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MAGELONA FASCIATA SP. NOV. (FIGS 13–15) Z o o b a n k r e g i s t r a t i o n: u r n: l s i d: z o o b a n k. org:act: C0848517-9D34-48BB-95B9-52819F88949D. Type locality: Ghana, 4.9169°N 2.6495°W, 40 m depth. Type material: Holotype, Ghana: St. 7GH–02, af in 75% Etoh (ZMBN132144). Paratypes, Mauritania: St. 2011410–SL20, 1af in 96% Etoh (ZMBN107337, DNA-voucher); St. 2012404–SL20, 1af in 96% Etoh (ZMBN115741, DNA-voucher). Senegal: St. 2011410– SL11, 1af in 96% Etoh (ZMBN115738, DNA-voucher); 1af in 96% Etoh (ZMBN115739, DNA-voucher); St. 2011410–SL12, 15af in 75% Etoh (ZMBN132149); 236af, 27f, 7pf, 79 palps in 96% Etoh (NMW.Z.2021.001.0007); 1c, 230af, 34f, 10pf, 55 palps, in 96% Etoh (ZMBN132151); 1c, 1af in 96% Etoh (NMW.Z.2021.001.0008, imaged), 3af, pf in 96% Etoh (NMW.Z.2021.001.0009, imaged), 1af in 96% Etoh (ZMBN107311, DNA-voucher). Guinea Bissau: St. 7GB-06, 1af in 75% Etoh (ZMBN107287); St. 2012404–SL06, 1af in 96% Etoh (ZMBN107339, DNA-voucher); St. 2011410–SL09, 1af in 96% Etoh (ZMBN107340, DNA-voucher). Guinea (Conakry): St. 7GU–05, 1af in 75% Etoh (ZMBN132159); 1af in 75% Etoh (NMW.Z.2021.001.0010). Sierra Leone: St. 7SL–08, 1af 96% Etoh (ZMBN107329, DNA-voucher); St. 7SL–09, 1af in 75% Etoh (NMW.Z.2021.001.0011). Ghana: St. 7GH–01, 1af in 96% Etoh (ZMBN115743); St. 7GH–02, 1af in 96% Etoh (ZMBN107330, DNAvoucher); 3af, 1f, 2p, in 75% Etoh (ZMBN132145); 3af in 75% Etoh (NMW.Z.2021.001.0012); 16af in 75% Etoh (ZMBN132147); St. 7GH–07, 1af in 75% Etoh (NMW.Z.2021.001.0013); St. 2009105–GP2/51, 8af in 75% Etoh (ZMBN107282); St. 2009105–GW2/52, 8af in 75% Etoh (ZMBN107283). Nigeria: St. 5N–12, 5af in 75% Etoh (ZMBN107286); St. 6N–15, 1af in 96% Etoh (ZMBN107333, DNA-voucher); 8af in 75% Etoh (NMW.Z.2021.001.0014); 1afin75% Etoh (ZMBN132164); St. 6N–23, 1af in 96% (ZMBN115742). Gabon: St. 5G–01, 1af in 96% Etoh (ZMBN107304, DNA-voucher); St. 5G–03, 1af in 96% Etoh (ZMBN107308, DNAvoucher); St. 5G–15, 3af in 75% Etoh (ZMBN107281); 1af in 75% Etoh (NMW.Z.2021.001.0015); St. 7GA– 07, 1af in 96% Etoh (ZMBN107306); St. 7GA–26, 1af in 96% Etoh (ZMBN107307, DNA-voucher). Republic of the Congo: St. 7CR–04, 1af in 96% Etoh (ZMBN115747, DNA-voucher). Angola: St. 7AN–01, 3af in 75% Etoh (ZMBN132154); St. 7AN–02, 3af 75% Etoh (NMW.Z.2021.001.0016), 1af in 96% Etoh (ZMBN115744, DNA-voucher); St. 7AN– 04, 1af in 96% Etoh (ZMBN115740, DNA-voucher); 1af 96% Etoh (ZMBN107332); St. 7AN–08, 1af in 75% Etoh (ZMBN107284); St. 1997–20, 5af in 75% Etoh (ZMBN107285). Other examined material: Guinea (Conakry): St. 2011410–GR01, 1af, juvenile, in 75%Etoh (ZMBN132170). Ghana: St. 7GH–06, 1af in 75% Etoh (ZMBN132169). Nigeria: St. 6N–14, 13af in 75%Etoh (ZMBN132171). Etymology: From Latin fascia, meaning band, referring to the distinct banded patterns along the body in this species. Diagnosis: Prostomium as wide as long. Chaetigers 1–9 with slender lamellae, although neuropodial lamellae of chaetigers 1–3, broader, almost scoopshaped. All thoracic chaetae capillary. Abdominal lateral lamellae triangular, without basal constrictions. Abdominal hooded hooks bidentate, in two groups, vis-à-vis. Simple posteriorly open pouches present, pygidium with two short projections. Description: A stout species; with marked distinction between thorax and abdomen (Figs 13A, 14C, 15A), thorax dorsoventrally flattened, thinner (when viewed laterally), but marginally wider than the rounded abdomen. Holotype, anterior fragment; prostomium 0.65 mm long, 0.65 mm wide; thorax 3.0 mm long (including prostomium), 0.75 mm wide; abdomen 0.6 mm wide; total length 20 mm for 43 chaetigers. Largest DNA-voucher specimen (ZMBN107311), anterior fragment: prostomium 0.8 mm long, 0.9 mm wide; thorax 3.3 mm long (including prostomium), 1.0 mm wide; abdomen 0.8 mm wide; total length approximately 8.5 mm for 24 chaetigers (width measurements not including parapodia). Thoracic chaetigers slightly bulbous, particularly in midthoracic region (Figs 13A, 14A, B, 15E), thoracic width fairly uniform