Search

Kako bi se smanjili neželjeni efekti prekomerne upotrebe herbicida u poljoprivredi teži se primeni alternativnih, ekološki prihvatljivih načina suzbijanja korova. Hidrolati predstavljaju nusproizvode nastale tokom procesa ekstrakcije etarskih ulja. U radu je ispitan efekat hidrolata macine trave (Nepeta cataria L., fam. Lamiaceae) na klijanje semena i rast korenka i stabaoca kukuruza (Zea mays L.), soje (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), štira (Amarantus retroflexus L.) i pepeljuge (Chenopodium album L.). Po 25 semena svake ispitivane vrste je postavljeno u Petri posude na filter hartiju i potom tretirano 10, 20, 50 i 100% hidrolatom N. cataria, odnosno destilovanom vodom u slučaju kontrole. Eksperiment je izvršen u 4 ponavljanja. Semena kukuruza i soje su stavljena u Petri posude prečnika 15 cm i tretirana sa 15 ml hidrolata, dok su semena štira i pepeljuge stavljena u Petri posude prečnika 8 cm i tretirana sa 8 ml hidrolata. Petri posude su potom stavljene u klima komoru gde su 10 dana bile u uslovima 22°C/20°C tokom 8/16-časovnog fotoperioda i pri vlazi od 60±1%. Svakog dana je ocenjivana klijavost tretiranih semena, a po završetku ogleda je merena dužina stabaoca i korenka svih test biljaka.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the hydrolates obtained as the by-products of the Thymus vulgaris essential oil steam distillation process. The bioassays, which were undertaken in order to determine the effect on germination and initial growth of seedlings of some cultivated and weed species, were performed under controlled conditions with different concentrations of the hydrolates. Seeds of Glycine max, Helianthus annuus, Zea mays, Triticum aestivum, Daucus carota subsp. sativus, Allium cepa, Medicago sativa, and Trifolium repens, and six weed species—Amaranthus retroflexus, Chenopodium album, Portulaca oleracea, Echinochloa crus-galli, Sorghum halepense, and Solanum nigrum—were treated with 10, 20, 50, and 100% T. vulgaris hydrolate solution. The obtained results showed that the T. vulgaris hydrolate had the least negative effect on the germination of cultivated species, such as soybean, sunflower and maize, whereas clover and alfalfa were the most sensitive. By comparison, all the tested weed species expressed high susceptibility. It can be concluded that the T. vulgaris hydrolate has an herbicidal effect, in addition to its potential as a biopesticide in terms of integrated weed management.

Sprouted seeds and microgreens are emerging as innovative specialty raw salad crops, valued for their health-promoting properties. However, the risk of foodborne illnesses associated with microbial contamination in microgreens underscores the need for effective sanitization in their production. This study explores using hydrolates, by-products of essential oil distillation from six plants, as natural sanitizers in alfalfa microgreen production. The research investigates their impact on seed germination, antimicrobial activity, and sensory attributes. Results revealed that oregano, fennel, lavender, and lemon catmint hydrolates decrease alfalfa seed germination, while peppermint and hop hydrolates have no significant impact. Peppermint and fennel hydrolates demonstrate notable efficacy in antimicrobial testing. Sensory analysis indicates differences in odour and flavour, with peppermint, oregano, and lavender receiving high scores. According to the results, peppermint hydrolate can be considered a favourable option for alfalfa micro sprout production, contributing to sustainable and organic approaches in urban agriculture and underlining the importance of natural sanitizers for food safety.

Cilj ovog tehničkog rešenja je da se ispita mogućnost primene hidrolata (timijan, nana, origano, komorač, hmelj, lavanda i limunska macina trava) u proizvodnji mikroklica lucerke u cilju rešavanja problema mikrobiološke ispravnosti i senzornog poboljšanja ukusa mikroklica, te zaštite životne sredine iskorišćavanjem hidrolata za proces proizvodnje mikroklica.

