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Purpose: To investigate correlations among clinical, immunohistochemical, and biochemical characteristics of epiretinal membranes (ERMs) and their prognostic implications., Methods: This prospective study included 120 patients with idiopathic ERM who underwent vitrectomy. Preoperative and postoperative best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) were measured. Surgical ERM tissues underwent immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis, and vitreous samples were analyzed for cytokine levels. Statistical analysis assessed associations among BCVA, OCT metrics (ERM stage, inner-retinal irregularity index [IRII], ellipsoid zone disruption [EZD]), IHC features (cell density, protein expression), and cytokines., Results: The average age of the participants was 70.2 ± 7.6 years, and ERM stages were distributed as Stage 2 in 34 eyes (28.3%), Stage 3 in 54 eyes (45.0%), and Stage 4 in 32 eyes (26.7%). Advancing ERM stage was linked with worsening visual outcomes, higher preoperative IRII, increased EZD incidence, increased ERM cellularity, and elevated TGF-β1 level. Protein expression for myofibroblasts (αSMA), glial cells (GFAP), hyalocytes (CD45), and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells (PRPH2) correlated positively with ERM stage. Multivariate analysis showed preoperative IRII significantly correlated with preoperative BCVA, GFAP, PRPH2, and type I collagen. TGF-β1 was significantly associated with preoperative IRII, αSMA, type I collagen, and N-cadherin, but not with postoperative BCVA. Postoperative BCVA was significantly correlated with preoperative BCVA, preoperative IRII, preoperative EZD, αSMA, and PRPH2., Conclusions: Early-stage ERM is associated with better visual prognosis, fewer inner and outer retinal changes in OCT, and fewer epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related alterations in ERM tissues. Key prognostic indicators for postoperative BCVA include preoperative BCVA, IRII, EZD, myofibroblasts, and RPE cells. TGF-β1 promotes the transdifferentiation of intraocular cells, impacting OCT features directly and visual outcomes indirectly.

Phase-only spatial light modulators (SLMs) are widely used to engineer the phase of light in various applications. However, liquid-crystal-on-silicon SLMs have undesirable spatial variations in phase response and optical flatness across the SLM panel, which must be compensated for accurate phase control. Here, we introduce a simple and fast way to simultaneously extract these two types of SLM nonuniformities at single-pixel resolution using Twyman-Green interferometry without a piezoelectric transducer. By modulating the interference intensity via the SLM gray level, our approach requires N times fewer interferograms than typical N-step phase shift interferometry (PSI), while providing flatness correction as accurate as PSI. In practice, our calibration method works well with as few as 18 interferograms, which can be quickly acquired without concern for phase drift. We detail the calibration procedure and discuss the performance of our calibration.