but tapering from chaetiger 6 to 9. Other specimens (complete and anterior fragments) 2.5–30 mm for 8–65 chaetigers. Prostomium triangular (Figs 13B, C, 14A, B, 15B, E), width similar to, or marginally larger than, length (L: W ratio 0.89–1.00). No prostomial horns, anterior margin straight and square, lateral margins slightly rounded. Two pairs of longitudinal dorsal muscular prostomial ridges. Inner pair abutting for majority of length, diverging only at distal tips; outer pair abutting inners for entire length, fairly thin and indistinct (see RH side of Fig. 13B, for instance). Light diagonal striations apparent on inner ridges and indistinct markings present either side of ridges. Burrowing organ, partially to fully everted in 185 specimens, oval when partially everted (Fig. 14B, C), heart-shaped when fully everted (e.g. ZMBN132149); longitudinally ridged inferiorly, superior surface appearing smooth. Palps retained, at least partially, on 77 specimens, arising ventrolaterally from base of prostomium, short and thick, with a ‘frilly’ appearance due to presence of numerous long papillae. Palps reaching approximately chaetigers 13–17 (when folded backwards), nonpapillated region short, reaching approximately chaetiger 2. Papillae short proximally, increasing in size in mid and distal regions, becoming long at tips. Proximally three to five rows of papillae either side of an inconspicuous mid-palp line, devoid of papillae, medially two to four rows and distally one to two rows either side. Exact number of rows difficult to discern due to length and abundance of papillae, and due to neighbouring rows overlapping each other. A higher number of rows of papillae occur on larger specimens. Achaetous region behind the prostomium, marginally longer than chaetiger 1 (Figs 14A, 15E). Chaetigers 1–8 similar (Fig. 13D–Q); parapodia biramous. Notopodia with low prechaetal lamellae, which encircle the chaetal bundle and are confluent with smooth-edged, pointed, triangular lamellae, in a slightly subchaetal position. Notopodial lamellae of a similar size throughout the thorax. Minute prechaetal superior dorsal lobes present on thoracic chaetigers, difficult to discern in smaller specimens and on all chaetigers due to size. Neuropodia with low pre- and postchaetal lamellae, encircling chaetae cuff-like and confluent with ventral lamellae underneath chaetal bundle. Those of chaetigers one to three/four broader spatulate with bluntly rounded tips, slightly scoopshaped (Fig. 13D–K), but not as marked as those seen in M. cincta. Neuropodial lamellae reducing in length and breadth along thorax. Chaetiger 9 shorter and narrower than preceding chaetigers (Fig. 14A): noto- and neuropodial postchaetal lamellae similar (Fig. 13R), marginally larger than on preceding chaetigers. Prechaetal lamellae low, no notopodial superior dorsal lobes observed, however, small, triangular prechaetal processes present in the neuropodia. Chaetae of chaetigers 1–9 simple bilimbate winged capillaries (Fig. 13W). Abdominal lateral lamellae triangular, not basally constricted, and with no obvious postchaetal expansion of lamellae behind chaetal rows (Fig. 13S–U). Minute, sporadic processes (DML, VML) observed at inner margins of chaetal rows. (NB not occurring on all chaetigers and more difficult to discern in smaller specimens.) Abdominal chaetigers of mid-body region approximately twice as long as wide. Abdominal chaetae bidentate hooded hooks (Fig. 13W–Y) all of a similar size, one superior fang above main fang. Hooks in two approximately equal groups for each ramus, main fangs vis-à-vis (Fig. 13U). Approximately ten to twelve hooks per ramus in the anterior abdomen. Posteriorly open, abdominal lateral pouches observed on several specimens towards the posterior region (Figs 13U, 14D). Pouches simple, C-shaped, alternating from one side of the body to the other, and on alternating chaetigers, starting, for example, on chaetigers 32R and 34L for complete imaged paratype (NMW.Z.2021.001.0008). Pouches observed starting from 24 