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Introduction. Possession of a wheelchair allows disabled people with paraplegia to compensate for mobility limitations. In order to build the rehabilitation process, it is important to know what factors hinder and what factors facilitate the development of a wheelchair. Aim. To determine functional independence, quality of life and secondary health conditions in persons with lower paraplegia and to assess their relationships with the degree of difficulty when moving around in a wheelchair. Materials and methods. We examined 396 patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) and lower paraplegia who used a wheelchair. The level of independence of the patients was determined using Functional Independence Measure (FIM) and Spinal Cord Independence Measure (SCIM III), quality of life was assessed using the SF-36 questionnaire, secondary health conditions were determined using the SCI SCS scale and the presence of problems moving around in the wheelchair was assessed using category d465 «moving around using equipment» of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. Results. Half of the examined patients with SCI had a sufficiently high level of independence when performing daily activities. 43.5 % of the patients showed either moderate, severe or absolute problems moving around in the wheelchair and 65.4 % demonstrated the presence of more than three secondary health conditions. We found negative correlations between the degree of difficulty experienced by the patients when moving around in the wheelchair and the levels of independence in daily life and the indicators of quality of life such as vitality, social functioning and mental health. In binary logistic regression it was ascertained that the significant independent factors associated with difficulty when using the wheelchair were spasticity, contractures of the muscles of the lower limb and circulatory disorders. Conclusion. The success in using the wheelchair is limited by spasticity, contractures of the muscles of the lower limb and circulatory disorders.

RELEVANCE of this study lies in the use of an artificial neural network to predict the volume of water in the Coca reservoir (Coca hydroelectric power station in Ethiopia). As you know, hydropower, being renewable energy, is one of the technologies that produce electricity with the least impact on global climate change. During this time, Ethiopia received about 87% (4,674 MW) of electricity from hydropower. It is one of the countries affected by the problems of climatic phenomena, such as floods, droughts and hurricanes, which affect the potential of hydropower. THE PURPOSE. In order to maintain safe operation, good production efficiency, better water resources management, effective decision-making, accident prevention and early warning and restrictions on electricity production, water volume forecasting is necessary. Which, in turn, is a nonlinear problem, and a multilinear perceptron-type neural network (MLP) is suitable for this purpose. METHODS. In this study, different models with different selected number of nodes and layers were identified, since there is no specific rule for determining the architecture of an artificial neural network. Statistical analysis (mean square error (MSE) and R-squared (R2)) was used to verify the validity of the model by comparing the actual values of water inflow with the predicted values. results. The inflow prediction was carried out using the ANN method based on a multilayer perceptron (MLP). The performance of each model was evaluated using the mean square error (MSE) and efficiency coefficient (R2), which are among the most commonly used statistical methods in hydrological modeling. CONCLUSION. The results obtained show that the models successfully predicted flood runoff over the reservoir.

C19H14FN5O, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 7.2944(3) Å, b = 12.2032(5) Å, c = 18.1070(7) Å, β = 95.807(4)°, V = 1603.52(11) Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.0451, wRref = 0.1217, T = 100(2) K.

C14H20Cl6N8O5Pt, monoclinic, P21/n (no. 14), a = 13.4907(2) Å, b = 13.32240(10) Å, c = 13.8035(2) Å, β = 102.241(1)∘, Z = 4, V = 2424.48(5) Å3, R gt(F) = 0.0256, wR ref(F 2) = 0.0740, T = 290 K.

Animal tumor models are used for preclinical studies of drugs and cancer therapy. The aim of this work was to analyze the growth of murine pancreatic tumor cells Pan02, carrying GFP marker, injected subcutaneously (s. c.), intraperitoneally (i. p.) or orthotopically into the pancreas (ortho) of C57BL/6 mice. Mice were injected with 2 × 105 cells: s. c. in the right flank; i. p. with a syringe into the abdominal cavity, or ortho surgically under the pancreas capsule. The weight of mice was determined in the dynamics of tumor growth, and blood serum was taken to analyze the antibody response to the GFP reference protein. At the 2nd and 4th weeks of tumor growth, some mice were slaughtered and the expression of GFP by the tumor cells, as well as the composition of the immune cells in the tumor, were analyzed by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. It was shown that with the different localization, the pancreatic tumors grew at different rates and lethality. When the tumor was injected i. p., mice lost weight with rapid tumor growth. In the ortho model, the mice increased their weight. Mortality in the s. c. and i. p. groups was comparable. In the s. c. model, the tumor grew slowly to a volume of 200-400 mm3 and stopped growing. There was no mortality in this group during the follow-up period (2 months). The same antibody response to GFP was formed with all injection schemes. The subpopulation composition of immune cells varied greatly in the different models of tumor cell administration. Regardless of the type of immune response, Pan02-GFP cells rapidly suppressed GFP gene expression in vivo. The data obtained showed that murine pancreatic tumor Pan02 is immunogenic and causes the formation of an adaptive immune response. Regardless of the presence or absence of an immune response and elimination of GFP+ cells, the tumor continued to grow in the i. p. and ortho models, but not in the s. c. one, and caused the death of mice. When conducting preclinical studies, it is necessary to use several ways of tumor cell injection to obtain a more objective result.

