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Frankincense oil has gained increased popularity in skin care, yet its anti-aging effect remains unclear. The current study aimed to investigate the anti-photoaging effect of frankincense (Boswellia papyrifera (Del.) Hochst., Family Burseraceae) essential oil in an in vivo model. The oil was initially extracted by two methods: hydro-distillation (HD) and microwave-assisted hydro-distillation (MAHD). GC/MS analysis revealed the dominance of n-octyl acetate, along with other marker compounds of B. papyrifera including octanol and diterpene components (verticilla 4(20) 7, 11-triene and incensole acetate). Thereafter, preliminary investigation of the anti-collagenase and anti-elastase activities of the extracted oils revealed the superior anti-aging effect of HD-extracted oil (FO), comparable to epigallocatechin gallate. FO was subsequently formulated into solid lipid nanoparticles (FO-SLNs) via high shear homogenization to improve its solubility and skin penetration characteristics prior to in vivo testing. The optimimal formulation prepared with 0.5% FO, and 4% Tween® 80, demonstrated nanosized spherical particles with high entrapment efficiency percentage and sustained release for 8 hours. The anti-photoaging effect of FO and FO-SLNs was then evaluated in UVB-irradiated hairless rats, compared to Vitamin A palmitate as a positive standard. FO and FO-SLNs restored the antioxidant capacity (SOD and CAT) and prohibited inflammatory markers (IL6, NFκB p65) in UVB-irradiated rats via downregulation of MAPK (pERK, pJNK, and pp38) and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways, alongside upregulating TGF-β expression. Subsequently, our treatments induced Procollagen I synthesis and downregulation of MMPs (MMP1, MMP9), where FO-SLNs exhibited superior anti-photoaging effect, compared to FO and Vitamin A, highlighting the use of SLNs as a promising nanocarrier for FO. In particular, FO-SLNs revealed normal epidermal and dermal histological structures, protected against UVβ-induced epidermal thickness and dermal collagen degradation. Our results indicated the potential use of FO-SLNs as a promising topical anti-aging therapy., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2023 Kotb et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Objective: To review the impact of major pediatric renal trauma and its management on long-term function and morphology of the injured kidney., Methods: Thirty-six blunt trauma patients (20 males, 16 females) presented in 2004-2007 (age range 2 days to 14 years; mean 6.2 years). Thirty-seven renal units were included: 13 grade III, 14 grade IV, and 10 grade V injuries. Follow up was for 3-38 (mean 14) months. Patients were managed non-operatively unless vitally unstable. The most common causes of trauma were motor vehicle accidents and falls. Fourteen patients had associated non-renal injuries. Four patients had pre-existing renal problems., Results: The surgical intervention group (13 patients, 36%) included 9/10 grade V and 4/14 grade IV renal injuries. Surgical repair of lacerations was performed in seven cases, partial nephrectomy in four cases and nephrectomy in two cases. Follow up showed no significant change in renal function, and none developed hypertension. The non-operative group (24 patients, 63.2%) included all grade III injuries, 10 grade IV injuries, and one grade V injury. There was an excellent outcome for 18/24 patients (75%) with kidney preservation, no complications from urinary extravasation and hematoma resolution. The remaining patients had lower polar infarction (1), renal atrophy (1), persistent subcapsular collection (2), recurrent hematuria requiring angioembolization (1), and there was one death related to central nervous system injury., Conclusion: The outcome of our management of pediatric major renal trauma was favorable overall. Longer follow up is needed with regard to renal function and development of hypertension., (Copyright (c) 2010 Journal of Pediatric Urology Company. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)