segments from the pygidium. Pygidium rounded with two slight, lateral projections (Fig. 14E). Anus almost terminal [as has been shown for M. alleni, see: Mills & Mortimer (2019)], but tilted towards the ventral surface [as has been shown for M. equilamellae, see: Mortimer et al. (2020)]. Holotype ovigerous, eggs approximately 80 μm in diameter (Fig. 13Z). T h e p ar a t y p e f r o m St. 7 G H – 0 7 (NMW.Z.2021.001.0013) clearly shows sediment grains within the body cavity. Colour: No living material observed. Preserved specimens cream to beige in colour with obvious brown pigmentation as transverse stripes along the body to the pygidium (Fig. 14). Pigmentation of the posterior thorax wider and darker than the rest of the body, occurring as a pigment band (Fig. 14A–C). No prostomial pigmentation. Brown transverse lines present on non-papillated side of palps. Darker pigmentation running alongside the outer row of papillae, in mid-palp region (Fig. 14F) and occurring as sporadic spots towards the distal tips. Additional infrequent pigment spots amongst papillae. Specimens collected in 2005/2006 now entirely without, or with distinctly faded, pigmentation. Pigmentation around the posterior thorax is retained for the longest period of time. White dorsal speckles (glandular?) present between chaetigers 2–4, just behind parapodia, more obvious in stained specimens (Fig. 15C). Methyl green staining pattern (Figs 13A, 15) generally indistinct, but the dorsal thoracic surface, prostomium (Fig. 15B) and ventral posterior thorax (Fig. 15D) become speckled with darker stain. Stain remaining the longest in the posterior thorax, even for several months after initial staining. Distribution: Collected at 32 stations from ten countries (from Mauritania in the north, to northern Angola in the south, Fig. 1), at depths of 19– 106 m. Remarks: The most important distinguishing feature separating this species from all other pigmented species in the region is the presence of distinct striped or banded pigmentation along the length of the body (but note that pigmentation may fade over time). In possessing bidentate hooded abdominal hooks M. fasciata differs from M. alleni, M. guineensis, M. picta and M. nanseni, in which they are tridentate. In possessing scoop-shaped ventral neuropodial lamellae of the anterior abdomen, and only minute/ sporadic superior dorsal lobes in the thoracic region, Magelona fasciata differs from M. mackiei in which the neuropodial lamellae have more pointed tips and the notopodial superior dorsal lobes are more distinct. They further differ in terms of prostomial shape (width similar to length in the former species but wider than long in the latter) and the presence of two pairs of prominent dorsal prostomial muscular ridges in the latter species (outer pair of which are thinner and less distinct in M. fasciata). Magelona fasciata co-occurred at several localities alongside M. alleni within the sampling region, for example, St. 2011410–SL12 off Senegal. When present together, the former species was seen to occur in much higher numbers than the latter. The two can be easily separated within the same sample by the distinct stripy pigmentation of M. fasicata and the presence of subequal abdominal lamellae in M. alleni. The pigment band of M. alleni additionally being somewhat darker and browner in colour. The presence of papery, sediment-covered tubes was observed for M. alleni in these samples but not noted for M. fasciata. Of the other magelonid species known to carry posterior thoracic pigmentation, M. fasciata shares most similarities with M. cincta described from South Africa. However, it can be distinguished from this species, M. equilamellae, M. japonica, M. symmetrica, M. polydentata and M. variolamellata in the nature of the hooded hooks, being bidentate as opposed to tridentate or polydentate. Of all the other previously described African species, M. fasciata shares some similarities with M. cepiceps and Magelona mahensis Mortimer & Mackie, 2006, from the Seychelles. However, it