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Glacial-derived suspended matter is an important source of nutrients to Svalbard fjords, including bioessential nutrients such as iron, ammonia, trace metals. The flux of terrestrial material enhanced by intensive deglaciation in Svalbard results in substantial changes in continental shelf conditions. According to the latest forecasts, the mass of glaciers in the Svalbard is expected to decrease by 20-50% by the end of the century under the RCP 2.6 scenario and by 40-85% under the RCP 8.5 scenario, and the area – by 10-50% and 30-80% accordingly. Further changes in glaciation are expected to result not only in volumetric changes in matter supply to fjords but substantial shift in the mechanics of this process as sustained glacier recession will eventually change the glacial regime from predominately tidewater to land-based.Present study reveals interconnection between glacier melt regime and characteristics of the suspended sediment content in tidal waters. Two contrast glacier basins have been chosen as objects of the study – tidewater Hansbreen draining into Hansbukta and land-based Gåsbreen draining into Gåshamna. The study couples energy-balance modelling of glacier ablation with field measurement of suspended sediment content, sediment flux, and fresh water fraction in the bays during 2015-2022. Possible mechanisms of accelerated glacier melt driving changes in the flux of terrestrial material to Svalbard fjords are discussed. The research contributes to the investigation of consequences of deglaciation on the marine biological production in High Arctic areas.This study is funded by the Norwegian Financial Mechanism 2014-2021, grant agreement no. UMO-2019/34/H/ST10/00504., The 28th IUGG General Assembly (IUGG2023) (Berlin 2023)

Tiivistelmä. Sinkki on raskasmetalli, joka esiintyy vesiliuoksessa kahdenarvoisena kationina. Sinkkiä käytetään paljon teollisuudessa, joka on samalla suurin syy sinkin runsaaseen esiintymiseen vedessä. Sinkin pitoisuus juomavedessä ei saa ylittää arvoa 5 mg/l, sillä liian suurina pitoisuuksina se aiheuttaa terveysongelmia. Metallikationeja voidaan poistaa vedestä usealla eri menetelmällä, joista adsorptio on yleisin. Adsorbentteina voivat toimia esimerkiksi hiilipohjaiset, happipitoiset, polymeeriset ja luonnon materiaalit. Adsorption tehokkuuteen vaikuttavat muun muassa käytetty adsorbentti, reaktioaika, lämpötila, pH, konsentraatio ja adsorbentin annostus. Tämän lisäksi adsorbenttia voidaan myös modifioida, jolloin pinnalle kiinnittyvien adsorbaattien selektiivisyyttä voidaan kohdentaa. Aktiivihiili on maailmalla käytetyin adsorbentti ja sitä tuotetaan vuosittain merkittäviä määriä. Aktiivihiili pystyy adsorboimaan sekä orgaanisia että epäorgaanisia yhdisteitä ja sitä käytetään paljon raskasmetallien poistoon. Aktiivihiiltä voidaan valmistaa esimerkiksi sahanpurusta ja muista biomassapohjaisista jätteistä. Hiilimateriaalien käyttöä adsorbentteina puoltaa niiden tehokkuus, mutta myös regeneroitavuus. Nämä yhdessä mahdollistavat helpon, mutta edullisen vedenpuhdistusmenetelmän. Tutkielmassa perehdytään adsorptioon ja desorptioon metallien poiston näkökulmasta, sekä tutkitaan mahdollisia aktivointi- ja modifiointikeinoja sinkin selektiivisen poiston saavuttamiseksi. Kirjallisuuskatsauksessa esitellään tutkimuksia, joissa sinkin poistoa adsorptiossa on pyritty optimoimaan hiilimateriaaleille sekä panos- että kolonnikokeissa. Lisäksi tutkielmassa perehdytään regenerointiin ja regenerointikemikaalien valintaan metallikationien talteenotossa, jotta adsorbentti voidaan palauttaa toimintakykyiseksi. Lopuksi tutkielmassa luodaan näkökulmia adsorptio-desorptiosyklien päätepisteeseen tulleen adsorbentin ja regeneroinnissa syntyneen jäteliuoksen kierrätykselle.

