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This letter presents new nontrivial stochastic identities for random isotropic second rank tensor fields. They can be considered as criteria of statistical isotropy in turbulent flows of any nature. The case of axial symmetry is also considered. We confirm the validity of the identities using different direct numerical simulations of turbulent flows., Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures

A set of exact integrals of motion is found for systems driven by homogenous isotropic stochastic flow. The integrals of motion describe the evolution of (hyper-)surfaces of different dimensions transported by the flow, and can be expressed in terms of local surface densities. The expression for the integrals is universal: it represents general geometric properties and does not depend on the statistics of the specific flow.

The conventional theory of small-scale magnetic field generation in a turbulent flow considers time-reversible random flows. However, real turbulent flows are known to be time irreversible: the presence of energy cascade is an intrinsic property of turbulence. We generalize the 'standard' model to account for the irreversibility. We show that even small time asymmetry leads to significant suppression of the dynamo effect at low magnetic Prandtl numbers, increases the generation threshold and may even make generation impossible for any magnetic Reynolds number. We calculate the magnetic energy growth rate as a function of the parameters of the flow.

We consider the line, surface and volume elements of fluid in stationary isotropic incompressible stochastic flow in $d$-dimensional space and investigate the long-time evolution of their statistic properties. We report the discovery of a family of $d!-1$ stochastical integrals of motion that are universal in the sense their explicit form does not depend on the statistics of velocity. Only one of them has been discussed previously.

We consider finite-dimensional systems of linear stochastic differential equations ${\partial_t}{x_k}\left( t \right) = {A_{kp}}\left( t \right){x_p}\left( t \right)$, ${\bf A}(t)$ being a stationary continuous statistically isotropic stochastic process with values in real $d \times d$ matrices. We suppose also that the laws of ${\bf A}(t)$ satisfy the large deviation principle. For these systems, we find exact expressions for the Lyapunov and generalized Lyapunov exponents and show that they are determined in a precise way only by the rate function of the diagonal elements of ${\bf A}$.

We consider a natural generalization of the Kazantsev-Kraichnan model for small-scale turbulent dynamo. This generalization takes account of statistical time asymmetry of a turbulent flow, and, thus, allows to describe velocity fields with energy cascade. For three-dimensional velocity field, generalized Kazantsev equation is derived, and evolution of the second order magnetic field correlator is investigated for large but finite magnetic Prandtl numbers. It is shown that as $Pr_m \to \infty$, the growth increment tends to the limit known from the T-exponential (Lagrangian deformation) method. Magnetic field generation is shown to be weaker than that in the Gaussian velocity field for any direction of the energy cascade, and depends essentially on the Prandtl number., Comment: 6 figures, 1 table

We consider the kinematic stage of evolution of magnetic field advected by turbulent hydrodynamic flow. We use a generalization of the Kazantsev-Kraichnan model to investigate time irreversible flows. In the viscous range of scales, the infinite-time limit of the spectrum is a power law but its slope is more flat than that predicted by Kazantsev model. This result agrees with numerical simulations. The rate of magnetic energy growth is slower than that in the time-symmetric case. We show that for high magnetic Prandtl turbulent plasma, the formation of the power-law spectrum shape takes very long time and may never happen because of the nonlinearity. We propose another ansatz to describe the spectrum shape at finite time.

We analyze properties of non-thermal radio emission from the Central Molecular Zone (CMZ) and individual molecular clouds, and argue that the observed features can be interpreted in the framework of our recent theory of self-modulation of cosmic rays (CRs) penetrating dense molecular regions. For clouds with gas column densities of $\sim10^{23}$ cm$^{-2}$, the theory predicts depletion of sub-GeV CR electrons, occurring due to self-modulation of CR protons and leading to harder synchrotron spectra in the sub-GHz range. The predicted imprints of electron depletion in the synchrotron spectra agree well with the spectral hardening seen in available radio observations of the CMZ. A similar, but even stronger effect on the synchrotron emission is predicted for individual (denser) CMZ clouds, such as the Sgr B2. However, the emission at frequencies above $\sim$ GHz, where observational data are available, is completely dominated by the thermal component, and therefore new observations at lower frequencies are needed to verify the predictions., Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJ

Kinematic dynamo in incompressible isotropic turbulent flows with high magnetic Prandtl number is considered. The approach interpreting an arbitrary magnetic field distribution as a superposition of localized perturbations (blobs) is proposed. We derive a relation between stochastic properties of a blob and a stochastically homogenous distribution of magnetic field advected by the same stochastic flow. This relation allows to investigate the evolution of a localized blob at late stage when its size exceeds the viscous scale. It is shown that in 3-dimansional flows, the average magnetic field of the blob increases exponentially in the inertial range of turbulence, as opposed to the late-Batchelor stage when it decreases. Our approach reveals the mechanism of dynamo generation in the inertial range both for blobs and homogenous contributions. It explains the absence of dynamo in the two-dimensional case and its efficiency in three dimensions. We propose the way to observe the mechanism in numerical simulations., Comment: 10 pages, 1 figure

We consider fluctuations of magnetic field excited by external force and advected by isotropic turbulent flow. It appears that non-Gaussian velocity gradient statistics and finite region of pumping force provide the existence of stationary solution. The mean-square magnetic field is calculated for arbitrary velocity gradient statistics. An estimate for possible feedback of magnetic field on velocity shows that, for wide range of parameters, stationarity without feedback would take place even in the case of intensive pumping of magnetic field., Comment: 7 pages, 2 figures

Evolution of stochastically homogeneous magnetic field advected by incompressible turbulent flow with large magnetic Prandtl numbers is considered at the scales less than Kolmogorov viscous scale. It is shown that, despite unlimited growth of the magnetic field, its feedback on the fluid's dynamics remains negligibly small., Comment: 7 pages, 1 figure

On the grounds of both widely known experimental and numerical data of the strain-rate tensor statistical properties in the fully developed incompressible turbulent flow and the integral transformations deduced in the article, some important statistical properties of the flow, known as kinematical, are found to be dynamical (i.e. taking place purely in a turbulent flow). A new pseudo-Gauss distribution is introduced in the article and, as a consequence of these properties, a considerable feature distinguishing this distribution from the Gauss one is found to be the general feature of the turbulent statistics. Thus, the new distribution is proved to be a reversible counterpart of the true turbulent velocity gradient distribution instead of the Gauss one., Comment: 15 pages, 4 figures