differs from the former in terms of prostomial shape and in possessing only minute superior dorsal lobes of the thoracic region (those of M. cepiceps being somewhat longer and wider, particularly in the posterior thorax), and to the latter based on the presence of abdominal processes at the end of chaetal rows (DML, VML; absent in M. mahensis)., Published as part of Mortimer, Kate, Kongsrud, Jon Anders & Willassen, Endre, 2022, Integrative taxonomy of West African Magelona (Annelida: Magelonidae): species with thoracic pigmentation, pp. 1134-1176 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194 (4) on pages 1160-1165, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab070, http://zenodo.org/record/6459404, {"references":["Mills K, Mortimer K. 2019. Observations on the tubicolous annelid Magelona alleni (Magelonidae), with discussions on the relationship between morphology and behaviour of European magelonids. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 99: 715 - 727. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0025315418000784.","Mortimer K, Mills K, Jordana E, Pinedo S, Gil J. 2020. A further review of European Magelonidae (Annelida), including redescriptions of Magelona equilamellae and Magelona filiformis. Zootaxa 4767: 89 - 114. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4767.1.4.","Mortimer K, Mackie ASY. 2006. The Magelonidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from the Seychelles. 2. Description of four additional species, three new to science. In: Sarda R, San Martin G, Lopez E, Martin D, George D, eds. Scientific advances in polychaete research. Scientia Marina 70: 125 - 137."]}

MAGELONA PICTA SP. NOV. (FIGS 9, 10) Zoobank registration: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: D51FC252-3FDE-4C25-AE0D-9FD07ACB0579. Type locality: Angola: 6.8526°S 12.2831°E, 50 m depth. Type material: Holotype, Angola: St. 7AN–03, a f i n 9 6%E t o h (Z M B N1 0 7 3 3 8, D N A -v o u ch e r). Paratype, same sample as holotype, 1af in 96%Etoh (ZMBN115737, DNA-voucher). Etymology: The specific name is derived from the Latin word pictus, painted, referring to the pigmented body, in particular, the abdominal lateral lamellae. Diagnosis: Prostomium marginally wider than long, no prostomial horns. Chaetigers 1–8 with slender foliaceous notopodial lamellae, long s u p e r i o r d o r s a l l o b e s a n d s l e n d e r, t r i a n g u l a r, ventral neuropodial lamellae. Lamellae of chaetiger 9 digitiform, postchaetal. All thoracic chaetae capillary. Abdominal lateral lamellae foliaceous and heavily pigmented. Abdominal hooded hooks tridentate, in two groups, vis-à-vis. No pouches observed, pygidium unknown. Description: A moderately stout species; junction between thorax and abdomen not hugely marked, but the dorsally flattened thorax is somewhat wider and thinner than the rounded abdomen (Figs 9A, 10B, E). Holotype, anterior fragment: prostomium 0.95 mm long, 1.0 mm wide; thorax 4.6 mm long (including prostomium), 1.0 mm wide (at widest point between chaetigers 5–6, only 0.75 mm in anterior thorax. NB specimen shows signs of being marginally dorsoventrally flattened); abdomen 0.6 mm wide; total length approximately 10.25 mm for 20 chaetigers (width measurements not including parapodia). Paratype, anterior fragment: 2.25 mm long for four chaetigers. Thoracic chaetigers of the mid-thorax bulbous and rounded when viewed dorsally (Figs 9A, 10A). Prostomium rounded subtriangular (Figs 9B, 10F), marginally wider than long (L: W ratio 0.95). No prostomial horns, anterior margin straight, medially indented for holotype. Prostomium with one pair of thick longitudinal, dorsal muscular ridges, abutting for majority of length, diverging only at distal tips. Minute outer pair of ridges at their bases. Distinct prostomial markings either side of prostomial ridges, as arched lines and smaller more circular areas towards the centre. Burrowing organ of holotype almost fully everted, heart-shaped (Figs 9B, 10B, C, E), light longitudinal ridges