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Global climate change is a scientifically demonstrated phenomenon, but there are discrepancies in societies about how people perceive it. People's correct perceptions to climate change are necessary for their cooperative acts and behaviors toward adaptation and mitigation. While most research in this regard focuses on temporal trends of specific climate variables, e.g., temperature and rainfall, in relation to socio-demographic factors, few reports have systematically examined who perceive a change in climatic regularity and patterns, i.e., seasonality change. We hypothesize that people tend to perceive the seasonality change as their life practices and experiences are dependent on climate and nature. Interviews with 7 experts and surveys with 1011 respondents were conducted in the Meghna basin, Bangladesh, where the number of seasons in an annual calendar is reported to have decreased from six to four (Islam and Kotani, 2016). With the data, this research investigates people's perceptions to seasonality change in relation to life practices, experiences and socioeconomic factors. The analysis shows that dependence on natural resources in the profession along with experiences of natural disasters and life history in the dwelling locations shape people's correct perceptions to climate seasonality. This result suggests that people are not likely to realize the seasonality change as they are dwelling in urban areas with high mobility or as their life is detached from climate and nature, being neither willing nor cooperative to take adaptation and mitigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have become common missions for humanity all over the world, and there are several works that establish relations between SDGs and subjective wellbeing or generativity along with some determinants of sociodemographic and cognitive factors (see, e.g., Helne, 2021; Steckermeier, 2021; Qiu et al., 2022; Hirose and Kotani, 2022). However, little is known about what types of people or societies will likely achieve SDGs or steadily follow their paths in a single analytical framework. Building upon the previous literature, this research considers that generativity and wellbeing are necessary and salient indicators that people in societies must enhance to achieve SDGs, hypothesizing that people with high levels of autonomy (being independent and resisting social pressure) and inquisitiveness (being adaptable to new social and/or environmental changes) tend to be generative and happy. To empirically examine the hypothesis, we analyze people's generativity and wellbeing as essential elements of SDGs and statistically characterize them in relation to autonomy and inquisitiveness with data drawn from questionnaire surveys and experiments based on 413 residents of the matrilineal island of Palau. We choose Palau as the field of study, because rapid social and environmental changes are presently ongoing as residents move from traditional to modern societies; thus a wider variation of people is expected to be observed compared to that in any field in other nation, even with a small sample size. Two main results are obtained. First, the analysis identifies the importance of inquisitiveness in that people with high levels of inquisitiveness tend to be generative. Second, people's level of wellbeing is high when they are generative, autonomous and inquisitive, demonstrating two influential roles of inquisitiveness on happiness, namely, direct and indirect determinants through the mediator of generativity. Overall, the results suggest that autonomy and inquisitiveness contribute to people's generativity and wellbeing even in tradition-oriented societies, such as Palau, and their enhancements are considered specific paths for materializing SDGs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food intake inequality at the individual level is rarely analyzed in intrahousehold settings. We examine dietary diversity scores of household members with a focus on their family roles (fathers, mothers, sons, daughters and grandparents) and age groups (children, adults and elderly). Whereas theory suggests that members in a household should have equal dietary diversity by receiving a certain share of available foods, this research hypothesizes that they do not do so by their roles and/or age groups. We conduct questionnaire surveys, collecting sociodemographic information and dietary data by using a 24 h recall method of 3248 subjects in 811 households from 1 urban and 2 rural areas in Bangladesh. The statistical analysis demonstrates three findings. First, poor and rural people have lower dietary diversity than nonpoor and urban people, respectively. Second, grandparents (children) have lower dietary diversity than do fathers (adults), confirming the existence of intrahousehold food intake inequality by the roles and/or age groups, irrespective of poverty level and areas of residence. Third, father and mother educations are crucial determinants that raise the dietary diversity of household members; however, they do not resolve the inequality. Overall, it is suggested that awareness programs of dietary diversity shall be necessary with a target group of fathers and mothers for the betterment of intrahousehold inequality and health at the household level, contributing to sustainable development goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]