Tiivistelmä. Veri-aivoeste muodostaa tärkeän suojan selkärankaisten keskushermostolle muun muassa patogeenejä, kuten viruksia, vastaan. Normaaleissa oloissa aivojen parenkyymissä esiintyy hyvin rajattu kokoonpano leukosyyttejä. Virusten neuroinvaasio järkyttää aivojen homeostaasia, jonka seurauksena veri-aivoeste avautuu valikoidusti käynnistääkseen immuunivasteen virushyökkäykselle. Tästä seuraa keskushermoston eriasteisten vaurioiden muodostuminen. Virukset ovat kehitelleet hyvin erilaisia mekanismeja läpäistäkseen veri-aivoesteen. Eroja tuovat neurotrooppisten virusten käyttämät kulkumekanismit sekä läpäisyn jälkeinen toiminta aivojen parenkyymissä. Virusten neuroinvaasiokyvyissä on myös huomattavia eroja, jotka näkyvät niiden aiheuttamissa neurologisissa häiriössä. Virusten neuroinvaasio-mekanismien tutkiminen solutasolla on avannut suuresti erilaisten neurologisten häiriöiden muodostumisen taustoja. Mekanismeissa on havaittu viruksien suora veri-aivoesteen ylitys tai niiden kulkeutuminen aivojen parenkyymiin käyttämällä ei-hematogeenisia reittejä. Tässä tutkielmassa keskityn aiheen mukaisesti viruksien suoraan veri-aivoesteen ylitykseen ja niiden käyttämiin mekanismeihin. Virusten kulkeutumisen keskushermostoon mahdollista yleensä kehon oma immuunivaste virusinvaasioon. Yleiset muutokset veri-aivoesteessä ovat sen rakenteen tiivisliitoksiin kohdistuvat muutokset sekä sen solujen permeabiliteetin lisääntyminen. Tämän saa aikaan muun muassa veri-aivoesteen solujen erittämät proinflammatoriset tekijät, jotka heikentävät veri-aivoesteen tiivistä rakennetta. Virusten neuroinvasiivinen toiminta on suorassa yhteydessä niiden aiheuttamiin neurologisiin häiriöihin. Eri virustyypit infektoivat erilaisia solutyyppejä ja johtavat infektiotyypillisien sairauksien kehittymiseen. Neurotrooppisten virusten toiminnan tutkiminen on lisääntynyt suuresti 2000-luvulla ja on mahdollistanut hoitomuotojen kehittämisen eri virusinfektioihin. Tutkimuksissa on käytetty lähinnä eläintautimalleja, joiden soveltaminen ihmiseen on vielä ongelma monen viruksen kohdalla. Tarkempi tieto virusten aiheuttamista muutoksista neurologisella tasolla on välttämätöntä uusien ja turvallisten hoitomuotojen kehittämiselle tulevaisuudessa.

Background: Severe health events may lead to reduced income among survivors. Importantly, individuals’ risks for both severe health events and for lower income are shaped by early life course. Our aim was to consider early-life factors in determining lost individual income after stroke, heart attack and cancer between ages 18 and 50. Methods: A population-based Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 (N = 12 058) was used. Early-life factors were collected since mid-pregnancy until age 16 years and used to match all persons with stroke, heart attack, or cancer (n = 995) with four controls. Registered annual individual income development 15 years before and after the event was compared between cases and propensity score matched controls using time-to-event mixed models, stratified for sex. Results: Compared to controls, a new decreasing income trend emerged among women after stroke (logarithmic income per time −0.54; 95% CI −0.88 to −0.20), whereas men getting stroke showed declining earnings already by the time of the event, further declining after stroke (−1.00, −1.37 to −0.63). Getting heart attack was associated with a new declining trend both in women (−0.68; −1.28 to −0.09) and men (−0.69, −1.05 to −0.32). Income declined also among control men (−0.24, −0.34 to −0.14), who had higher income but were less educated than control women. Conclusions: Stroke and heart attack but not cancer have exogenous deleterious effects on individual economy, independently of early-life factors. The effects accelerate by time. Negative income trend in control men shows that severe health events do not explain all decrease in income.