Introduction. This study is relevant due to the high prevalence of organic brain pathology and the negative influence of urination disorders on the quality of life.Objective. To analyse the impaired function of lower urinary tracts in patients with organic brain pathology.Materials & methods. We analysed 607 patients with severe organic brain pathology (105 had traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) and 457 had consequences of acute stroke (AS)). We performed clinical urological examinations. During the survey, attention was paid to the presence of urinary tract pathology at the examining time and anamnesis. Structural changes in the urinary tract were objectively assessed. We objectively assessed structural changes in urinary tracts including prostate adenoma in men, insufficiency of pelvic floor muscles in women and strictures of the urethra or ureters. The degree of the spastic syndrome was assessed with the Ashworth Scale. The neurourological examination included cystometry with the measurement of bladder volume and post-void residual urine. The cognitive status of the patients was assessed with the MMSE (Mini-Mental State Examination) questionnaire. The correlation analysis between the degree of spastic syndrome measured with the Ashworth Scale and urination disorders was performed with Spearman rank correlation.Results. All patients had neurogenic dysfunction of the lower urinary tract. A combination of bladder retention and emptying disorders was found in 62 men older than 45yo with benign prostate hyperplasia (10,2% of all cases). An impaired accumulation function in history was found in 45 women older than 45yo (7,4% of all observations). The level of spasticity was 3 or 4 points on the Ashworth Scale in patients with TSCI and 2 to 4 points in those with AS. The analysis of correlations between the degree of spasticity and urination disorders showed a moderate relationship (r = 0,4) in patients with TSCI and a medium relationship (r = 0.65) in patients with AS.Conclusion. Neurogenic dysfunction of the lower urinary tract accompanies patients with severe organic brain pathology throughout their life and requires adequate correction.

An effect of Mg introduction on efficiency of high-loaded nickel catalysts in dehydrogenation of decahydroquinoline (10HQ) was investigated. 10HQ dehydrogenation is key process for the liquid organic hydrogen carrier (LOHC) storage technology using the quinoline/10HQ pair as H2-lean/H2-rich substrates. An influence of synthesis technique of Ni/Mg/Al catalysts on their properties has been demonstrated. The catalysts were synthesized through coprecipitation of Ni, Mg, Al precursors to obtain layered double hydroxides (LDH) or via synthesis of (∼72 wt%) Ni-Al2O3 system – also through coprecipitation, followed by modifying with a magnesium-containing precursor. For the catalysts of the first series, the inclusion of magnesium into LDH lattice led to a significant increase in catalytic activity in hydrogen extraction (10HQ dehydrogenation reaction). Despite the decrease in the content of catalytically active nickel, a significant increase in the yield of the dehydrogenation product was observed. This regularity is presumably associated with appearance of basic sites, that accelerates the dehydrogenation reaction. In the case of the second series, activity of pre-reduced (600 °C, H2) catalysts in dehydrogenation of 10HQ also significantly depends on a MgO content and is maximal at Mg:Ni weight ratio 0.056. Using an in-depth study of structure of the original and reduced catalyst samples (Ni-Al2O3 and Ni-MgNiOx-Al2O3), it was shown that this regularity is associated with the increased resistance of catalytically active Ni particles to agglomeration during the reductive activation. Also, using the Ni-MgNiOx-Al2O3 catalyst for hydrogen storage process (hydrogenation reaction), the possibility of deep quinoline hydrogenation (up to 10HQ) in a flow-type reactor was demonstrated for the first time.

Species composition, distribution density and biomass of phytoplankton were surveyed in the coastal area of eastern Aniva Bay in May-October 2018. In total, 297 species and intraspecific taxa of microalgae belonged to Bacillariophyta, Chlorophyta, Cryptophyta, Dinophyta, Euglenophyta, Crysophyta were found. Their total abundance ranged from 14.8 . 103 to 1024.7 . 103 cells/L, biomass was 19.4–324.6 mg/m3. Two peaks in the abundance (in June and October) and five peaks in the biomass (in May, June, September and October) were noted. The bulk of population was formed by diatoms in spring and autumn, and flagellates in summer. A bloom of potentially toxic diatoms of genus Pseudo-nitzschia was registered. In this connection, monitoring of toxic species is necessary for planning and development of aquaculture farms.