inferiorly, appearing smooth superiorly. No palps retained, unknown. Achaetous region behind the prostomium, approximately one and a half times the length of chaetiger 1 (Figs 9A, 10A). Chaetigers 1–8 similar (Fig. 9C–I); parapodia biramous. Notopodia with low triangular prechaetal lamellae confluent with slender foliaceous postchaetal lamellae, slightly broader in anterior thorax, the upper edges of which are smooth. Single, long prechaetal superior dorsal lobe present on all thoracic chaetigers, except chaetiger 9. Neuropodia with low prechaetal lamellae confluent with long, slender, triangular lamellae with rounded tips, directly under chaetal bundle. Postchaetal lamellae slightly larger than prechaetal, particularly in anterior thorax (Fig. 9C, D). Ventral lamellae decreasing greatly in size from chaetigers 1–4, and then of a similar size in the posterior thorax. Those of chaetigers 6–8 in a slightly postchaetal position. Chaetiger 9: notopodial and neuropodial postchaetal lamellae similar in both rami, digitiform with rounded tips (Fig. 9J). Chaetae emerging above notopodial, and below neuropodial lamellae. Chaetae of chaetigers 1–9 simple bilimbate winged capillaries (Fig. 9L). Parapodia of abdominal chaetigers (Fig. 9K) sinuous, foliaceous lateral lamellae with slight basal constrictions. Lamellae extend postchaetally behind chaetal rows in anterior abdomen, triangular. Small, triangular processes observed at inner margins of chaetal rows (DML, VML). Abdominal chaetae tridentate hooded hooks (Fig. 9M) all of a similar size, two superior fangs parallel, above main fang. Hooks in two approximately equal groups within each ramus, main fangs vis-à-vis (Fig. 9K). Approximately eight hooks per ramus in the anterior abdomen. No abdominal pouches observed, but only 11 abdominal chaetigers examined. Pygidium unknown. Colour: No living material observed. Preserved specimens cream with a distinct dark-brown pigment band present in the posterior thorax (chaetigers 5–8), comprising of many small dots (Figs 9A, 10). Pigment band extends around the body from dorsal to ventral surface. However, some areas around the parapodia, particularly those of chaetigers 6 and 7 and along the mid-dorsal and mid-ventral lines, are clear of pigmentation (Fig. 10A, E). Weaker pigmentation present over much of the body (except on prostomium and thoracic lamellae), similar in colour to pigment band, although much more diffuse. Pigmentation darker in furrows along the body. Abdominal lamellae heavily pigmented, comprising of dots over much of their surface. Staining with methyl green shows no distinct pattern, weakly stained over the entire body, except where heavily pigmented. Distribution: Only collected from one station (off Angola) in the Gulf of Guinea Large Marine Ecosystem (LME), during West African surveys, 50 m (Fig. 1). Remarks: This new species can be distinguished from other pigmented magelonid species within the MIWA region based on the following characters. In possessing a prostomium, which is wider than long with distinct prostomial markings either side of the prostomial ridges, M. picta differs from M. alleni, M. fasciata and M. mackiei. In addition to the distinct brown pigment band on chaetigers 5–8, M. picta possesses pigmentation over much of the body, including the abdominal lateral lamellae, not present in any of the other magelonid species in the MIWA region, apart from M. fasciata. However, in the latter species, this pigmentation occurs in a distinctly striped pattern, thus differing from M. picta. In possessing foliaceous thoracic notopodial lamellae, M. picta differs from M. alleni, M. guineensis, M. fasciata and M. mackiei. The presence of long thoracic superior dorsal lobes separates the new species from M. alleni, M. guineensis, M. fasciata and M. mackiei in which they are either short or absent. Magelona picta further differs from M. fasciata and M. mackiei in possessing tridentate hooded hooks in the abdomen, rather than bidentate. Of the MIWA magelonid species, M. picta shares the most