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1. Non-breeding waterbirds benefit from protected areas when adjusting their distribution to climate warming

Author

Cristi Domsa, Jean-Yves Paquet, Alaaeldin Soultan, Samir Sayoud, Taulant Bino, Luiujoe L, Hichem Azafzaf, Diego Pavón-Jordán, Nadjiba Bendjedda, Svein Håkon Lorentsen, Clemence Gaudard, Mohamed Dakki, Laimonas Sniauksta, Norbert Teufelbauer, Danae Portolou, Wesley M. Hochachka, Natykanets, Fredrik Haas, Lesley J. Lewis, Marco Zenatello, Luka Božič, Encarnação, Danka Uzunova, Zuzana Musilová, Sándor Faragó, Aleksi Lehikoinen, Nicolas Strebel, Tibor Mikuska, Alison Johnston, Ridzoň J, Jon E. Brommer, Preben Clausen, Kostyushin Va, Nicky Petkov, Andrej Vizi, Gosztonyi L, Antra Stīpniece, Teresa Frost, Christina Ieronymidou, Marko Šćiban, Elie Gaget, Menno Hornman, Johannes Wahl, Koen Devos, Goran Topić, Blas Molina, Brett K. Sandercock, Włodzimierz Meissner, Tom Langendoen, and Kiraz Erciyas-Yavuz

Subjects
Extinction, Range (biology), Ecology, Lag, Local extinction, Species distribution, Global warming, Environmental science, Vulnerable species, Colonization
Abstract

Climate warming is driving changes in species distributions, although many species show a so-called climatic debt, where their range shifts lag behind the fast shift in temperature isoclines. Protected areas (PAs) may impact the rate of distribution changes both positively and negatively. At the cold edges of species distributions, PAs can facilitate species distribution changes by increasing the colonization required for distribution change. At the warm edges, PAs can mitigate the loss of species, by reducing the local extinction of vulnerable species. To assess the importance of PAs to affect species distribution change, we evaluated the changes in a non-breeding waterbird community as a response to temperature increase and PA status, using changes of species occurrence in the Western-Palearctic over 25 years (97 species, 7,071 sites, 39 countries, 1993– 2017). We used a community temperature index (CTI) framework based on species thermal affinities to investigate the species turn-over induced by temperature increase. In addition, we measured whether the thermal community adjustment was led by cold-dwelling species extinction and/or warm-dwelling species colonization, by modelling the change in standard deviation of the CTI (CTIsd). Using linear mixed-effects models, we investigated whether communities within PAs had lower climatic debt and different patterns of community change regarding the local PA surface. Thanks to the combined use of the CTI and CTIsd, we found that communities inside PAs had more species, higher colonization, lower extinction and the climatic debt was 16% lower than outside PAs. The results suggest the importance of PAs to facilitate warm-dwelling species colonization and attenuate cold-dwelling species extinction. The community adjustment was however not sufficiently fast to keep pace with the strong temperature increase in central and northeastern Western-Palearctic regions. Our study underlines the potential of the combined CTI and CTIsd metrics to understand the colonization-extinction patterns driven by climate warming.

Published
2021
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2. Benefits of protected areas for nonbreeding waterbirds adjusting their distributions under climate warming.

Author

Gaget E, Pavón-Jordán D, Johnston A, Lehikoinen A, Hochachka WM, Sandercock BK, Soultan A, Azafzaf H, Bendjedda N, Bino T, Božič L, Clausen P, Dakki M, Devos K, Domsa C, Encarnação V, Erciyas-Yavuz K, Faragó S, Frost T, Gaudard C, Gosztonyi L, Haas F, Hornman M, Langendoen T, Ieronymidou C, Kostyushin VA, Lewis LJ, Lorentsen SH, Luigujõe L, Meissner W, Mikuska T, Molina B, Musilová Z, Natykanets V, Paquet JY, Petkov N, Portolou D, Ridzoň J, Sayoud S, Šćiban M, Sniauksta L, Stīpniece A, Strebel N, Teufelbauer N, Topić G, Uzunova D, Vizi A, Wahl J, Zenatello M, and Brommer JE

Subjects
Animals, Biodiversity, Birds, Ecosystem, Temperature, Climate Change, Conservation of Natural Resources
Abstract

Climate warming is driving changes in species distributions and community composition. Many species have a so-called climatic debt, that is, shifts in range lag behind shifts in temperature isoclines. Inside protected areas (PAs), community changes in response to climate warming can be facilitated by greater colonization rates by warm-dwelling species, but also mitigated by lowering extirpation rates of cold-dwelling species. An evaluation of the relative importance of colonization-extirpation processes is important to inform conservation strategies that aim for both climate debt reduction and species conservation. We assessed the colonization-extirpation dynamics involved in community changes in response to climate inside and outside PAs. To do so, we used 25 years of occurrence data of nonbreeding waterbirds in the western Palearctic (97 species, 7071 sites, 39 countries, 1993-2017). We used a community temperature index (CTI) framework based on species thermal affinities to investigate species turnover induced by temperature increase. We determined whether thermal community adjustment was associated with colonization by warm-dwelling species or extirpation of cold-dwelling species by modeling change in standard deviation of the CTI (CTI SD ). Using linear mixed-effects models, we investigated whether communities in PAs had lower climatic debt and different patterns of community change than communities outside PAs. For CTI and CTI SD combined, communities inside PAs had more species, higher colonization, lower extirpation, and lower climatic debt (16%) than communities outside PAs. Thus, our results suggest that PAs facilitate 2 independent processes that shape community dynamics and maintain biodiversity. The community adjustment was, however, not sufficiently fast to keep pace with the large temperature increases in the central and northeastern western Palearctic. Our results underline the potential of combining CTI and CTI SD metrics to improve understanding of the colonization-extirpation patterns driven by climate warming., (© 2020 The Authors. Conservation Biology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society for Conservation Biology.)

Published
2021
Full Text
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