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Almond powder of Irvingia smithii has been incorporated, at the doses of 25 and 50 %, in mice standard ration (prepared by Matadi mill), at INRB, composed of wheat flour, wheat bran and pellets for rabbits to evaluate weight gain, live weight gain and feed conversion and to assess motor activity after 50 days of feeding. Results showed an average increase in live weight gain of 31.08% and 8.36% for the groups of mice fed food supplemented with Irvingia smithii almond powder respectively at 25% and 50% higher than the group of control mice fed exclusively with the standard food. On the other hand, the food consumption index (F.C.I) was very low for the group of mice fed with the food supplemented at 50% (F.C.I. 27.73) and low for the group of mice fed 25% supplemented food (F.C.I. 64.83) compared to the control group (F.I.C. 108,14). In addition, the groups of mice fed the supplemented food did not show motor weakness, even fewer respiratory complications or health problems compared to the control during these 50 days of observation. Live weight gain sufficiently demonstrates the nutritional value of the kernel of I. smithii.

Despite its socio-economic vulnerability, Madagascar has committed itself to carrying out development actions that are reflected in its National Policy. The aim of this study is to produce recommendations for decision-makers on local realities that need to be taken into account regarding the implementation of Sustainable Development Goals. To proceed, four Sustainable Development Goals or SDGs that directly concern cities have been chosen such as: SDG 6 “clean water and sanitation”, SDG 7 “clean and affordable energy”, SDG 11 “sustainable cities and communities” and SDG 12 “responsible consumption and production”. The main methodology is based on an inductive method with a multiscalar approach that starts from the study of the particular case of Ambositra, the locality chosen for this study, to express an opinion on a broader and generalized perspective of Malagasy cities' situations. These results are highlighted: low access to clean water and sanitation, outdated and inadequate public infrastructure and facilities; polluting and non-renewable energy consumption. However, opportunities exist and can be used to achieve these four objectives. Sustainable development is a long-term task which must be included into local development frameworks.

For the conservation of the biodiversity of Ranomafana, the valorization of the aromatic and medicinal plants of Ranomafana is an alternative. Two plants of the RUTACEAE family were chosen Vepris ampody and Vepris sp. For this a multidisciplinary approach was adopted: an ethnobotanical survey for the traditional use, ecology of the plant in order to identify environmental conditions favorable to the development of the species, phytochemical screening and identification of the essential oils of the leaves, isolation of mycoendophytes and identification of the fatty acids resulting from the extracts of fermentation. Vepris ampody is used in traditional medicine, and the decoction of leaves and bark is used in case of fever, malaria, fatigue, and muscle pain. The leaves are rich in alkaloids and the essential oils in sabinene. Four strains have been isolated. After fermentation, these four strains produce fatty acids, mostly unsaturated. Vepri ssp. has no medicinal use, it is used to ward off a spell. The leaves are rich in alkaloids. The essential oil is rich in linalool. The perspectives of the study concern the popularization of culture and the identification of alkaloids.

Ecological charcoal is coal produced from biodegradable residues rich in carbon, mainly from agricultural residues. This charcoal has been obtained with different operations such as carbonization, molding and compacting to obtain briquettes. To ensure the quality of the coal, several analyses were carried out in the laboratories. The physicochemical characteristics such as moisture content, ash content, fixed carbon content; volatile matter index and lower calorific value are analyzed to better exploit their uses. Its exploitation has many advantages especially in the field of health and environment, especially for the reduction of deforestation and air pollution. This research gives 5 varieties of ecological coal obtained by the valorization of agricultural waste in the region of Vakinankaratra, a region located in the highlands of Madagascar and known for its high potentiality in agriculture and livestock. It is about the valorization of rice straw, rice husk, corn straw, banana peelings, and soybean stalks.

Climate change (CC) is having negative impacts on agricultural production at global, national, and local scales. Climate risks to agriculture, livestock, and fisheries are expected to increase in the coming decades, particularly in low-income countries with low adaptive capacity such as those in Africa and Madagascar. In most African countries, agriculture must undergo a profound transformation to address the many challenges of CC, food insecurity, malnutrition, poverty, and environmental degradation. This "Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA)" or e-agriculture is an integrated approach to address the interrelated challenges of food security and climate change in order to achieve the objectives of adaptation or mitigation of climate change risks. Support for building resilience, support for community-based environmental projects, and promotion of climate-smart agricultural practices are among the approaches of the AIC. These climate-smart agricultural practices need to be aligned with and supported by national policy and a legal and regulatory framework. Policy and legislation can either slow down or accelerate the adoption of climate-smart agriculture. Promoting innovation requires effective partnerships with the government, the private sector, and universities. The case studies clearly show that there is a need for simultaneous action at the local and international levels on multiple challenges related to climate change. Climate change (CC) has negative impacts on agricultural production globally, nationally, and locally. Climate risks to agriculture, livestock, and fisheries are expected to increase over the coming decades.

