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Unlabelled: In previous work, a prototypic recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus Indiana serotype (rVSIV) vector expressing simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) gag and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) env antigens protected nonhuman primates (NHPs) from disease following challenge with an HIV-1/SIV recombinant (SHIV). However, when tested in a stringent NHP neurovirulence (NV) model, this vector was not adequately attenuated for clinical evaluation. For the work described here, the prototypic rVSIV vector was attenuated by combining specific G protein truncations with either N gene translocations or mutations (M33A and M51A) that ablate expression of subgenic M polypeptides, by incorporation of temperature-sensitive mutations in the N and L genes, and by deletion of the VSIV G gene to generate a replicon that is dependent on trans expression of G protein for in vitro propagation. When evaluated in a series of NHP NV studies, these attenuated rVSIV variants caused no clinical disease and demonstrated a very significant reduction in neuropathology compared to wild-type VSIV and the prototypic rVSIV vaccine vector. In spite of greatly increased in vivo attenuation, some of the rVSIV vectors elicited cell-mediated immune responses that were similar in magnitude to those induced by the much more virulent prototypic vector. These data demonstrate novel approaches to the rational attenuation of VSIV NV while retaining vector immunogenicity and have led to identification of an rVSIV N4CT1gag1 vaccine vector that has now successfully completed phase I clinical evaluation., Importance: The work described in this article demonstrates a rational approach to the attenuation of vesicular stomatitis virus neurovirulence. The major attenuation strategy described here will be most likely applicable to other members of the Rhabdoviridae and possibly other families of nonsegmented negative-strand RNA viruses. These studies have also enabled the identification of an attenuated, replication-competent rVSIV vector that has successfully undergone its first clinical evaluation in humans. Therefore, these studies represent a major milestone in the development of attenuated rVSIV, and likely other vesiculoviruses, as a new vaccine platform(s) for use in humans., (Copyright © 2014, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.)

Background: We evaluated the immunological responses of African green monkeys immunized with multiple F and G protein-based vaccines and assessed protection against the Memphis 37 strain of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)., Methods: Monkeys were immunized with F and G proteins adjuvanted with immunostimulatory (CpG) oligodeoxyribonucleotides admixed with either Alhydrogel or ISCOMATRIX adjuvant. Delivery of F and G proteins via replication incompetent recombinant vesicular stomatitis viruses (VSVs) and human adenoviruses was also evaluated. Mucosally or parenterally administered recombinant adenoviruses were used in prime-boost regimens with adjuvanted proteins or recombinant DNA., Results: Animals primed by intranasal delivery of recombinant adenoviruses, and boosted by intramuscular injection of adjuvanted F and G proteins, developed neutralizing antibodies and F/G protein-specific T cells and were protected from RSV infection. Intramuscular injections of Alhydrogel (plus CpG) adjuvanted F and G proteins reduced peak viral loads in the lungs of challenged monkeys. Granulocyte numbers were not significantly elevated, relative to controls, in postchallenge bronchoalveolar lavage samples from vaccinated animals., Conclusions: This study has validated the use of RSV (Memphis 37) in an African green monkey model of intranasal infection and identified nonreplicating vaccines capable of eliciting protection in this higher species challenge model.

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of severe lower respiratory tract illness in infants, the elderly, and other high-risk individuals. Despite years of research in this field, there is no effective licensed vaccine to prevent RSV infection. We have generated candidate RSV vaccines using a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV) replicon in which the attachment and fusion domains of the VSV glycoprotein (G) have been deleted (rVSV-Gstem), rendering the virus propagation-defective except in the presence of complementing VSV G provided in trans. A form of this vector encoding the RSV fusion protein (F) gene expressed high levels of F in vitro and elicited durable neutralizing antibody responses as well as complete protection against RSV challenge in vivo. Mice vaccinated with rVSV-Gstem-RSV-F replicons also developed robust cellular responses characterized by both primary and memory Th1-biased CD8+ and CD4+ T cells. Furthermore, a single high dose of the Gstem-RSV-F replicon was effective against challenge with both RSV A and B subgroup viruses. Finally, addition of an RSV glycoprotein (G)-expressing Gstem vector significantly improved the incomplete protection achieved with a single low dose of Gstem-RSV-F vector alone., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Recovery of recombinant, negative-strand, nonsegmented RNA viruses from a genomic cDNA clone requires a rescue system that promotes de novo assembly of a functional ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex in the cell cytoplasm. This is accomplished typically by cotransfecting permissive cells with multiple plasmids that encode the positive-sense genomic RNA, the nucleocapsid protein (N or NP), and the two subunits of the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (L and P). The transfected plasmids are transcribed in the cell cytoplasm by phage T7 RNA polymerase (T7 RNAP), which usually is supplied by infection with a recombinant vaccinia virus or through use of a stable cell line that expresses the polymerase. Although both methods of providing T7 RNAP are effective neither is ideal for viral vaccine development for a number of reasons. Therefore, it was necessary to modify existing technology to make it possible to routinely rescue a variety of recombinant viruses when T7 RNAP was provided by a cotransfected expression plasmid. Development of a broadly applicable procedure required optimization of the helper-virus-free methodology, which resulted in several modifications that improved rescue efficiency such as inclusion of plasmids encoding viral glycoproteins and matrix protein, heat shock treatment, and use of electroporation. The combined effect of these enhancements produced several important benefits including: (1) a helper-virus-free methodology capable of rescuing a diverse variety of paramyxoviruses and recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV); (2) methodology that functioned effectively when using Vero cells, a suitable substrate for vaccine production; and (3) a method that enabled rescue of highly attenuated recombinant viruses, which had proven refractory to rescue using published procedures.