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The article presents the findings of a study that examines the perception of the educational paradigm in the context of educating a child with a chronic illness in either a school or medical facility by special education teacher candidates. It was assumed that the beliefs of educators largely reflect the educational paradigm, which reveals the thought process regarding children with chronic illnesses in two cognitive categories: (1) the actions of teachers; and (2) the objectives of educational activities aimed at pupils with chronic illnesses and their circumstances. The undertaken study was qualitative. The research was carried out in Poland on a group of 102 sophomore special education teacher candidates. The results indicated that the approach to educating a child with a chronic illness in a medical institution is predominantly influenced by the humanistic paradigm. In the revealed pattern of thinking about educating a child with a chronic illness in a medical facility, amongst the subjects, the key difference lies in the concept of preparing the child with the illness for life. Special education teacher candidates are primarily exposed to person-centred interventions that aim to facilitate optimal adaptation of children with disabilities to the typical demands of their healthy peers.

Background and purpose: Metaplastic breast carcinoma (BC-Mp) is an uncommon subtype that poses unique challenges. The limited information on patient prognosis and therapeutic strategies motivated our research initiative. We aimed to assess disease-free survival (DFS), overall survival (OS), and influential factors in patients with nonmetastatic BC-Mp. Materials and methods: In this multicenter retrospective cohort study, clinicopathological data for nonmetastatic BC-Mp patients treated at four oncology units in Poland (2012–2022) were gathered. Results: Among 115 women (median age 61, range: 28–91), the median tumor size was 40 mm (range 20–130); 30% of patients exhibited positive local lymph nodes. The majority of patients presented with stage II (46%) and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) (84%). Radiotherapy was administered to 61% of patients. Surgical procedures included breast-conserving surgery in 31% of patients and mastectomy in 68%. Eighty-three per cent of patients received chemotherapy. The median estimated DFS and OS were 59 and 68 months, respectively. Multivariable analysis revealed that tumor size influenced DFS and OS (Hazard ratios [HR] = 1.02, 95%CI 0.01–0.03 for both endpoints) and taxanes application improved DFS (HR = 0.47, 95%CI 0.24–0.93), but other factors did not. For patients receiving neoadjuvant systemic therapy (N = 51), taxanes improved DFS and OS according to univariable analysis. Interpretation: Our findings highlight poor DFS and OS regardless of receiving optimal treatment, emphasizing the need for tailored therapeutic strategies for BC-Mp patients. Taxanes appear promising in a neoadjuvant setting, particularly within the current standard of care for the TNBC subtype.

Celem badań było odkrycie znaczeń symboliki kolorów użytych na rysunkach o tematyce lęku. Objęliśmy nimi 482 dzieci z Polski i Turcji w wieku 6-10 lat narodowości polskiej i tureckiej (dobór celowy, metoda kuli śnieżnej). Badania polegały na porównaniu kolorystyki rysunków dzieci obu narodowości oraz ich interpretacji uwzględniającej kontekst kulturowy. Na potrzeby przedstawionej w artykule analizy sformułowaliśmy następujące pytania: Jakie kolory dominują na rysunkach dzieci obu narodowości? Jakie podobieństwa, a jakie różnice występują w kolorystyce badanych rysunków? Jak można interpretować użyte kolory, uwzględniając ich znaczenie symboliczne i funkcję w kulturze? Zauważono, że wśród użytych kolorów dominujące były czarny, czerwony i niebieski. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań stawiamy hipotezę, że użycie tych kolorów przez dzieci na rysunkach o tematyce lęku nie jest przypadkowe. Można je potraktować jako tzw. kolory lęku, czyli takie, które mają symboliczny związek z tą emocją. W przypadku koloru czarnego może być to lęk przed śmiercią, czerwonego lęk przed zranieniem. Użycie czerwonego i niebieskiego koloru można też interpretować jako potrzebę ochrony przed niebezpieczeństwem (apotropeiczne znaczenie kolorów).