The dynamization of Tourism in the Haute Matsiatra Region (Isalo, Andringitra, Ranomafana) is considered favorable to the promotion of Tourism and important for the sustainable development of the rural areas concerned. They are exploited by local visitors. However, currently, there is an inspiration for new openings and new and more original horizons throughout Madagascar. The idea of launching the "dynamization of tourism", using Big Data and Business Intelligence, is somewhat conceived as an exclusive speech to incite tourists to discover new destinations even more authentic than many others. However, we would like to propose that the aim of the dynamization of tourism is to make the assets dynamic, to valorize and capitalize on the natural wealth of the region for the purpose of tourism, and to develop the areas in a sustainable way.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the ethnomedical knowledge of the population of South Ubangi on Myrianthus arboreus, a plant consumed by chimpanzees, with the assumption that this bio-resource is also used by the population in African Traditional Medicine to treat common diseases. The results revealed that M. arboreus treats 23 diseases in the province of South Ubangi in Democratic Republic of the Congo. Of these diseases, six (anaemia, bronchitis, tooth decay, gastritis, hypertension, and spleen) are the most cited. Anaemia and spleen are treated by all socio-cultural groups. The leaf is the most used organ (48%) followed by sap, roots, stems, bark, flowers, and seeds. Expression (61.5%) is the most used method of preparation followed by decoction, maceration, and mastication. Oral (94.5%) is the most used method of administration followed by body bath, massage, anal and auricular route. M. arboreus is a vulnerable species (Iv ≥ 2.5) in the study area. The diseases treated are influenced by the level of education and the profession of the respondents (p < 0.05). While the mode of preparation of recipes is influenced by the family situation, also the composition of recipes is influenced by gender, age and occupation (p < 0.05). The search for new sources of bio-inspired drugs through zoopharmacognosy may thus allow the development of effective phytomedicines for the health care of humans or non-human primates ex situ. Thus the need for advanced phytochemical and pharmacological studies and the domestication of M. arboreus for its multiple food and pharmacological uses is necessary.

The objective of the present study was to determine the composition in mineral elements, the antisickling activity and the osmotic brittleness test, of the twenty three extracts of two plants Cyttaranthus congolensis, Hypoxis angustifolia used in the management of sickle cell disease by the traditional healers in Kwilu province. Mineral composition analyses of these two plants were performed using X-ray fluorescence spectrometric method. Twenty three( 23) mineral elements were identified in each of these two plants among others: Potassium (K), Phosphorus (P), Calcium (Ca), Sodium (Na), Magnesium (Mg), Sulfur (S), Chlorine (Cl) and trace elements such as: Aluminum (Al), Silicon (Si), Vanadium (V), Chromium (Cr), Manganese (Mn), Iron (Fe), Nickel (Ni), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Selenium (Se), Bromine (Br), Molybdenum (Mo), Tin (Sn), Iodine (I), Barium (Ba) and Lead (Pb). Mineral elements related to sickle cell disease are: Iron (Fe), Zinc (Zn), Selenium (Se), Copper (Cu), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg) and Manganese (Mn). Of all these elements, Potassium and Calcium are in higher content while Lead, Tin, Bromine, Copper and Nickel are in trace amounts. The antisickling activity of Cyttaranthus congolensis and Hypoxis angustifolia extracts, was tested using the Emmel test. The results obtained showed a significant in vitro antisickling activity for both plants. The osmotic fragility test used to confirm the Emmel test showed that the hemolysis rate decreased with increasing NaCl concentration. In the presence of anthocyanins, the antihemolytic activity at different NaCl concentrations was higher than the control. This indicates the action of the extracts of these plants on the osmotic fragility of red blood cell membrane.

