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This chapter reviews the progress accomplished since the redaction of the first ITER Physics Basis (1999 Nucl. Fusion 39 2137-664) in the field of energetic ion physics and its possible impact on burning plasma regimes. New schemes to create energetic ions simulating the fusion-produced alphas are introduced, accessing experimental conditions of direct relevance for burning plasmas, in terms of the Alfvénic Mach number and of the normalised pressure gradient of the energetic ions, though orbit characteristics and size cannot always match those of ITER. Based on the experimental and theoretical knowledge of the effects of the toroidal magnetic field ripple on direct fast ion losses, ferritic inserts in ITER are expected to provide a significant reduction of ripple alpha losses in reversed shear configurations. The nonlinear fast ion interaction with kink and tearing modes is qualitatively understood, but quantitative predictions are missing, particularly for the stabilisation of sawteeth by fast particles that can trigger neoclassical tearing modes. A large database on the linear stability properties of the modes interacting with energetic ions, such as the Alfvén eigenmode has been constructed. Comparisons between theoretical predictions and experimental measurements of mode structures and drive/damping rates approach a satisfactory degree of consistency, though systematic measurements and theory comparisons of damping and drive of intermediate and high mode numbers, the most relevant for ITER, still need to be performed. The nonlinear behaviour of Alfvén eigenmodes close to marginal stability is well characterized theoretically and experimentally, which gives the opportunity to extract some information on the particle phase space distribution from the measured instability spectral features. Much less data exists for strongly unstable scenarios, characterised by nonlinear dynamical processes leading to energetic ion redistribution and losses, and identified in nonlinear numerical simulations of Alfvén eigenmodes and energetic particle modes. Comparisons with theoretical and numerical analyses are needed to assess the potential implications of these regimes on burning plasma scenarios, including in the presence of a large number of modes simultaneously driven unstable by the fast ions. © 2007 IAEA, Vienna.

The literature data and results of personal investigations are presented which concern the analysis of the clinical picture and results of treatment of hereditary duodenal ulcers. Under examination there were 245 patients with duodenal ulcers. Hereditary aggravation was established in 81 of the patients. The results of examinations of this group of patients were compared with those obtained when examining 38 patients having the ulcer disease of not hereditary nature. It was stated that hereditary duodenal ulcers have specific clinical picture which must be taken into consideration in surgical treatment of the disease.

In associated injuries to the organs of the abdominal, thoracic cavities, locomotor system in 160 patients with brain trauma, 150 of them were admitted at the state of shock. The difference in shock manifestations, depending on the character of localization of the main injuries, was noted.

The results of treatment of 31 patients with thoraco-abdominal trauma in combination with the brain trauma were analysed. Detection of the leading injury which determined the severity of a state of the sufferers offered considerable difficulties. In choice of a method for treatment the preference was given to the least traumatic methods providing saving the life of a patient. Seven sufferers died.

The analysis of the results of treatment of 818 sufferers with severe craniocerebral trauma was carried out. Among the patients, 102 had associated injuries to the abdominal organs. The difficulties of timely diagnosis were related to atypical manifestation of intraabdominal complications, insufficient pronouncement of clinical symptoms; therefore, the special methods of investigation--roentgenologic, instrumental, the use of liquid-crystal colour thermography acquire special value. The lethality was 37.2%.