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Background At the most severe end of the spectrum of congenital heart disease are patients with an univentricular physiology. They comprise a heterogeneous group of congenital heart malformations that have the common characteristic that the cardiac morphology is not equipped for sustaining a biventricular circulation. Case summary Here, we present a case of an adult patient after Fontan palliation, illustrative of the complex clinical course and the broad spectrum of complications that can be encountered during follow-up, highlighting the need for a multidisciplinary approach in the clinical care for these patients. Discussion During the surgical Fontan procedure, the inferior vena cava is connected to the pulmonary circulation, after prior connection of the superior vena cava to the pulmonary arterial circulation. The resulting cavopulmonary connection, thus lacking a subpulmonic ventricle, provides non-pulsatile passive flow of oxygen-poor blood from the systemic venous circulation into the lungs, and the functional monoventricle pumps the oxygen-rich pulmonary venous return blood into the aorta. With an operative mortality of <5% and current 30-year survival rates up to 85%, the adult population of patients with a Fontan circulation is growing. This increase in survival is, however, inevitably accompanied by long-term complications affecting multiple organ systems, resulting in decline in cardiovascular performance. Conclusion For optimal treatment, the evaluation in a multidisciplinary team is mandatory, using the specific expertise of the team members to timely detect and address late complications and to support quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To define the extent of overall brain damage in patients with clinically isolated syndromes (CIS) suggestive of multiple sclerosis (MS) and to identify non-conventional magnetic resonance (MR) metrics predictive of evolution to definite MS. Brain conventional and magnetization transfer (MT) MRI scans were obtained from 208 CIS patients and 55 matched healthy controls, recruited in four centres. Patients were assessed clinically at the time of MRI acquisition and after a median period of 3.1 years from disease onset. The following measures were derived: T2, T1 and gadolinium (Gd)- enhancing lesion volumes (LV), normalized brain volume (NBV), MTR histogram-derived quantities of the normal-appearing white matter (NAWM) and grey matter (GM). During the follow-up, 43 % of the patients converted to definite MS. At baseline, a significant inter-centre heterogeneity was detected for T2 LV (p = 0.003), T1 LV (p = 0.006), NBV (p < 0.001) and MTR histogram-derived metrics (p < 0.001). Pooled average MTR values differed between CIS patients and controls for NAWM (p = 0.003) and GM (p = 0.01). Gdactivity and positivity of International Panel (IP) criteria for disease dissemination in space (DIS), but not NAWM and GM MTR and NBV, were associated with evolution to definite MS. The final multivariable model retained only MRI IP criteria for DIS (p = 0.05; HR = 1.66, 95 % CI = 1.00–2.77) as an independent predictor of evolution to definite MS. Although irreversible tissue injury is present from the earliest clinical stages of MS, macroscopic focal lesions but not "diffuse" brain damage measured by MTR are associated to an increased risk of subsequent development of definite MS in CIS patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The magnetization transfer ratio (MTR) is strongly related to the field strength ( B1) of the saturation pulse. B1 variations therefore can result in significant MTR variations and can affect histogram analysis, particularly if data from a large volume of interest are included. A multicenter study was performed to determine the typical range of B1 errors and the corresponding MTR variations in brain tissue of healthy volunteers. Seven subjects were included at each center resulting in a total cohort of 28 subjects. Additionally, numerical simulations were done to study this relationship more generally for pulsed saturation. It could be demonstrated, both theoretically and empirically, that for typical B1 errors there is a linear relationship between B1 error and the corresponding MTR change. In addition, for proton density-weighted sequences, this relationship seems to be largely independent of the underlying relaxation properties. Mean B1 errors in the entire brain were typically in the range between -3% and -7%. Due to different coil characteristics, significant MTR differences between different scanners and sites were observed. Using a simple correction scheme that is based on a linear regression analysis between MTR and B1 data it was possible to reduce the intersubject variation by ∼50%. Furthermore, interscanner variation could be reduced such that no significant differences between scanners could be detected. The correction scheme may be useful when investigating MTR as an outcome measure in single or multicenter studies. Magn Reson Med 53:134-140, 2005. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The magnetization transfer ratio (MTR) is strongly related to the field strength (B(1)) of the saturation pulse. B(1) variations therefore can result in significant MTR variations and can affect histogram analysis, particularly if data from a large volume of interest are included. A multicenter study was performed to determine the typical range of B(1) errors and the corresponding MTR variations in brain tissue of healthy volunteers. Seven subjects were included at each center resulting in a total cohort of 28 subjects. Additionally, numerical simulations were done to study this relationship more generally for pulsed saturation. It could be demonstrated, both theoretically and empirically, that for typical B(1) errors there is a linear relationship between B(1) error and the corresponding MTR change. In addition, for proton density-weighted sequences, this relationship seems to be largely independent of the underlying relaxation properties. Mean B(1) errors in the entire brain were typically in the range between -3% and -7%. Due to different coil characteristics, significant MTR differences between different scanners and sites were observed. Using a simple correction scheme that is based on a linear regression analysis between MTR and B(1) data it was possible to reduce the intersubject variation by approximately 50%. Furthermore, interscanner variation could be reduced such that no significant differences between scanners could be detected. The correction scheme may be useful when investigating MTR as an outcome measure in single or multicenter studies., (Copyright 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.)