Background and Aims: Manotes expansa Sol. ex Planch. and Aframomum alboviolaceum (Ridl.) Schum. are two plants belonging respectively to the family Connaraceae R.Br. and Zingiberaceae Martino widely used in traditional medicine for the treatment of eye diseases, fever, headaches, gastritis as well as asthma. The aim of the present study is the valorization of these two plants collected in the Democratic Republic of Congo by a quantitative and qualitative analysis of secondary metabolites and mineral elements in their leaves. Materials and Methods: The determination of secondary metabolites in the leaves of Manotes expansa and Aframomum alboviolaceum was carried out by UV-Visible spectrophotometry and X-ray fluorescence spectrophotometry for the identification and quantitative analysis of mineral elements. Results: The results showed that the leaves of these two plants are rich in phenolic compounds, i.e. 442.2 mgEqAG/g for the leaves of A. alboviolaceum, 370.64 mgEqAG/g for the red leaves and 282.64 mgEqAG/g green leaves of M. expansa. Although being part of the same plant, the red and green leaves of M. expansa presented a totally different phytochemical profile. The contents of condensed tannins, anthocyanins and flavonoids are respectively 0.3%, 0.68% and 3.29% for the leaves of A. alboviolaceum; 0.58%, 0.36% and 6.89% for the red leaves, and 0.65%, 0.26% and 7.55% for the green leaves of M. expansa. The mineral content in the leaves of both plants remains dominated by the high concentration of potassium (K), calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Manganese (Mn) and Iron (Fe). Conclusion: The high content of phenolic compounds and essential trace elements makes the leaves of M. expansa and A. alboviolaceum potential candidates to alleviate several health problems in Africa in general and particularly in the Democratic Republic of Congo.

The crisis in which the Higher Education and University Sector is mired threatens the future of the nation; it is therefore necessary to put things in order. In a context where ignorance and non-respect of academic, regulatory and legal norms are manifest, where the attitude of managers in the conduct of academic affairs is subject to doubts and sometimes challenges, even questioning their profile as managers, The Vade Mecum as a reference document or guide for managers of higher education and university establishments (both public and private) is timely in indicating to the managers of establishments the line of conduct to follow in order to respect and ensure respect for the various texts and laws conceived, elaborated and published within the framework of higher education and university in the Democratic Republic of Congo. This study on the rule of law in the Higher Education and University Establishments in DR Congo is therefore an analysis of the realities observed in the administrative management of the scientific, administrative, technical and working personnel recruited, appointed and assigned in these Establishments who, it is believed, only have duties to fulfill while they also have rights to preserve and to assert. The case under examination is that of an Assistant of the University of Gbado-Lite (UNIGBA), recruited and appointed regularly by a decision of the Rector whose dismissal by the Head of School has seriously violated the legal and regulatory provisions on disciplinary procedure; the latter having introduced a hierarchical appeal, was rehabilitated in his functions and in his rights without other forms of trial.

Compost and flambéing on the plantain (Musa sp. cv. AAB, var Ngbangele) offshoot power studied under the conditions of Gbadolite in the Democratic Republic of Congo, remain among the techniques that protect the soil and increase production in the face of factors limiting such as climate change and soil destroyer including NPK. The experimental device chosen was that of complete randomized blocks comprising 3 repetitions and 4 plots 3 m long. The plots were arranged so that the flamed cultivars were adjacent depending on the substrates including T0: control substrate or unamended plot; T1: substrate from sawdust; T2: substrate from rice husk; T3: substrate from slush. Each plot contained 10 sample suckers of plantains. The greenhouse was installed after applying the buckling technique. It was observed that a bulb produced an average of 4 weaned suckers in the control bulbs; 8 suckers weaned on bulbs installed on substrates originating from slush; 9 suckers weaned on bulbs planted on substrates made from sawdust and rice husk. The releases installed on the control plot experienced a post-buckling recovery rate of 66.7%; those planted on sawdust and rice husk gave 83.3% and the subjects planted on the substrate from slush experienced a recovery rate of 80%; these results showed that the flame suckers adapted to the greenhouse conditions. In view of these results, it should be noted that this technique remains a major asset for the production of healthy suckers and in large quantities.