Relevance. The improvement of the surveillance of evolution of influenza viruses and the refinement of the capacity of prognostics of their evolutionary tendencies would lead to the better understanding and control on influenza epidemics. Aim. Establish the etiological nature of influenza epidemics in 2020–2023 in Russia and the antigenic properties of influenza viruses of the types A and B which circulated on its territory in 2020–2023. Methods. Isolation of influenza viruses from PCR+-clinical materials (nazo-pharingeal swabs and post-mortem tissue samples) in the cell lines MDCK and MDCK-Siat1; antigenic analysis by means of the reaction of hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) and micro-neutralization (MN) with the cell-ELISA detection using the post-infectious ferret antisera and rat polyclonal antisera; antigenic cartography. Results and discussion. The season 2020–2021 – the 1st season of pandemic of COVID-19, was characterized by quasi-total disappearance of influenza viruses from human population on the territory of REussia, probably as a consequence of stringent sanitary-hygienic measures worldwide due to COVID-19 pandemic. In the next epidemic season we could observe the domination of influenza viruses A(H3N2) during all season with the slight growth of the proportion of influenza B in the second part of the season. We could not isolate influenza viruses A(H1N1)pdm09 in that season due to their low epidemic activity, and the majority of isolated strains were А(H3N2) viruses – 94,4% of the total number of isolates. Influenza Вvic consisted 28 % of all number of isolates. The season 2022-23, opposite to the previous one, was characterized by the domination of influenza viruses of the sub-type А(H1N1)pdm09 what made it different from the epidemic in Europe and North America, where the A(H3N2) were prevalent, particularly in the first half of the epidemic season. Later on, the situation in Europe has changed and, as in Russia, influenza B actively introduced in circulation. The proportion of isolation of influenza viruses A(H1N1) pdm09 in Russia was 69,2 %, of influenza A(H3N2) – 3,5 %, of influenza Вvic – 27,3 %. Activation of A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses was probably a result of emergence of drift-variants of this sub-type during the epidemics what was supported by the data of antigenic and genetic analyses. Thus in 2020 the first isolates of a genetic clade 6В.1А5а were discovered. They possessed the key substitution N156K in the antigenic site Sb of НА1. The results of genetic analysis have shown that among the A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses of the last season which belonged to the clade 6В.1А.5а.2а, a group of viruses carrying the substitutions P137S, K142R, D260E, T277A in HA1 could be found, which are also present in the new vaccine strain А/Victoria/4897/2022 (genetic sub-group 6В.1А.5а.2а.1). This virus was recommended for the next season 2023-2024 for the Northern Hemisphere. Concerning the antigenic properties, the viruses having such substitutions practically did not differ from the majority of strains A(H1N1)pdm09 in circulation during the last season. So influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses, that circulated in Russia in 2022-2023 represented the antigenic cluster of A/Victoria/2570/2019-like strains. They were also similar to the strain A/Victoria/4897/2022, which was recommended by the WHO experts for the composition of vaccines for the season 2023–2024. The majority of viruses A(H3N2) have preserved the ability to agglutinate erythrocytes of mammals in the presence of 20 nM oseltamivir carboxylate, that is why we applied for their characterization the HI-test. The strains under study were very close to the strain A/Darwin/09/21, recommended by the WHO as the vaccine strain for the season 2022-2023. They belonged to the most wide-spread in the World genetic group 3С.2а1b.2a.2. All studied influenza B viruses belonged to the Victoria lineage and were B/Austria/1359417/2021-like. According to the phylogenetic analysis, all modern Victoria strains clustered into the sub-clade V1A.3a.2, coding the substitutions A127T, P144L и K203R in HA1. Inside this clade one can determine two genetic sub-groups: the 1st include viruses with the substitution in the HA1-protein D197E and the second – a group of viruses with the substitutions E128K, A154E, S208P in НА1. Strains of the Yamagata lineage were not registered on the territory of Russia since 2021, so the problem of their antigenic drift and possible return into circulation stays opened. The very low level of circulation of influenza viruses in 2020-2021 complicated the prognostics and selection of vaccine strains. According the results of HI- and MN-tests we could conclude that in 2021-2022 there was a partial consistency between the vaccine strain A/Cambodia/е0826360/20 (H3N2) and the strains in circulation which were more like to the reference strain A/ Darwin/9/21. We could also observe a mismatch of influenza viruses B in circulation and the vaccine variant B/Washington/02/19. As a result of the propagation of drift variants, the substitution of vaccine strains was made for the Northern Hemisphere for 2022/23. For the H3 component the strain A/Darwin/09/21 was introduced, and for Bvic component –B/Austria/1359417/21. Conclusion. In the period under consideration the relative homogeneity of population was observed inside each type and sub-type of influenza viruses and their fitness to the actual vaccine strains. However the selection of the strains – candidates for seasonal vaccines still remains a serious problem. Thus, in the season 2019-2020 one could observe a mismatch of the vaccine strain and the viruses in circulation in Russia for the component A(H3N2) and partial mismatch for the component B Victoria. In the season 2021-22 was evident a mismatch for Bvic and partial conformity for the component A(H3N2) and only in the last season 2022-23 we could confirm a complete fitness of the vaccine composition and the viruses in the circulation. The timely submission of data and samples to the WHO CCs promotes decision-making on the selection of strains and their introduction into influenza vaccines for the future epidemic season. The sustainability of the epidemiologic surveillance and the refinement of the methods of analysis of antigenic, genetic and other biological properties of circulating viruses would enhance the level of preparedness of healthcare system to the yearly influenza epidemics in the country.