We apply neoclassical economic modelling augmented with behavioral aspects to provide a detailed empirical investigation into indicators of socio-economic status (SES) as determinants of leisure-time physical activity. We utilize the data from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 obtained at the most recent time point during 2012–2014 (response rate 67 %), at which time the participants were approximately 46 years old. Our final study sample consists of 3,335 employed participants (1520 men, 1815 women; 32.3 % of the target population). We apply logistic regression methods for estimating how the probability of being physically active is related to various indicators of socio-economic status, taking into account physical activity at work and individual lifestyle, family- and health-related factors. Overall, our findings show that belonging to a higher socio-economic group, whether defined by income level, educational attainment, or occupational status, is associated with higher leisure-time physical activity. However, when we analyze different socio-economic groups, defined in terms of education, income and occupation, separately, we find that income is not a significant determinant of leisure-time physical activity within any of the particular SES groups. Further, we find that leisure-time physical activity is negatively associated with higher screen time (i.e., watching TV and sitting at a computer), and other aspects of unhealthy lifestyle, and positively associated with self-assessed health. In addition, we note that proxies for individual motivational factors and childhood physical activity, such as the grade point average and the grade achieved in physical education when leaving basic education, are strongly correlated with leisure-time physical activity in middle age among men, but not among women. Our results are in line with behavioral economics reasoning that social comparisons and environments affect behaviors. We emphasize the importance of considering behavioral economic factors when designing policies to promote physical activity.

We studied globally representative data to quantify how daily fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations influence both daily stock market returns and volatility. Time-series analysis was applied on 47 city-level environmental and economic datasets and meta-analysis of the city-specific estimates was used to generate a global summary effect estimate. We found that, on average, a 10 μg/m³ increase in PM2.5 reduces same day returns by 1.2% (regression coefficient: − 0.012, 95% confidence interval: − 0.021, − 0.003) Based on a meta-regression, these associations are stronger in areas where the average PM2.5 concentrations are lower, the mean returns are higher, and where the local stock market capitalization is low. Our results suggest that a 10 μg/m³ increase in PM2.5 exposure increases stock market volatility by 0.2% (regression coefficient 0.002, 95% CI 0.000, 0.004), but the city-specific estimates were heterogeneous. Meta-regression analysis did not explain much of the between-city heterogeneity. Our results provide global evidence that short-term exposure to air pollution both reduces daily stock market returns and increases volatility.

We measure the time variation of risk preferences in real market data. We utilize data on Swedish tote-betting on horse races for the period 1995 to 2015 and show that risk preferences among horse-race bettors change with economic conditions. More specifically, we extract a measure of risk-aversion based on the favorite-longshot bias (FLB) and provide evidence that the computed measure follows the consumer-confidence index. In addition, we show by an application that the FLB-based risk-preference measure sharpens the predictions of a simple forecasting model for Swedish industrial production. Furthermore, we show that risk-aversion consistently increases following shocking news on disastrous events, including non-economic events such as natural disasters and terrorist attacks. We argue that emotions, such as fear, are the likely explanation for this variation.

Background/Aim: Dilatation of the main pulmonary artery (mPA) is a common incidental finding in chest imaging and often leads to consultation. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of mPA dilatation in a coronary artery CT angiography (CCTA) population. Patients and Methods: The study investigated 985 consecutive patients scheduled for diagnostic CCTA. The transverse axial diameter of the mPA was measured. The prevalence of mPA dilatation was estimated using different reference values (Framingham Heart Study: 28.9 mm for males and 26.9 mm for females, Bozlar: 29.5 mm for both genders and Karazincir: 32.6 mm for males and 31.9 mm for females). Results: The patient mean age was 53.0±9.7 years (66.5% were women). Body surface area (BSA) correlated moderately with the mPA diameter (r=0.423, p

This chapter investigates changes in the use of the (semi-)modal verbs must, HAVE to, NEED to and should in Australian, New Zealand and British parliamentary records in sampled data from 1901 to 2015. Modal verbs, especially those expressing obligation/necessity, are strong indicators of stance, and therefore helpful in showing how speaker stance has changed over more than a century in the political discourse of the three national varieties. Overall frequencies for each of the (semi-)modals were calculated, as well as proportional frequencies for their combination with first person pronoun subjects. A set of subject nouns representing Government, Members and the Public were also investigated. Results showed British parliamentary discourse to be more conservative than that in either Australia or New Zealand, in the relative preservation of modal use against a declining trend, and later uptake of the incoming semi-modal NEED to. Peaks of (semi-)modal usage appear to coincide with periods of collective responsibility, such as Federation for Australia in 1901, and increased self-reliance for Australia and New Zealand in the 1960s. The expression of stance in interactions between members also modulates over time in each region, with the introduction of broadcasting perhaps influencing the degree of obligation/necessity expressed towards each other, and directed at an external public audience.

