel, Olivier, van der Gon, Hugo Anne Denier, Camiel Dellaert, Stijn Nicolaas, and Ciais, Philippe

Abstract

Existing CO2 emissions reported by city inventories usually lag real-time by a year or more and are prone to large uncertainties. This study responds to the growing need for timely and precise estimation of urban CO2 emissions to support the present and future mitigation measures and policies. We focus on the Paris metropolitan area, the largest urban region in the European Union and the city with the densest atmospheric CO2 observation network in Europe. We performed long-term atmospheric inversions to quantify the citywide CO2 emissions, both fossil fuel and biogenic sources and sinks, over six years (2016-2021) using a Bayesian inverse modeling system. Our inversion framework benefits from a novel near-real-time hourly fossil fuel CO2 emission inventory (Origins.earth) at 1 km spatial resolution. In addition to the mid-afternoon observations, we attempt to assimilate morning CO2 concentrations based on the ability of the WRF-Chem transport model to simulate atmospheric boundary layer dynamics constrained by observed layer heights. Our results show a long-term decreasing trend by around 2% per year in annual CO2 emissions over the Paris region. The impact of COVID-19 pandemic led to a 13%±1% reduction in annual fossil fuel CO2 emissions in 2020 with respect to 2019. Then, annual emissions increased by 5.2% from 32.6±2.2 MtCO2 in 2020 to 34.3±2.3 MtCO2 in 2021. Based on a combination of up-to-date inventories, high-resolution atmospheric modeling, and highprecision observations, our current capacity could deliver near real-time CO2 emission estimates at city scale in less than a month, and the results agree within 10% with independent estimates from multiple city-scale inventories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
Full Text
View/download PDF

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