The aim of this study was to investigate knowledge on Simian Orthopoxvirosis or Monkeypox in 180 people (129 males and 51 females) using the stratified probability sampling method. The majority of the respondents were (are): 35-50 years old (45.00%), with secondary education (43.33%), farmers (40.56%) and married (80.00%). The disease appears every year, thus demonstrating its endemic nature (98.33% of the respondents); 58.3% of the respondents said that the disease appears very often during the dry season, on the contrary, 40% of the respondents said that the disease appears during the rainy season. However, 1.7% of respondents said that the disease occurs every other season. The majority of respondents (81.1%) said that the cause of the disease is the consumption of bush meat, followed by wild vegetables (3.3%), fish (2.8%), livestock (2.2%) and caterpillars (1.7%) respectively. 65.2% of the respondents use Manihot esculenta to treat the disease locally, and followed by the leaves and wine of Raphia sese (13%), Morinda morindoides (13%) and Myrianthus arboreus (8.7%). Between January 17 and September 10, 2020, 40 cases of monkey pox were admitted to HGR of Businga (Maximum age: 42 years, minimum age: 1 year, average age: 13.3 years). 28 patients were male and 12 female. It is therefore advisable that surveillance be organized in wild animals and bush meat exposed on the market to ensure that they are not contaminated with Monkeypoxvirus. It is thus needed to establish a veterinary laboratory in Nord-Ubangi Province.

The State as an institution was born from the will of the people for the realization of activities of common interest, such as: the building of hospitals, roads, schools, electrification, job creation, water etc. As the protector of goods, the state is called upon to fulfill several duties either governmental, when the state exercises its sovereignty to legislate and execute, or administrative when it ensures the management of the public administration for the benefit of the collective welfare thanks to the various taxes, levies and other charges mobilized and/or collected from the population in order to meet its expectations and aspirations. The modern State fulfills five important socio-economic duties, which are: production, regulation, protection, compensation and finally the function of stabilization and stimulation of the economic growth. Through production, the state intervenes not only to produce and create material wealth, but also to ensure the necessary conditions for its creation (e.g., provide adequate infrastructure and create an efficient administration). The state plays the role of the father of the city, must demonstrate certain equity through distributive justice, ensuring the redistribution of income by means of taxation on the income of the individual and the profit of the corporations or by means of aid and social security. Finally, the state has the responsibility of stabilizing and stimulating the economic growth. To achieve this, it is vital to practice the policy of full employment, price stability and very rapid economic growth, with the aim of increasing the quantity, quality and mobility of production factors, it is reflected in the policy of education, scientific research and training as well as labor mobility. Thus, local elected officials are called upon to fulfill these different functions in order to take off the development of their areas of common interest for the benefit of community welfare at the grassroots level.

The danger of uncontrolled slaughter of animals delivered to the market was the subject of a study conducted in the City of Yakoma, in the province of Nord Ubangi in the Democratic Republic of Congo, on its border with the Central African Republic. The aim of this investigation was to provide the population of the city of Yakoma with knowledge on the danger that they are facing due to the negligence of the Veterinary Inspection Service, and to popularize the consequences. Experiments by participatory assistance were carried out on 14 cattle of two different breeds (Zebu and Taurine) for three months with two observations per month. Three samples showed seizure (partial and total), resulting in a prevalence rate of 21.4%. Older cattle had more identification than younger cattle. Several public health contamination hazards are permanent due to the absence of slaughter structures and the unwillingness of the meat inspection service to simply collect taxes instead of controlling the circulation of meat.

Household solid waste management is a crucial issue for environmental and human health. The purpose of this study was to conduct a survey on household solid waste management in Gbado-Lite (Nord-Ubangi) in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). A household solid waste survey was conducted in 5 neighborhoods of the city of Gbado-Lite in northern DRC from July to August. Data collection was made possible by stratified probability sampling and direct observations. The results of this study revealed that the main informants (75%) were women and 68% of the respondents were in the 18-35 age group. The main socio-cultural groups in the study area are the Ngbadi (55%) and Ngbaka (16%). In addition, 74% of respondents have secondary education and their main sources of income are commerce (25%), the civil service (20%) and the household (13%). Also, the main solid household wastes identified were organic materials (44%) and packaging (25%); the majority (56%) of respondents did not have garbage cans and used plastic buckets without lids as their main garbage can (75%). Almost all (98%) of the waste does not undergo primary separation. The main waste disposal methods used by households are: landfill (43.87%), abandonment on public land (30.62%) and incineration (18.36%). Finally, the main harms of waste reported are: typhoid fever (29%), malaria (25%) and mosquito proliferation (24%). It is therefore desirable that a public sanitation service be set up in Gbado-Lite to enable households to manage their solid waste properly and thus protect the urban environment and human health.