The aim of the study is to present the origins and development of academic institutions educat- ing librarians in Poland between 1945 and 2015, taking into account the institutional and scholarly aspects. In the first part of the paper the author presents the history of various institutions — university faculties, departments and institutes — arranged diachronically in three stages (1945–1974, 1975–1989, 1990–2015). She takes into account the circumstances of their establishment (including the legal framework), their organisers, staff, organisational structures and their changes. In addition, she points to other components of academic life influencing the work of academic library science centres, such as conferences and journals. In the second part, devoted to a discussion of bibliological and information-science research conducted at Polish universities, the author focuses on various issues, treating chronology only as an element organising descriptions of research processes at individual library studies centres. She identifies the areas of research, as well as changes in the thematic foci in the analysed period, citing selected scholars and their most important works. Like in part one, she also discusses the social, political and cultural determinants stimulating research processes, paying particular attention to the impact of new technologies and media. The author’s overview confirms the huge role the academic institutions engaged in library studies play in the consolidation of the position of bibliology as an academic discipline, but at the same time, she shows how the research profile of book studies has been changing in recent years, including issues associated with information science and new technologies.

The potency of plant cells’ reaction to dedifferentiation and then proliferation corresponds with cell reorganization. The details of cell modifications may rely on the fate of the cells. In this study, the characteristics of an endosperm and specific storage tissue under organogenic and non-organogenic development pathways were analyzed. The experimental system was based on isolated endosperm explants (with the seed coat and embryo removed) of kiwiberry cv. Bingo, placed on organogenic (OCIM) and non-organogenic (NOCIM) callus induction media that differed in the type and concentration of plant growth regulators. Histological and ultrastructural analyses of freshly isolated endosperm and explants afer selected periods of the culture were performed using stereoscopic, bright field, and transmission electron microscopy techniques. The dedifferentiation for both pathways– organogenic and non-organogenic – was similar at the morphological level for the first week of the culture. The histological and ultrastructural analyses revealed limited amyloplasts in the cells on OCIM. e organization of proliferated tissue differed significantly from two weeks of the culture: it was more compact for OCIM and looser for NOCIM. Additionally, at this period, there were more amyloplasts with starch granules in dedifferentiated cells on OCIM. The limited starch granules in proliferated cells on NOCIM were observed only afer four weeks of the culture. The presence of plastids with starch granules depends on the competence of endosperm-derived callus in kiwiberry to organogenic processes and can be an early marker of callus destination.

Introduction: Recently, there has been a change in the perception of education of children with chronic illnesses in the medical facility. The researcher conducted an extensive analysis of literature as well as legal acts allowing to show key moments for the education of students with chronic disease in Poland, various positions, theories, concepts and ideas that can be attributed to the status of a paradigm. Research Aim: The aim of this article is to outline the historical context of paradigm shifts and their determinants in the field of educating children with chronic illnesses in a medical facility situated in Poland. The examination of specific pedagogical approaches, as outlined in the literature, pertains to pivotal shifts in the education of children with chronic illnesses within medical institutions in Poland, as well as paradigmatic changes in therapeutic pedagogy. Evidence-based Facts: The ongoing discussions relate to how to care for and educate a child with chronic illness and point to significant changes in this regard. Currently changing paradigms within the theory, methodology and conducted research on chronic diseases determine the practice of educational activities towards children with chronic illnesses. The development of therapeutic pedagogy, as is also the case in other areas related to the functioning of people with disease, is now driven mainly by the humanist paradigm. Summary: The results of the analysis provide valuable insights and improve comprehension of the educational situation of students who suffer from a chronic illness. Moreover, the theoretical analyses conducted suggest that the educational paradigm offered to students in medical institutions, based on the operational theories and concepts, requires alterations that prioritize subjectivity, autonomy, self-sufficiency, and self-governance.

Human milk, the gold standard in infant nutrition, is a unique fluid that provides essential nutrients such as lactose, lipids, proteins, and free oligosaccharides. While its primary role is nutritional, it also protects against pathogens. This protection mainly comes from immunoglobulins, with human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) providing additional support by inhibiting pathogen binding to host cell ligands. The prebiotic and immune-modulatory activity of HMOs strongly depends on their structure. Over 200 individual structures have been identified so far, with the composition varying significantly among women. The structure and composition of HMOs are influenced by factors such as the Lewis blood group, secretor status, and the duration of nursing. HMO profiles are heavily influenced by maternal phenotypes, which are defined based on the expression of two specific fucosyltransferases. However, recent data have shown that HMO content can be modified by various factors, both changeable and unchangeable, including diet, maternal age, gestational age, mode of delivery, breastfeeding frequency, and race. The first part of this overview presents the historical background of these sugars and the efforts by scientists to extract them using the latest chromatography methods. The second part is divided into subchapters that examine modifiable and non-modifiable factors, reviewing the most recent articles on HMO composition variations due to specific reasons and summarizing potential future challenges in conducting these types of studies.