Background: Productivity costs result from loss of paid and unpaid work and replacements due to morbidity and mortality. They are usually assessed in health economic evaluations with human capital method (HCM) or friction cost method (FCM). The methodology for estimating lost productivity is an area of considerable debate. Objective: To compare traditional and adjusted HCM and FCM productivity cost estimates among young stroke patients. Methods: The Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 was followed until the age of 50 to identify all 339 stroke patients whose productivity costs were estimated with traditional, occupation-specific and adjusted HCM and FCM models by using detailed, national register-based data on care, disability, mortality, education, taxation and labour market. Results: Compared to traditional HCM, taking into account occupational class, national unemployment rate, disability-free life expectancy and decline in work ability, the productivity cost estimate decreased by a third, from €255,960 to €166,050. When traditional FCM was adjusted for occupational class and national unemployment rate, the estimate more than doubled from €3,040 to €7,020. HCM was more sensitive to adjustments for discount rate and wage growth rate than FCM. Conclusions: This study highlights the importance of adjustments of HCM and FCM. Routine register-based data can be used for accurate productivity cost estimates of health shocks.

Summary: We investigated longitudinal changes in tibia bone strength in master power (jumping and sprinting) and endurance (distance) athletes of both sexes. Bone mass but not cross‐sectional moment of inertia was better maintained in power than endurance athletes over time, particularly in men and independent of changes in performance.\ud \ud Objective: Assessment of effects of sex and athletic discipline (lower limb power events e.g. sprint running and jumping versus endurance running events) on longitudinal changes in bone strength in masters athletes.\ud \ud Methods: We examined tibia and fibula bone properties at distal (4% distal‐proximal tibia length) and proximal (66% length) sites using peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) in seventy‐one track and field masters athletes (30 male, 41 female, age at baseline 57.0±12.2y) in a longitudinal cohort study that included at least two testing sessions over a mean period of 4.2±3.1y. Effects of time, as well as time*sex and time*discipline interactions on bone parameters and calf muscle cross‐sectional area (CSA) were examined.\ud \ud Results: Effects of time were sex and discipline‐dependent, even following adjustment for enrolment age, sex, and changes in muscle CSA and athletic performance. Male sex and participation in power events was associated with better maintenance of tibia bone mineral content (BMC, an indicator of bone compressive strength) at 4% and 66% sites. In contrast, there was no strong evidence of sex or discipline effects on cross‐sectional moment of inertia (CSMI, an indicator of bone bending and torsional strength – P > 0.3 for interactions). Similar sex and discipline‐specific changes were also observed in the fibula.\ud \ud Conclusions: Results suggest that male athletes and those participating in lower limb power‐based rather than endurance‐based disciplines have better maintenance of bone compressive but not bending and torsional strength.

Objectives: To clarify the prevalence and risk factors of ascending aortic (AA) dilatation according to ESC 2014 guidelines. Methods: This study included 1000 consecutive patients scheduled for diagnostic coronary artery computed tomographic angiography. AA diameter was retrospectively measured in 3 planes: sinus valsalva, sinotubular junction, and tubular part. The threshold for AA dilatation was set to > 40 mm which has been suggested as an upper normal limit for AA diameter in ESC 2014 guidelines on aortic diseases. Aortic size index (ASI) using the ratio between aortic diameter and body surface area (BSA) was applied as a comparative measurement. The threshold for AA dilatation was set to the upper limit of normal distribution exceeding two standard deviations (95%). Risk factors for AA dilatation were collected from medical records. Results: The patients’ mean age was 52.9 ± 9.8 years (66.5% women). The prevalence of AA dilatation was 23.0% in the overall study population (52.5% males) and 15.1% in the subgroup of patients with no coronary artery disease or bicuspid (BAV)/mechanical aortic valve (n = 365). According to the normal-distributed ASI values, the threshold for sinus valsalva was defined as 23.2 mm/m2 and for tubular part 22.2 mm/m2 in the subgroup. Higher BSA was associated with larger AA dimensions (r = 0.407, p