The purpose of this study was to conduct a survey of edible caterpillars and the ethno-medical value of their host plants in Gbado-Lite using the "snowball" sampling technique. The results of this study show that Anaphe panda, A. venata, Elaphrodes lactea, Imbrasia epimethea, I. oyemensis, I. truncata and Pseudanthera discrepans are the most consumed caterpillars. Drying is the most used preservation method (82.4%); ground collection is the most used harvesting method (86.3%) while evisceration (45.1%) and dehairing (33.3%) are the main cooking methods used. Harvesting is done more in the forest (94.1%) from May to July (86.3%). The vast majority (98%) of host plants are used in traditional medicine; leaves (53%) and bark (45%) are the most used parts, while decoction is the most used method of preparing therapeutic recipes (92%). The felling of trees (39%) and traditional agriculture (26%) are to varying degrees the main causes of the disappearance of edible caterpillars and their host plants. Incomplete cooking (78.4%) and/or the host plant (19.6%) are the main causes of consumer poisoning. It is therefore desirable that sustainable participatory management strategies for edible caterpillars and their host plants be put in place in North Ubangi Province. These include community agroforestry, which should be practiced in peri-urban areas in order to strengthen the resilience of communities to climate change while at the same time fighting hunger and poverty. Indeed, the domestication of species would allow annihilating the pressure on wild resources, to conserve them, to fight against deforestation and to ensure the availability and sustainability of edible caterpillars. Those phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological studies could be carried out on host plants in order to identify compounds of medical interest contained in these plants.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the nature of the food ration on the size, weight, weight gain and ex situ reproduction of the snail (Achatina achatina) in Gbado-Lite. The results of this work show that variations in size [from 8.2±1.2 cm at feeding (D0) to 9.9±2.1 cm at day D84 (snail farm A) and from 8.4±1.1 cm to 10.2±1.8 cm (snail farm B)]; hatching rate [88.2% (snail house A) and 94.2% (snail house B)]; weight [460±18.5 g at loading (D0) to 760±26.3 g on day D84 (snail house A) and 475±10.9 g to 760±26.3 g (snail house B)]; mean absolute weight gain 84 days after loading [37.7±12.0 g (snail house A) and 36.5±9.6 g (snail house B)] were not statistically different between snail houses including mean daily weight gain (0.450±0.1 g/d vs. 0.363±0.1 g/d) and survival rate (90% vs. 100%). Both formulations have the same effect on the reproduction of Achatina achatina in captivity. It is therefore desirable that more in-depth studies be conducted with the aim of popularizing this non-conventional breeding in the city of Gbado-Lite. Thus, in the current context of biodiversity erosion linked to human activities as well as environmental factors, snail farming can contribute to empowerment, improved socio-economic conditions and household resilience to climate change.

Aim: To study the distribution of two invasive alien plants and associated plants as well as their distribution in the Malebo Pool eco-region. Methodology: The study was carried out by direct observation by circulating on a motorized canoe. Plant samples were randomly harvested (n=6) in August 2020 depends on the sites. Plant species identification was performed on the field, and those species of which the identification was difficult, were brought to the laboratory for proper identification according to APG III. Results: 19 species, including two Pteridophytes and 17 Angiosperms, belonging to 19 families and 12 orders were identified. The site of Molondo was the most diversified with 15 plant species, followed respectively by the sites of Mipongo (13 species), Japon (12 species) and Kingabwa (07 species). The plant species Ludwigia abyssinica A. Rich., Ipomoea aquatica Forsk, Eichhornia crassipes (Mart), Pistia stratiotes L, Echinochloa pyramidalis (Lam) and Salvinia molesta D.S. Mitchell were present in all four prospected sites. E. pyramidalis and E. crassipes constitute a serious threat for the environment and are source of erosion/loss of aquatic biodiversity. Physiologically, these species form a mono-specific carpet and eliminate native or autochthonous species of aquatic flora. Conclusions and Suggestions: The invasion of alien species is a consequence of human activities and a concern, as it affects all sectors of society. These plants can alter, disrupt, and degrade many ecosystem services like the disturbing of habitats and the alteration of the environmental and biological conditions around them. They can also reduce light and diversity of native aquatic plant species. Controlling invasive alien species is thus a challenge for the Congolese society. Political decision-makers are therefore invited to take appropriate measures for managing and protecting the local aquatic flora and valorize the invasive plants as potential medicinal remedy.