This article presents the current state of biogas (biomethane) production technology—an example of the use of goat manure in terms of photofermentation efficiency. The theoretical and experimental potential of biomethane using biodegradability for anaerobic fermentation of goat manure was indicated. Goat manure was tested for its elemental composition to determine the suitability of this raw material for biogas production. The quality of biogas produced under atmospheric conditions from goat manure placed in a reactor (photodigester) was assessed. An attempt was made to determine the process conditions for immobilization on a goat manure bed (depending on the research material collected), which allows for demonstrating the activity of the fermentation bacterial flora, thus influencing the amount of biogas (biomethane) produced in the reactor. A mechanism for the photofermentation process involving the production of biomethane was developed. The novelty of this article is the development of the use of goat manure in an innovative way, pointing to the development of the biomethane industry. When comparing goat manure, active group (compact bed), it should be noted that K 3.132%, Na 0.266%, Ca 1.909% and Mg 0.993% are lower values compared to the material with values of K 3.397%, Na 0.284%, Ca 1.813% and Mg 0.990% which are higher. This is undoubtedly due to the presence of nutrients in the deposit that support the biomethane production process. The active group (compact bed) material A shows a dynamic increase in biomethane production with lower nutrient values. However, material B, having a higher percentage of ingredients, shows stabilization of biomethane production after the sixth month of the process. Technological trends and future prospects for the biomethane sector were initiated.

Pollution of arable land with heavy metals is a worldwide problem. Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic metal that poses a severe threat to humans’ and animals’ health and lives. Plants can easily absorb Cd from the soil, and plant-based food is the main means of exposure to this hazardous element for humans and animals. Phytoremediation is a promising plant-based approach to removing heavy metals from the soil, and plant growth-promoting micro-organisms such as the fungi Trichoderma can enhance the ability of plants to accumulate metals. Inoculation of Avena sativa L. (oat) with Trichoderma viride enhances germination and seedling growth in the presence of Cd and, in this study, the growth of 6-month-old oat plants in Cd-contaminated soil was not increased by inoculation with T. viride, but a 1.7-fold increase in yield was observed. The content of Cd in oat shoots depended on the Cd content in the soil. Still, it was unaffected by the inoculation with T. viride. A. sativa metallothioneins (AsMTs) participate in plant–fungi interaction, however, their role in this study depended on MT type and Cd concentration. The inoculation of A. sativa with T. viride could be a promising approach to obtaining a high yield in Cd-contaminated soil without increasing the Cd content in the plant.

This work presents an overview of the reports on the bacterial cell photocatalytic destruction and mineralization process in the presence of TiO2-based photocatalysts. The presented research included experiments conducted in air and water. Numerous works confirmed that a photocatalytic process with TiO2 led to bacteria and their organic residues’ mineralization. Additionally, based on the obtained results, a possible two-stage mechanism of photocatalytic mineralization in the presence of TiO2-based materials was proposed. To help future studies, challenges of photocatalytic microorganism mineralization are also proposed. There are some aspects that need to be addressed, such as the lack of standardization of conducted research or relatively small amount of research on photocatalytic microorganism mineralization. According to our best knowledge, in the available literature, no work regarding a summary of previous research on photocatalytic bacterial mineralization process was found.