Type I allergy is mediated by the formation of IgE antibodies to proteins secreted by nonreplicating microorganisms (plant pollen, house dust mites, etc.) that enter the mucous membranes in very low concentrations. The mechanisms and localization of naive B cells’ switching to IgE production have not been fully determined. The aim of this work was to determine the switching site of B cells and the traffic of IgEproducing B cells in mice immunized with a low dose of equimolar mixture of egg proteins Gal d1, Gal d2, and Gal d3. Allergens in saline solution were injected into the withers of mice 9-10 times with an interval of 2-3 days; the total dose was 2.7 µg/mouse. The production of IgE to Gal d proteins in the blood and by B cells isolated from the withers, draining lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow of immune mice was analyzed in dynamics after cessation of sensitization. Both in blood and in in vitro cultures, the dominance of IgE changed from the recognition of the LMW Gal d2 during the sensitization of mice to the HMW Gal d3 after sensitization was discontinued. In this model, an IgG memory response appeared only a month after the end of sensitization and recognized only Gal d3. In vitro cultures showed that B cells switched to IgE production locally in the withers with low traffic to the spleen. In the blood serum, IgE titers for all Gal d proteins decreased after the cessation of sensitization and persisted for a long time. A month after the cancellation of the sensitization, a pool of B cells producing IgE in vitro appeared in the spleen. These B-cells died after 20-30 days as no in vitro IgE production was observed later than 85-90 days. The results obtained allowed us to draw several conclusions. B cells switch to IgE synthesis locally at the site of allergen injections. The response was two-phase: LMW Gal d2 was recognized in the early response, while HMW Gal d3 was recognized in the late phase. In this model, the IgG response to HMW Gal d3 was clearly dominant. In conclusion, it has been shown that when the immune system recognizes a mixture of proteins originating from some allergen, the dominance of proteins recognized by both IgE and IgG is observed. Since allergy patients most often do not have IgG antibodies, it can be assumed that in this case an acute phase response, supported by antigen intake, is observed, in which LMW allergens are recognized.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the differences in iron accumulation in organs and tissues of cattle bred in ecologically robust zones of Western Siberia. Methods: The authors presented 486 samples of the muscle, hair, heart, liver, kidneys, and spleen from three breeds of bulls. The authors examined 84 Black Pied, Hereford, and Holstein bulls aged 16–18 months. The Black Pied bulls were bred in the Ubinsky district of the Novosibirsk region, Russia, the Hereford bulls were bred in the Maslyaninsky district of the Novosibirsk region, and the Holstein bulls were bred in the Promyshlensky district of the Kemerovo region, Russia. The authors studied the chemical composition of organs and muscle tissue using atomic absorption spectrometry with flame and electrothermal atomization using an MGA-1000 spectrometer. Results: The median iron concentrations in the muscle, hair, heart, liver, kidneys, and spleen were 16.5–49.1, 22.3–130, 42–70, 56.5–68.3, 39.3–52.2, and 252.2–472 mg/kg, respectively. The authors recorded the highest iron concentration in the spleen, where its concentration was significantly higher than in other organs, regardless of the breed. Conclusion: The breed significantly affected the iron content in muscle tissue, heart, kidneys, hair, and spleen. The iron concentrations in muscle tissue, heart, and spleen were higher in Black Pied cattle, and iron concentrations in hair were lower in Holstein and Hereford cattle. Multivariate statistical methods showed high phenotypic similarity in iron accumulation in organs and tissues between Hereford and Holstein cattle. Animals’ breed and age should be considered when developing regional standards for iron content.