Oral cavity cancers are part of the upper aerodigestive tract cancers and represent a significant burden worldwide. Its epidemiology varies from country to country with high frequencies in South East Asian countries. Tobacco and alcohol are the main risk factors. Survival of oral cancer is low i.e., less than 40% in the advanced stage (stage III and IV), diagnosis of oral cavity cancer is based on a complete clinical examination of the oral cavity complete with biopsy, bio-markers are an adjunct to screening and diagnosis of oral cavity cancers, surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and immunotherapy are part of the therapeutic armamentarium of oral cancer but also have limitations. Traditional medicine is an important and proven alternative in the treatment and support of patients with oral cavity cancer. Prevention of oral cavity cancers includes not only early detection of precancerous and cancerous lesions but also control of risk factors and education of the population. Surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and immunotherapy are part of the therapeutic strategy of oral cancer treatment but also have limitations. Traditional Medicine is an important and proven alternative in the treatment and support of patients with oral cavity cancer. It is thus desirable to scientifically validate phytochemicals in order to integrate alternative medicine as part of national cancer management strategy. In silico advanced studies on secondary metabolites of medicinal plants traditionally used to treat oral cancer are in progress.

Aims of the Study: To identify plant species traditionally used to treat anemia in Yakoma territory and to evaluate their chemical composition. Place and Duration: Yakoma Territory (survey) and University of Kinshasa (Phytochemical study), from August and October 2019. Methods: Ethnobotanical survey according to the "snowball" sampling technique among traditional healers (based on the free consent of the respondents), chemical analyses of plant materials (chemical screening, TLC, phytomarkers content, minerals composition) according to standard methods. ED-XRF was used for mineral analysis. Microsoft Excel version 2010, Origin version 8.5 Pro and IBM SPSS statistics version 20 software packages were used for data processing and analysis. Results and Discussion: The survey showed that 18 plant species are traditionally used by Ngbandi traditional healers to treat anemia in Yakoma territory. They belong to 16 families and 17 genera. The most used organs are the leaves (68.4%) and the roots (10.5%). Decoction and infusion are the most used mode of preparation (33.3% each), followed by cooking (22.2%) and maceration (11.1%). The oral route (77.8%) is the most used mode of administration followed by the enema (16.7%) and the anal route (5.6%). Morphological types consist of herbs and trees (33.3% each) and shrubs and lianas (16.7% each). The biotope types consist of forest plants (44.4%), cultivated plants/Crops (38.9%), marshy ground plants (11.1%) and ruderal plants (5.6%). These plants belonging to five biological types: erected therophytes (44.4%), mesophanerophytes (27.8%), microphanerophytes and climbing phanerophytes (11.1% each) and lianescent phanerophytes (5.56%). These anti-anemic plant species are mostly Pantropical and Afro-tropical (39% of species each) followed by Guineo-Congolese (17% of species) and American (5%). Chemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, anthocyanins, flavonoids, anthraquinones and terpenoids and various minerals including iron, zinc, copper, calcium, magnesium and manganese. Conclusion: In the current state of knowledge, the survey of anemic plants from this part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo is reported for the first time.

The forests and savannahs of Mucaba municipality in northern Angola hold enormous potential for plant-based non-timber forest products (NTFPs), including wild food plants (WFPs). Mucaba communities have accumulated a wealth of traditional knowledge on the use of wild edible plants over their long history. However, few studies have highlighted this unique and globally attractive culture. The ethnobotanical survey was conducted in 9 villages in Mucaba Municipality in September and October 2020. A total of 65 local informants were interviewed (35 women and 30 men), and their traditional knowledge of wild edible plants was documented. A total of 46 wild edible plants, belonging to 25 families and 30 genera were documented. These plants are consumed as wild edible vegetables, seasonal fruits, spice substitutes for tea, and forest alcoholic drinks. The traditional knowledge of wild edible plants held by the villagers of Mucaba is rich but is in danger of being lost among the younger generation. Therefore, the diversified cultivation of these local plants would allow their sustainable use and conservation especially of the endangered species in this part of Angola.