This research, focusing on the environmental impact of tire and brake disc pad wear, constitutes a significant area of transport-related studies. These two key vehicle components are not only the most frequently worn but also generate micro- and nano-pollutants (i.e., rubber, metal oxides) that potentially harm the environment. Over half of the globally produced natural and synthetic rubbers, which amounted to about 30 million tons in 2022, are used for tire production. This work focuses on the study of roadside snow, sand, and standing water deposits from various locations in the urban agglomeration (Poznań, Poland) during the winter season, determining their qualitative composition and the quantitative content of pollutants originating from tire abrasion. In addition, the method of washing nano- and micro-rubber particles and their full characteristics was also presented. Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic studies, optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS), particle size studies using a dynamic light scattering (DLS) particle analyzer, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were conducted for a detailed characterization of the pollutants in the environment. The conducted particle separation methods allowed for the extraction of a fraction mainly containing gum residues with particle sizes less than 2 µm. The results of these tests make it possible to estimate the level of contamination with rubber and metal residues during the abrasion of tires, pads, and brake discs while driving, which is crucial for understanding the impact of vehicle part exploitation on the environment.

The purpose of this study is to identify the knowledge of the real estate market by students and graduates and to find out their housing and investment plans. A literature study relating to the real estate market was conducted. The diagnostic survey method was used to determine the housing and investment plans of students and graduates, their expectations regarding changes in housing policy, and their level of knowledge of basic concepts and relationships related to the real estate market. The survey was conducted in March 2022 among students and graduates of Wroclaw University of Economics and Business. The great majority of the respondents consider the housing policy in Poland to need changes, mainly in the direction of greater support for young people, lowering the costs of mortgage loans and reducing the formalities associated with the construction of real estate. Moreover, research indicates that less than half of young people are able to fully support themselves during or shortly after graduation. Only one in four respondents had a disposable income of more than PLN 2,000. Many students and graduates plan to purchase real estate in the future, and nearly 60% of respondents intend to finance the purchase with a mortgage.

AbstractBackground A better understanding of patient non-adherence to type 2 diabetes medication is needed to design effective interventions to address this issue.Objectives (1) To estimate the prevalence of non-adherence to diabetes medication; (2) to examine its impact on glycemic control and insulin initiation; (3) to develop and validate a prediction model of non-adherence.Methods We conducted a longitudinal cohort study based on data from electronic health records. We included adult patients registered within the Health Service of the Balearic Islands (Spain) starting a new prescription of a non-insulin glucose-lowering drug between January 2016 and December 2018. We calculated non-adherence at 12 months follow-up, defined as medication possession ratio (MPR) ≤ 80%. We fitted multivariable regression models to examine the association between non-adherence and glycemic control and insulin initiation and identified predictors of non-adherence.Results Of 18,119 patients identified, after 12 months follow-up, 5,740 (31.68%) were non-adherent. Compared with non-adherent, adherent patients presented lower HbA1c levels (mean difference = −0.32%; 95%CI = −0.38%; −0.27%) and were less likely to initiate insulin (aOR = 0.77; 95%CI = 0.63; 0.94). A predictive model explained 22.3% of the variation and presented a satisfactory performance (AUC = 0.721; Brier score = 0.177). The most important predictors of non-adherence were: non-Spanish nationality, currently working, low adherence to previous drugs, taking biguanides, smoker and absence of hypertension.Conclusion Around one-third of the patients do not adhere to their non-insulin glucose-lowering drugs. More research is needed to optimise the performance of the predicting model before considering its implementation in routine clinical practice.

Seriale stanowią dzisiaj nieodłączny element kultury medialnej, a ich tematyka często dotyczy różnych form przemocy wobec kobiet oraz zmagań bohaterek z zewnętrzną opresją. Przedmiot rozważań stanowią wybrane współczesne seriale filmowe z postaciami kobiet w roli głównej. Celem refleksji badawczej jest przedstawienie sposobów ukazywania kobiet w serialach zrealizowanych w drugiej dekadzie XXI wieku. Przeprowadzona analiza potwierdza tezę, że seryjne narracje są odbiciem skrywanych i przemilczanych problemów kobiet, poruszają zagadnienia przemocy seksualnej, domowej, psychicznej i religijnej opresji. Bohaterki seriali o tematyce emancypacyjnej zmagają się z ustalonymi przez patriarchalne społeczeństwo, rodzinę czy wspólnotę religijną normami zachowań, przeciwko którym się buntują. W artykule zwrócono uwagę na zmiany społeczno‑kulturowe w przedstawianiu postaci kobiet i obecność refleksji na temat wielokulturowej i religijnej tożsamości oraz granic kulturowej asymilacji i integracji.