Allelopathic effects of different plant allelochemicals have become the focus of studies that aim to determine new pesticidal compounds. Plant extracts with different chemical compositions can be obtained using different methods of extraction, whereas studies dealing with allelopathic properties use biotests to obtain fast and precise results. Such studies were undertaken after noticing the allelopathic effects of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) on the surrounding crops. Trials that involve the application of hemp extracts obtained by different methods resulted in determining the hemp allelopathic effects on Stellaria media (L.)Scop., Beta vulgaris ssp. vulgaris var. vulgaris, Lupinus albus L., corn (Zea mays L.), Cyperus rotundus L., Matricaria recutita L., Lepidium sativum L., lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), rye (Secale cereal M. Bieb.), Ambrosia artemisiifolia L., Chenopodium album L., and Sorghum halepense L.

Ispitivanje alelopatskih odnosa različitih biljnih ekstrakata na korovske vrste dobija sve veći značaj. Dobijeni rezultati se mogu koristiti za dalja istraživanja i dobijanje novih herbicidnih preparata. Utvrđeni alelopatski odnosi mogu biti značajni i za organizovanje plodoreda ili za zelenišno đubrenje- zaoravanjem useva sa izraženim alelopatskim dejstvom. Cilj istraživanja je bio da se utvrdi alelopatsko dejstvo ekstrakta Cannabis sativa L. (industrijske konoplje) na Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv. (proso korovsko), praćenjem aktivnosti gvajakol peroksidaze u listovima tretiranih biljaka. Rezultati ogleda su ukazali da su tretirane biljke E. crus-galli pretrpele stres nakon tretmana ekstraktom. Ekstrakt C. sativa dobijen procesom klasične ekstrakcije primenjen je u koncentracijama od 100%, 50%, 25% i 10%. Za kontrolnu varijantu su korišćene netretirane biljke. Biljke E. crus-galli su tretirane u početnim fazama rasta u poljskim uslovima.

Phytotoxic substances released by invasive plants have been reported to have anti‐pathogen, anti‐herbivore, and allelopathic activity. The aim of this study was to determine the allelopathic influence of the Ambrosia trifida L. on oxidative stress parameters (the lipid peroxidation process; reduced glutathione (GSH) content; and activity of antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and peroxidase (PX)) and phenolic compounds (total phenolic and tannin content) in maize (Zea mays L.), soybean (Glycine max L.), and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) crops to explore the effect of released allelochemicals through A. trifida root on crops. An analysis by HPLC confirmed the presence of protocatechuic acid, p‐hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, and syringic acid as major components in the A. trifida. Based on the obtained results for oxidative stress parameters, it can be concluded that the sunflower was the most sensitive species to A. trifida allelochemicals among the tested crops. The other two crops tested showed a different sensitivity to A. trifida. The soybean did not show sensitivity, while the maize showed sensitivity only 10 days after the sowing.

Kvaliteta mlijeka igra ključnu ulogu u širokoj potrošnji, ali i u sudjelovanju u velikom nizu derivata, kao što su jogurt, sir, maslac i sladoled. Utvrđena je učinkovita LC-MS/MS metoda za određivanje 81 različitog ostatka pesticida u uzorcima mlijeka. Analize su obuhvatile 44 uzorka mlijeka prikupljenih tijekom 2019. godine. Od svih pregledanih pesticida u 2,27 % analiziranih uzoraka otkriveni su samo metalaksil (prisutan u 11,36 % uzoraka), bifentrin i metolaklor (9,09 %), dimetoat (4,55 %), prokloraz i tiakloprid. Detekcije trifloksistrobina i bifentrina bile su iznad maksimalnih razina ostataka (MRL). Uredba Evropske komisije (EU) 2017/1135 standardizira MRL za dimetoat i ometoat u određenim proizvodima, ali nije utvrđena MRL za ostatke dimetoata u mlijeku. Svi ostali pesticida bila su ispod granica MRL-a., Quality of milk plays a key role in its wide consumption but also of its involvement in a large series of derived products, such as yogurt, cheese, butter, and ice cream. An effective LC-MS/MS method has been validated for the determination of 81 different pesticide residues in milk samples. The analyses comprised 44 milk samples collected during 2019. From all inspected pesticides, only metalaxyl (present in 11.36% samples), bifenthrin and metolachlor (9.09%), dimethoate (4.55%), prochloraz and thiacloprid were detected in 2.27% of analysed samples. The detections of trifloxystrobin and bifenthrin were above the maximum residue levels (MRLs). The Commission Regulation (EU) 2017/1135 standardizes the MRLs for dimethoate and omethoate in certain products, but a MRL for dimethoate residues in milk has not been established jet. All the other pesticide detections were below the MRLs.

Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) was one of the earliest domesticated plant species. Biological classification (taxonomy or systematization) manifests evolutional relationships between taxons according to trait similarities. When it comes to taxonomy, hemp is one of the most controversial plant species due to significant effects of environmental conditions on hemp phenology and expression of quantitative traits as well as different levels of gender expression observed in hemp plants. Controversial taxonomy of hemp has gone through several phases throughout history. The attitude on the number of species within the genus Cannabis and the criteria used in taxonomic units division were under dispute. Initially focused on morphological characteristics and geographical origin, the approach was greatly amended by the development of molecular and biochemical techniques. The main cause of taxonomic uncertainties is the inbreeding ability of all wild Cannabis populations, resulting in continual variability of quantitative traits. The aim of the paper is to review the history of Cannabis classification including different approaches to this scientific issue.

Korovi su posebna grupa biljaka, pratioci gajenih biljaka, koji u vinogradima negativno utiču na rast, razvoj i prinos vinove loze. Semena korova nakon dospevanja na zemlju ostaju na površini, a potom postepeno prodiru u dublje slojeve zemlje i stvaraju zemljišnu banku semena korova. U zavisnosti od načina suzbijanja korovske vegetacije, razlikujemo ekstenzivan i intenzivan način gajenja vinove loze. U okviru ovog rada prikazana su istraživanja koja se odnose na uticaj različitih mera suzbijanja korova - obrade zemljišta i primene herbicida, na korovsku vegetaciju odnosno na zemljišnu banku semena u vinogradima. Istraživanje je sprovedeno u periodu od 2011. do 2013. godine u tri vinogorja (Subotičko-Horgoško, Fruškogorsko i Erdutsko vinogorje) u vinogradima intenzivnog načina uzgoja, koji su namenjeni komercijalnoj proizvodnji grožđa, kao i u vinogradima ekstenzivnog načina uzgoja. Na odabranim lokalitetima vršeno je uzorkovanje zemljišta u međurednom i rednom prostoru, u deset ponavljanja sa dubine 0-30cm. Uzorci zemljišta su ispirani vodom kroz bakarna sita određenih promera i sušeni na sobnoj temperaturi, a zatim je izdvojeno i determinisano seme korova. Poređenjem banke semena korova u vinogradima sa različitim načinima gajenja vinove loze, utvrđeno je da postoji značajna razlika u brojnosti semena korova u ekstenzivnom i intenzivnom vinogradarenju - od 45332 semena/m2 na lokalitetu Sremski Karlovci u međuredu intenzivnog vinograda do 72338 semena/m2 na lokalitetu Subotica u međuredu ekstenzivnog vinograda. Iako je determinisano ukupno 48 korovskih vrsta, čija su semena izdvojena iz uzoraka zemljišta, samo nekoliko vrsta dominiralo je sa većom brojnošću semena u onosu na druge korovske vrste: Amaranthus retroflexus L., Portulaca oleracea L., Chenopodium album L. i Stellaria media (L.) Vill. Nakon naklijavanja determinisanih semena, dominantne korovske vrste su imale znatno veću klijavost u odnosu na sve druge korovske vrste. Prosečna klijavost semena korova iz v, Weeds are a unique group of plants that accompany cultivated plant species and thus adversely affect grapevine growth, development and yield in vineyards. After reaching the soil, weed seeds remain on the surface before gradually penetrating the deeper soil layers to create a soil bank of weed seeds. Depending on the weed vegetation control method, extensive and intensive grapevine cultivation types can be distinguished. In this work, a study of the impact of different weed control measures—land treatment and herbicide application—on the weed vegetation, i.e., on the seed land bank in vineyards, is presented. The research was carried out in the 2011−2013 period, in three regions (Subotica-Horgoš, Fruška Gora and Erdut) in vineyards established by intensive farming method intended for commercial grape production, as well as in vineyards based on extensive cultivation method. At selected sites, soil sampling was performed in inter-and intra-row spaces, in ten replications from 0−30 cm depth. Oil samples were washed with water through copper sieves of certain diameter and dried at room temperature, after which the weed seeds were separated and determined. A comparison of weed seed banks in vineyards established by different grapevine cultivation methods revealed a significant difference between the weed seed abundance in extensive and intensive vineyards—from 45,332 seeds/m2 at the Sremski Karlovci site in the inter-row spacing of an intensively grown vineyard to 72,338 seeds/m2 at the Subotica site, in the inter-row spacing of vineyard established by the extensive method. Although 48 weed species were determined among the seeds separated from the soil samples, only a few species were predominant, based on a higher number of seeds relative to other weed species, namely: Amaranthus retroflexus L., Portulaca oleracea L., Chenopodium album L. and Stellaria media (L.) Vill. After germinating, the dominant weed species had significantly higher germination rate compared to a