similarities with M. nanseni, but differs in pigmentation patterns, with that of the latter species being restricted to the posterior thorax and light red in colour, whilst that of the former species is dark brown and over much of the body. Moreover, Magelona picta possesses foliaceous notopodial thoracic lamellae and abdominal lateral lamellae, which are not markedly constricted basally but with distinct postchaetal expansions behind chaetal rows, whilst M. nanseni has more slender notopodial thoracic lamellae and abdominal lamellae, which are basally constricted but without postchaetal expansions behind chaetal rows. Of the other magelonid species known to carry posterior thoracic pigmentation, M. picta differs from M. cincta, M. equilamellae, M. japonica, M. variolamellata, M. symmetrica and M. polydentata in possessing thoracic superior dorsal lobes. It can be further distinguished from M. polydentata in possessing tridentate abdominal hooded hooks, rather than polydentate. Additionally, M. symmetrica differs in possessing lamellae that are triangular, both in the thorax and abdomen, and pigmentation that is limited to the posterior thorax. Of all the previously described African species, M. picta shares some affinities with M. cepiceps from the Seychelles, but differs in the nature of chaetiger 9, e.g. absence of super dorsal lobes (present in M. cepiceps) and in possessing elongate postchaetal neuropodial lamellae, without additional processes (broad, with additional prechaetal process in M. cepiceps)., Published as part of Mortimer, Kate, Kongsrud, Jon Anders & Willassen, Endre, 2022, Integrative taxonomy of West African Magelona (Annelida: Magelonidae): species with thoracic pigmentation, pp. 1134-1176 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194 (4) on pages 1153-1157, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab070, http://zenodo.org/record/6459404

MAGELONA GUINEENSIS SP. NOV. (FIGS 7, 8) Z o o b a n k r e g i s t r a t i o n. u r n: l s i d: z o o b a n k. org:act: 053593E9-5402-4D0F-9519-8CAC8C23788E. Type locality: São Tomé and Príncipe, 1.5345°N 7.4225°E, 38 m depth. Type material: Holotype, São Tomé and Príncipe St. 5SP–05, af in 75% Etoh (ZMBN132137). Paratypes: Guinea (Conakry): St. 7GU–01, 5af in 75% Etoh (ZMBN107270); 1af in 75% Etoh (ZMBN107271, imaged). Sierra Leone: St. 7SL–04, 1af in 75% Etoh (NMW.Z.2021.001.0004). Nigeria: St. 6N–01, 1af in 96% Etoh (ZMBN115736, DNA-voucher); St. 6N–20, 1af in 96%Etoh (ZMBN107331, DNA-voucher). Cameroon: St. 5C–10, 1af in 96% Etoh (ZMBN107269); St. 6C–21, 3af in 75% Etoh (ZMBN107268). Gabon: St. 5G–13, 1af in 75% Etoh (ZMBN132140). São Tomé and Príncipe: St. 5SP –05, 1af, 1f in 75% Etoh (NMW.Z.2021.001.0005); 1af in 96% Etoh (ZMBN107303, DNA-voucher). Angola: St. 7AN–05, 1af in 75% Etoh (ZMBN107267). Etymology: The specific name refers to type locality in the Gulf of Guinea. Additional material: Guinea-Bissau: St. 6 GB – 07, 17af in 75%Etoh (ZMBN107272); St. 7 GB –08: 3af in 96%Etoh (ZMBN107273); 1af in 96%Etoh (ZMBN107274). Diagnosis: Prostomium width similar to length, no prostomial horns. Chaetigers 1–8 with slender sinuous notopodial lamellae with small superior dorsal lobes and triangular ventral neuropodial lamellae. Lamellae of chaetiger 9 triangular and postchaetal, with additional small, ventral, neuropodial processes. All thoracic chaetae capillary. Abdominal lateral lamellae spatulate, with pointed tips. Abdominal hooks tridentate, in two groups, vis-à-vis. No pouches observed, pygidium unknown. Description: A moderately sized species; junction between thorax and abdomen fairly marked (Figs 7A, 8A, B), abdomen more rounded than the dorsally flattened thorax. Holotype, anterior fragment: prostomium 0.7 mm wide, 0.7 mm long; thorax 3.5 mm long (including prostomium), 0.65 mm wide; abdomen, 0.45 mm wide; total length 9 mm for 21 chaetigers. Largest DNAvoucher specimen (ZMBN107331), anterior fragment: prostomium 0.6 mm long, 0.6 mm wide; thorax 5.0 mm long (including prostomium), 0.6 mm wide; abdomen 0.65 