Educational activities undertaken by seniors are of particular interest to instructors and researchers in the field of lifelong education. The purpose of the paper is to show how many seniors participate in various educational programs and undertake formal and informal learning. The paper will also address more specific questions like why seniors want to learn, what motivates them to continue learning, what importance they actually attach to learning. Teachers, instructors and those concerned with the learning needs of older people should understand how older students differ from younger ones, both in their motivation to learn and in their cognitive abilities. The need to develop educational programs and teaching techniques designed specifically for older adults is extremely urgent, as education and learning play an important role in successful aging.

Abstract Drought is one of the major threats to food security. Among several mechanisms involved in plant stress tolerance, one protein family—the plant metallothioneins (MTs)—shows great promise for enhancing drought resistance. Plant metallothioneins in oat (Avena sativa L.) have not yet been deeply analysed, and the literature lacks a comprehensive study of the whole family of plant MTs in response to drought. In this study, we showed that the number and nature of cis-elements linked with stress response in promoters of AsMTs1–3 differed depending on the MT type. Drought stress in oat plants caused an increase in the expression of AsMT2 and AsMT3 and a decrease in the expression of AsMT1 compared to well-watered plants. Moreover, the low values of relative water content, water use efficiency, net photosynthesis (P N ), transpiration (E), stomatal conductance (g s ), chlorophyll a, and carotenoid were accompanied by high levels of electrolyte leakage, internal CO2 concentration (C i ) and abscisic acid content, and high activity of antioxidants enzymes in plants under drought stress. The present study puts forward the idea that AsMTs are crucial for oat response to drought stress not only by regulating antioxidant activity but also by changing the plant water regime and photosynthesis. Our results support the hypothesis that structural differences among types of plant MTs reflect their diversified physiological roles.

Research objective: To recognize the symbolism of drawings of the Ukrainian children who experienced the situation of war and necessity of emigrating from their mother country and to compare them with the content of drawings made by Polish children at the same time, that it is in the first months following the outbreak of the war in Ukraine; The research problem and methods: What symbols can be identified in the drawings made by children of both nationalities and what their meaning is in the context of the war in Ukraine? The study applied the method of drawing and interview; Th e process of argumentation: Reconstruction of the symbolic meanings of drawings in the cultural context in the conditions of the military conflict in Ukraine; Research results: It was possible to identify symbols of idiosyncratic character in the drawings of the Ukrainian children, that are connected with the outbreak of the war in this country (e.g., destroyed houses, missiles, rockets). In the drawings of the children of both nationalities, it was also possible to recognize symbols of neutral meaning, which – however – in the case of the Ukrainian children’s drawings made reference to the situation of war (e.g. an umbrella as protection against missiles). Interpretation of the drawings was carried out according to one schema, taking into account separate cultural contexts (Polish and Ukrainian), as well as the child’s individual experience, which was demonstrated using a drawing by a 12-year-old Ukrainian girl; Conclusions, innovations, and recommendations: A drawing can off er an alternative method of learning about and making an attempt to understand a child, especially one who has found himself/herself in a difficult situation in life. Znaczenie symboliki rysunku w kontekście konfliktu zbrojnego w Ukrainie Cel naukowy: Poznanie symboliki rysunków dzieci ukraińskich, które doświadczyły sytuacji wojny i konieczności emigracji z kraju oraz porównanie ich z treścią rysunków dzieci polskich, wykonanych w tym samym czasie, tj. w pierwszych miesiącach od momentu wybuchu wojny w Ukrainie. Problem i metody badawcze: Ja kie symbole można zidentyfi kować na rysunkach dzieci obu narodowości i jakie jest ich znacznie w kontekście wojny w Ukrainie? W badaniu wykorzystano metodę rysunku i wywiadu. Proces wywodu: Re konstruowanie znaczeń symboliki rysunku w kontekście kulturowym, w warunkach konfliktu zbrojnego w Ukrainie. Wyniki analizy naukowej: Na rysunkach dzieci z Ukrainy zidentyfikowano symbole o charakterze idiosynkratycznym, tzn. takie, które związane były z wybuchem wojny w tym kraju (np. zniszczone domy, pociski rakietowe itp.). Na rysunkach dzieci obu narodowości rozpoznano też symbole o neutralnym znaczeniu, które jednak w przypadku rysunków dzieci ukraińskich także odnosiły się do sytuacji wojny (np. „parasol” jako ochrona przed uderzeniem pocisku). Interpretacje rysunków zostały przeprowadzone według jednego schematu, z uwzględnieniem odrębnego kontekstu kulturowego (polskiego i ukraińskiego) oraz indywidualnych doświadczeń autora/autorki rysunku, co zaprezentowano na przykładzie pracy 12-letniej dziewczynki z Ukrainy. Wnioski, innowacje, rekomendacje: Rysunek może być alternatywną metodą poznania i próby (z)rozumienia dziecka, szczególnie będącego w trudnej sytuacji życiowej.

