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Introduction and aim. Preiser disease is an avascular necrosis of the scaphoid. It is a rare disease, and even less common among the pediatric population. Disease is idiopathic, occurring without trauma or scaphoid non-union. Diagnostic methods include classic radiology, CT, MRI and bone scan. Treatment may be both surgical and conservative, and main aim is pain relief and widening range of motion of the wrist. The main aim of this paper is to summarize available knowledge about Preiser disease in the pediatric population. Material and methods. The paper is based on scientific publications available in PubMed and NCBI databases. After evaluation of abstracts, papers were selected and analyzed, considering the references citied. Analysis of the literature. Preiser disease is rare in the pediatric population. Children tend to present better results after conservative treatment than adults. Currently there are no unified treatment recommendations in Preiser disease, as knowledge about this condition is still limited. Wider research is vital to unify management recommendations. Conclusion. Preiser disease can affect patients of both sexes at any age, but it is exceedingly rare in children. There is a need for controlled randomized studies to establish the treatment standards, which is challenging due to the rarity of the disease. By now, non-surgical treatment tends to be the most common among the pediatric population. Surgical methods implemented in this condition include vascularized bone grafts and proximal row carpectomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this review is to present current scientific reports on the pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN). Views: The condition is caused by a mutation in the PANK2 gene, which results in iron accumulation in the brain and changes in the functioning of biochemical pathways dependent on coenzyme A. There are two clinical types of PKAN, which differ in the time of onset of symptoms and speed of disease progression. Imaging studies, specifically magnetic resonance (MR), and genetic testing are commonly used in the diagnosis process. The characteristic radiological image seen in T2-MR images is the "eye of the tiger". Patients with PKAN can only receive treatment for symptoms because there are no effective treatment methods available. Pharmacological methods include symptomatic medications, such as pregabalin, gabapentin, or botulinum toxin, and disease-modifying agents, such as iron chelators. Surgical procedures or deep brain stimulation as alternative methods can also be considered. The review presents data from studies published between 2017 and 2024. Conclusions: There are many studies on the pathophysiology and treatment methods for PKAN patients, but the results are still limited. The future of PKAN treatment will be characterized by personalized treatment that is based on the patient's genetic and environmental factors. Further investigation of these is necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Melanoma is an aggressive neoplasm mainly affecting the skin. It has a predisposition to metastasis and it presents the highest propensity to spread to the heart, mostly through the hematologic route. Cardiac metastases frequently remain asymptomatic, even though the metastatic process to other organs is described as an advanced stage of the melanoma. Treatment methods include conservative and surgical management. Surgeries should be preferably performed at the early stages of the disease, when physicians can achieve total resections with clear margins. In some cases palliative procedures are also implemented. In 26 patients analyzed in this review, eleven cases presented favorable results of the surgery. In majority of the patients the diffuse metastatic disease led to their decease despite the surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gamma knife radiosurgery (GKRS) is a minimally invasive technique frequently employed in neurosurgery or oncology, and it has applications in psychiatric patients as well. While it is commonly used in conditions like obsessive-compulsive disorder, GKRS also has efficacy in treating major depression disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, autism spectrum disorder and anorexia nervosa. Promising outcomes have been observed, particularly in cases resistant to conventional treatment, leading to significant improvements in the patients' quality of life. Severe adverse effects from GKRS procedures are rare. To enhance our understanding of the utilization of GKRS in psychiatry, further extensive research, especially through double-blinded studies involving larger cohorts, is imperative. Determining the ideal volume and radiation dose for radiosurgical capsulotomy remains a key topic of research. When it comes to psychiatric neurosurgical procedures, the decision-making process should be personalized for each patient, taking all relevant factors into consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Complex regional pain syndrome is a complex disease characterized by neuropathic pain out of proportion to the injury, followed by neurological malfunctions or circulation issues, swelling, sweating or trophic changes. The disease in most cases is affecting limbs, and is often connected with fractures, injuries or traumas. Exact pathomechanisms underlying CRPS are not fully understood. Diagnosis is made based on physical examination, patient's history, neurological examination and laboratory tests. Among radiological scans that are used in the diagnostic process one can find radiography, magnetic resonance imaging, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry or scintigraphy. The gold standard in making a diagnosis of CRPS are Budapest clinical criteria. Management methods in CRPS include physiotherapy, pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, physical therapy and invasive methods. The main goal is to relieve pain and to improve the functioning and the quality of life of the patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Giant cell tumor of tendon sheath is a rare and benign soft-tissue tumor, which is even less common in the pediatric population. It may be connected with chromosomal translocations, often the 1p11-13. Symptoms include pain, swelling, palpable mass or limited range of motion. Magnetic resonance is the diagnostic method of choice. Histopathological image obtained from biopsy should be also evaluated. The gold standard of treatment is total surgical resection of the tumor, as incomplete excision may result in recurrence. Physicians should also consider the future function of the affected joint or limb. Our aim was to review the available literature about GCTTS in the pediatric population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]