Background and aim: Oral cancer remains a public health problem with a high morbidity and mortality rate. The aim of this study was to determine the level of knowledge, attitude and practice of Kinshasa dentists on oral cancer. Patients and Method: This cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted in public and private hospitals in the provincial city of Kinshasa between October 2019 and June 2020. A total of 143 dentists responded to the survey. The questionnaires included knowledge of risk factors, attitude and practice of Kinshasa dentists. Results: The average age of the participants was 34.05 ± 7.31 years, the male gender was the most represented (69.2%), and the level of knowledge of the dentists about the risk factors was low despite the fact that the majority of the participants in the study had recognized alcohol (77.5%) and tobacco (77.6%) as the main risk factors for oral cancer. The majority of the participants referred the patient to a specialist upon discovery of a cancerous lesion, only a minority of dentists performed biopsy and counselling. Conclusion: The level of knowledge of Kinshasa’s dentists about oral cancer is low. Refresher training is necessary to enable them to raise their level of knowledge. Thus, the reinforcement of cancer courses in the dental sector is important for a better management of cancer patient.

Diabetes mellitus is a major public health problem in the world. In Africa, more than 80% of patients use plants for their treatment. However, the methods of validation of endogenous knowledge usually used are costly. The alternative method developed in this study aims at creating hyperglycemia in vitro and exploiting the metabolic pathway involving glucose oxidase for UV-visible spectrophotometric screening of medicinal plants’ antidiabetic activity. The evolution of glucose oxidation as a function of drug concentration is followed by UV-visible spectrophotometry. The formation of the stable complex between the enzyme and the inhibitor is studied using molecular docking. Drugs used (Gliben) and plant extracts exhibited an in vitro hypoglycemic effect by reducing exponentially, in vitro, the level of free glucose. The results also showed that L. multiflora is more active than V. amygdalina (IC50: 1.36 ± 0.09 mg/mL Vs IC50: 3.00 ± 0.54 mg/mL). Gliben (0.5 mg/mL) and L. multiflora (2 mg/mL) reduced both the rate of oxidation of glucose by glucose oxidase (catalytic power Vmax: 0.84 ± 0.11 mg*mL-1*min-1 for Gliben and 1.72 ± 0.13 mg*mL-1*min-1 for L. multiflora); and the affinity of this enzyme for its substrate-glucose (KM: 15.11 ± 2.72 mg*mL-1 for Gliben and 9.17 ± 1.56 mg*mL-1 for L. multiflora) when these results are compared to enzyme catalysis in the absence of inhibitor (Vmax: 2.86 ± 0.44 mg*mL-1*min-1; KM: 8.07 ± 1.96 mg*mL-1). The binding of GOX (1GAL) to selected phytocompounds derived from L. multiflora was confirmed by molecular docking. The most stable complexes were obtained for four compounds; 8 (-10.1±0.0 Kcal/mol), 6 (-9.5±0.1 Kcal/mol), 3 (-8.3±0.0 Kcal/mol) and 9 (-8.2±0.1 Kcal/mol). Among these, compounds 8 and 6 formed complexes with the enzyme stabilized by hydrogen bonds, the compound 8 forms 5 hydrogen bonds (ASN514, ASP424, ARG95, TYP68, LEU65) while compound 6 forms 2 hydrogen bonds (ASN514 and SER422). However, no H-bonding interaction occurs in the complex that involves ligands 9 and 3 despite their high binding energy (-8.2±0.1 Kcal/mol and -8.3±0.0 Kcal/mol respectively). Glucose oxidase can serve as a marker enzyme for in vitro antidiabetic activity evaluation of medicinal plants.

The purpose of this mini-review was to summarize and update knowledge on the phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicity of Cola nitida, with the view of providing baseline data for herbal drug formulation. In January 2021, a non-exhaustive online search of relevant articles was carried out on the phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of C. nitida from scientifically well-established databases such as Science Direct, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, and SciELO. The plant's scientific name as well as phytochemistry, pharmacology, pharmacognosy, bioactivity and toxicology were used as keywords. The chemical structures of the compounds isolated from this plant were drawn using ChemBioDraw Ultra 12.0 software. A literature survey has revealed that C. nitida is highly appreciated by African populations in various cultures, especially in West Africa. Phytochemical analyses showed that C. nitida contains interesting compounds like catechin, caffeine, epicatechin, polyphenols, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, bromelain, cardenolides, proanthocyanidins, triterpenes, glycosides, flavonoids, anthraquinones, steroids, anthocyanins, glycosides, alkaloids, etc. The presence of these phyto-compounds in the investigated plant species justifies its used as an antimicrobial, anti-malarial, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-coagulant agent. Thus, C. nitida could be used as a raw material for manufacturing efficient medication against various diseases, including sickle cell disease.