mm wide; total length approximately 7.8 mm for 17 chaetigers (width measurements not including parapodia). Other anterior fragments: 3–14 mm long for eight to 31 chaetigers. Prostomium (Figs 7B, 8A, C), approximately as wide as long (L: W ratio 1), anterior margin straight and square, rounded lateral margins. One pair of prominent longitudinal dorsal muscular prostomial ridges, abutting for majority of length, diverging at distal tips. Thin and marginally shorter outer pair of ridges abutting inner pair for entire length. Light, almost diagonal lines, either side of ridges, composed of small oblong to long rectangular patches, not as marked as seen in other species. Burrowing organ partially everted in one specimen (ZMBN107331), longitudinally ridged. No palps retained. Achaetous region behind the prostomium, roughly twice the size of chaetiger 1 (Figs 7A, 8A, C). Chaetigers 1–8 similar; parapodia biramous (Fig. 7C–L). Notopodia with low, triangular prechaetal lamellae confluent with slender, smooth-edged, sinuous postchaetal lamellae, decreasing slightly in size along thorax. Single, small digitiform, prechaetal superior dorsal lobe present on all thoracic chaetigers, except chaetiger 9, decreasing in size in posterior thorax. Neuropodia with low pre- and postchaetal lamellae, encircling chaetae cufflike and confluent with slender triangular lamellae underneath the chaetal bundle, with rounded tips. Lamellae initially slightly prechaetal in position but becoming completely ventral by chaetiger 4, decreasing in size in posterior thorax. Chaetiger 9: shorter and narrower than preceding chaetigers (Figs 7A, 8A, C). Notopodial prechaetal lamellae low, confluent with slender triangular postchaetal lamellae, shorter but wider than on preceding chaetiger (Fig. 7M). No superior dorsal lobes observed. Neuropodia similar to notopodia, with a low inferior ridge terminating in an additional small, triangular process on both sides of the chaetiger. Chaetae of chaetigers 1–9 simple bilimbate winged capillaries. Parapodia of abdominal chaetigers (Fig. 7N) with spatulate to broad triangular lateral lamellae of similar size in both rami, showing a slight basal constriction, but with no obvious postchaetal expansion of lamellae behind chaetal rows. Chaetae emerging from definite ridge. Small triangular dorsal (DML) and ventral (VML) processes observed at inner margins of chaetal rows. Abdominal chaetae tridentate hooded hooks (Fig. 7O) all of a similar size, superior two fangs parallel, above main fang. Hooks in two approximately equal groups in each ramus, main fangs vis-à-vis (Fig. 7N). Approximately eight to ten hooks per ramus in the anterior abdomen. No abdominal pouches observed, although no posterior fragments present within examined material. Pygidium unknown. Colour: No living material observed. Preserved specimens cream in colour, faint reddish pigment present in the posterior thorax between chaetigers 5–8 (Figs 7A, 8A, B), particularly noticeable ventrally. Pigmentation of freshly preserved specimens unknown, pigment likely to have faded to some degree after more than 10 years of preservation. Yellow dorsal, linear speckled patches (glandular?) present between chaetigers 1–4, adjacent to parapodia, either side of the mid dorsal line. Staining with methyl green (Fig. 8C–E) shows no distinct pattern, just weak stain all over. However, dorsal speckles and abdominal interparapodial patches more apparent in stained specimens (e.g. Fig. 8C). Distribution: Collected at 11 stations from eight countries during West African surveys at depths between 8 and 92 m. Distributed around the Gulf of Guinea, from Sierra Leone to Angola (Fig. 1). Remarks: Magelona guineensis can be distinguished morphologically from all other magelonids in the MIWA region carrying posterior thoracic pigmentation using the following criteria. It differs from M. fasciata and M. alleni in possessing thoracic superior dorsal lobes, further differing from M. fasciata and, additionally, M. mackiei in possessing tridentate, instead