Kroz opšte, istorijske i okvire naučnih istraživanja, prvenstveno laboratorijskih ogleda, dat je presek nastanka, razvoja, današnjeg stanja i budućeg potencijala fenomena zvanog alelopatija. Potencijal alelohemikalija nameće potrebu analize biljaka jakog alelopatskog delovanja, identifikacije alelohemikalija, proučavanje njihovog mehanizma delovanja i njihove primene u biljnoj proizvodnji. Alelopatija se može odvojiti od ostalih mehanizama u okviru biljne zajednice jer je štetan efekat rezultat oslobađanja alelohemikalija i po tome se razlikuje od kompeticije. Alelopatija se smatra jednom od osnova održive poljoprivrede i zato je prioritetno područje istraživanja u razvijenim zemljama sveta. Cilj ovog istraživanja je bio da se utvrdi alelopatski uticaj ekstrakta korovskih vrsta Abutilon theophrasti Med. i Xanthium strumarium L. na inicijalni rast klijanca soje i kukuruza, kao i koncentracija ekstrakta ispitivanih korovskih vrsta koje imaju negativan uticaj na klijanje semena soje i kukuruza u laboratorijskim uslovima. U poljskim uslovima je cilj bio da se utvrdi koncentracija ispitivanih ekstrakata korovskih vrsta koja imaju negativan uticaj na prinos test biljaka, kao i da se odredi približna ocena broja individua po m2 sa potencijalnim negativnim uticajem na klijanje, nicanje i prinos useva soje i kukuruza. Ekstrakti korovske vrste A. theophrasti pripremljeni sa različitim rastvaračima su potvrdili značajno alelopatsko delovanje na procenat klijavosti soje i kukuruza. Etila-acetatni ekstrakt je izazvao najveći procenat klijavosti soje u najvećoj primenjenoj koncentraciji. Stimulativni efekat na dužinu podzemnog i nadzemnog dela klijanca soje su ispoljili tretmani sa vodenim i heksanolnim ekstraktom. Kod semena kukuruza, primena etil acetatnog ekstrakta A. theophrasti je dovela do najnižeg procenta klijavosti što ukazuje na inhibitoran alelopatski uticaj istog, zatim metanolni, dok su ostala tri ekstrakta (vodeni, heksanolni i butanolni) takođe potvrdili inhibitar, Aphenomenon called allelopathy has been examined and explained through general, historical and scientific frameworks of scientific researches, first of all laboratory experiments, providing data on its cross-section of origin, development, current condition and future potential. It is possible to distinguish allelopathy from other mechanisms of plant community since its harmful effect appears as a result of the release of allelochemicals. For this reason it is also different from its competition. Allelopathy is considered to be one of the bases of sustainable agriculture, thus becoming a priority field of study in developed countries. The aim of this research was to determine the allelopathic influence of the extract of weed species A. theophrasti and X.strumarium on the initial growth of soybean and maize germs, as well as to determine the concentration of extracts of the examined weed species that have a negative impact on the germination of soybean and maize in laboratory conditions. Within field conditions, the aim of the research was to determine the concentration of the examined extracts of weed species that have a negative impact on the yield of test plants, as well as to determine the number of the examined weed plants per m2 that have a negative impact on germination, emergence and yield of soybean and maize. The extracts of weed species A. theophrasti prepared with different solutions confirmed the existence of significant allelopathic influence on the percentage of germination of soybean and maize. Ethyl-acetate extract applied in the highest possible concentration caused the highest percentage of soybean germination. Treatments with water and hexanol extracts had a stimulating effect on the length of the underground and over-ground part of soybean germs. Ethyl-acetate extract of weed species A. theophrasti caused the lowest percentage of germination of maize. In other words, it confirmed the strong allelopathic influence of the extract. Methanol extract