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) poses a serious therapeutic challenge due to the occurrence of frequently aggressive, heterogenic, and metastatic tumours. The absence of therapeutic targets for traditional therapies is a hindrance to establishing a standardised therapy for TNBC. There is limited TNBCs epidemiological and real-world data about TNBC treatment regimens in Poland. We retrospectively analysed clinical data from our hospital registry from 2015 and 2020. A total of 8103 individuals with breast cancer were admitted to the MSCI, while 856 (10.6%) were diagnosed with TNBC. Most of the early-stage or locally advanced TNBC individuals had underlying conditions, presented mostly poorly differentiated (G3) stage II tumours and featured a bi-modal age distribution. On average, one-third of all tested TNBCs carried BRCA mutations and its identification impacted surgery preference. We observed a significant increase in the use of systemic therapy among TNBCs, whereas carboplatin and dose-dense regimens showed the most prominent upsurge in the neoadjuvant setting. Moreover, the use of neoadjuvants was positively correlated with less invasive breast and lymph node surgeries. The presented data align with general trends observed in other countries and will contribute to expanding knowledge in the planning of treatment regimens and their outcomes.

In this study, organosilicon compounds were used as modifiers of filaments constituting building materials for 3D printing technology. Polymethylhydrosiloxane underwent a hydrosilylation reaction with styrene, octadecene, and vinyltrimethoxysilane to produce new di- or tri-functional derivatives with varying ratios of olefins. These compounds were then mixed with silica and incorporated into the ABS matrix using standard processing methods. The resulting systems exhibited changes in their physicochemical and mechanical characteristics. Several of the obtained composites (e.g., modified with VT:6STYR) had an increase in the contact angle of over 20° resulting in a hydrophobic surface. The addition of modifiers also prevented a decrease in rheological parameters regardless of the amount of filler added. In addition, comprehensive tests of the thermal decomposition of the obtained composites were performed and an attempt was made to precisely characterize the decomposition of ABS using FT-IR and optical microscopy, which allowed us to determine the impact of individual groups on the thermal stability of the system.

BackgroundA major barrier to a healthy diet may be the higher price of healthy foods compared to low-quality foods.ObjectivesThis study aimed to assess the association between the monetary cost of food and diet quality in Spanish older adults at high risk of cardiovascular disease.MethodsCross-sectional analysis was carried out in Spanish older adults (n = 6,838; 48.6% female). A validated food frequency questionnaire was used to assess dietary intake. Metabolic syndrome severity, adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet), adherence to a provegetarian dietary pattern, and dietary inflammatory index were assessed. The economic cost of the foods was obtained from the Spanish Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food database (2015–2017, the period of time when the participants were recruited). The total cost of diet adjusted per 1,000 kcal was computed.ResultsThe healthier dietary pattern was associated with a higher cost of the diet. Higher adherence to the MedDiet, anti-inflammatory diet, and the healthy version of the provegetarian dietary pattern were related to higher costs of the diet.ConclusionHigher diet quality was associated with a higher dietary cost of the diet per 1,000 kcal/day. Food prices can be an important component of interventions and policies aimed at improving people's diets and preventing diet-related chronic diseases.Clinical trial registry numberThe trial was registered in 2014 at the International Standard Randomized Controlled Trial (ISRCT; http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN89898870) with the number 89898870.