The article examines the patterns of changes in transport costs of a company providing transport and logistics services. The transport company "M" was chosen as the object of the study. A table "Amount of transportation costs" was compiled, as well as diagrams "Share of transportation costs" and "Amount of transportation costs of the company" were compiled. Tariff rates and the possibility of changing them are analyzed. Based on the data obtained, it is concluded that the introduction of new tariff rates directly affects the transport costs of the enterprise. The purpose the study of the patterns of changes in transport costs of a company providing transport and logistics services on the example of the company "M". The change in the transport costs of a manufacturing enterprise is considered, taking into account changes in tariff rates, normalized depending on the length of the ride. Methodology: when conducting research, the authors used research methods such as analysis and synthesis. Results: as a result of the study, the following results were obtained: the transportation costs of the company "M" were calculated, the possibilities of changing tariff rates and the corresponding change in annual transportation costs were considered. The scope of the results: research activities to develop new approaches in the field of transportation and transport services.

Purpose: to provide a clinical case of serous retinal detachment after non­penetrating antiglaucoma surgery. A patient with hypertension and type II diabetes mellitus underwent a non­penetrating deep sclerectomy in our clinic against the background of uncompensated glaucoma. Subtotal serous retinal detachment was found in the early postoperative period. Against the background of steroid therapy, the detachment resolved within 2 weeks. We believe that the cause of serous detachment is a significant gradient in the decrease in intraocular pressure against the background of uncompensated glaucoma as a result of surgery against the background of uncompensated glaucoma and endothelial dysfunction due to common diseases. Patients with comorbidities and initially severe condition require more thorough preoperative preparation, monitoring and correction of treatment in the postoperative period.

Diuretics are widely used to treat pathologies of various genesis. However, the development of side effects during their long-term use remains a problem of traditional treatment regimens. The search for diuretics that would be aimed at inhibiting a key target molecule that is involved in the regulation of salt or water balance in the kidney, and certainly have a low level of toxicity and side effects, is an urgent task for researchers. Our preliminary screening of substituted quinones using in silico and in vitro methodology identified a number of effective compounds that outperform or compete with diuretics. The compounds are not "classic" carbonic anhydrase II inhibitors, but the pronounced diuretic effect of a number of compounds requires additional explanation. Therefore, the aim of the work was to study the effect of substituted quinones on the excretory function of rat kidneys to assess the prospects of their further structural modification and use as potential diuretics. Considering the experimental data, it should be noted that compounds AVD-6, AVD-7, AVD-8 and AVD-9 have pronounced diuretic activity. Thus, according to indicators of ex­cretory indices of electrolytes, it is possible to note the predominant influence of compounds AVD-6, AVD-7, AVD-8 and AVD-9 on excretion of sodium, potassium and chlorine from the body. Compounds AVD-6, AVD-7, AVD-8 and AVD-9, in contrast to Hydrochlorothiazide, which blocks carbonic anhydrase in the proximal part of the convoluted tubules and accelerates the excretion of potassium with from the urine, have a much lower excretory index as for these ions. Thus, our conducted research made it possible to identify a new, little-known class of hybrid molecular structures, namely (N'-(4-[(aroyloxy)imino]cyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene) aroylhydrazides (AVD-6, AVD-7, AVD-8 and AVD-9), which, in addition to affecting the excretory function of the kidneys, have significant diuretic activity and are potential diuretics.

The Russian Federation needs to transition to carbon standards, which are established in many foreign countries, to regulate and control the negative consequences of anthropogenic human activity. Quoting of greenhouse gas emissions at the global level pushes for the development and implementation of technologies to reduce them. One of the ways to reduce emissions in agriculture is the creation of carbon farms. At present, there is no unified methodological and statistical basis for the creation of a carbon farm in the Russian Federation. When creating it, it is necessary to understand not only the general principles of agrolandscapes functioning, but also to take into account the factors that have an impact on the carbon absorption capacity of the land located on the territory of the farm. A new approach to reducing emissions by optimising the location of agricultural land with regard to its sequestration potential on the basis of spatial modelling has been proposed. The specificity of the approach is demonstrated on the example of the farm of the All-Russian Research Institute of Reclaimed Lands (Tver region, Kalininsky district, Emmauss settlement). After additional testing, the approach can be recommended for implementation in the practice of carbon-depleting agricultural land use.