of bidentate, abdominal hooded hooks. Magelona guineensis differs from M. alleni, M. picta and M. nanseni in the nature of the neuropodia of chaetiger 9; the neuropodial lamellae of M. alleni being ventral, as opposed to postchaetal, and in possessing additional small, triangular processes, which are not present in M. picta and M. nanseni. The new species can also be distinguished from all other known pigmented magelonid species based on the following criteria. In stark contrast to M. guineensis, the outer pair of prostomial dorsal ridges of M. cincta are indistinct and no additional prostomial markings are present. Additionally, M. cincta does not have processes below the neurochaetae of chaetiger 9 (present in M. guineensis), and the ventral neuropodial lamellae of the anterior thorax in M. cincta are distinctly scoopshaped (not slender triangular as in the new species). Magelona guineensis can be distinguished from M. cincta, M. equilamellae, M. japonica, M. symmetrica and M. variolamellata by possessing thoracic superior dorsal lobes. Magelona polydentata differs in possessing polydentate abdominal hooded hooks (not tridentate). Lastly, M. symmetrica is recorded to have only light pigmentation in the posterior thorax, which does not form a distinct pigment band, as seen in M. guineensis. The only remaining African species sharing affinities with M. guineensis is Magelona cepiceps Mortimer & Mackie, 2006 described from the Seychelles. However, M. guineensis differs in the prostomial shape (being somewhat onion-shaped in M. cepiceps), in possessing thoracic notopodial lamellae and superior dorsal lobes, which are both slender (much broader in M. cepiceps), and in the absence of superior dorsal lobes of chaetiger 9 (present in M. cepiceps). Magelona hartmanae Jones, 1978, originally described off California, shares some affinities with M. guineensis in terms of lamellar and prostomial shape. However, the species differ in the nature of the postchaetal neuropodial lamellae of chaetiger 9, which is low and broad in the former species, whilst in the latter it is elongate. Additionally, the length of the prechaetal processes of the same chaetiger is much greater in M. hartmanae than the new species.

MAGELONA NANSENI SP. NOV. (FIGS 11, 12) Z o o b a n k r e g i s t r a t i o n: u r n: l s i d: z o o b a n k. org:act: 6F8FA46E-BEBB-48E0-8758-26750FCDA54E. Type locality: Nigeria: 4.1482°N 5.7688°E, 25 m depth. Type material: Holotype, Nigeria: St. 5N–11, af in 75% Etoh (ZMBN132141). Paratypes: Liberia: St. 7LI–01, 1af in 75% Etoh (ZMBN132142); St. 7LI–04, 1af in 75%Etoh (NMW.Z.2021.001.0006); Ghana: St. 2009105–GP1/28, 1af in 75% Etoh (ZMBN107275); St. 2009105–GE1/28, 5af in 75% Etoh (ZMBN107276). Nigeria: St. 5N–11, 1af in 96% Etoh (ZMBN107336, DNA-voucher). Etymology: The new species is named in honour of the zoologist and oceanographer Dr Fridtjof Nansen, whose name is also linked with the research vessel from which all samples from West Africa included in this paper were collected. Diagnosis: Prostomium wider than long, with rudimentary prostomial horns. Chaetigers 1–8 with slender foliaceous notopodial lamellae, with long, superior dorsal lobes and slender, triangular neuropodial lamellae. Lamellae of chaetiger 9 triangular postchaetal in both rami. All thoracic chaetae capillary. Abdominal lateral lamellae basally constricted and spatulate, with pointed tips. Abdominal hooded hooks tridentate, in two groups, vis-à-vis. No pouches observed, pygidium unknown. Description: A stout species; junction between thorax and abdomen noticeable, although not distinctly marked (Figs 11A, 12B), abdomen more rounded than thorax. Holotype, anterior fragment: prostomium 1.0 mm wide, 0.85 mm long; thorax 5.75 mm long (including prostomium), 1.1 mm wide (at its widest point, approximately chaetiger 6); abdomen 0.9 mm wide; total length approximately 13.25 mm for 26 chaetigers. (NB last chaetiger of holotype dissected and slide-mounted. Width measurements not including parapodia.) Thorax tapering towards abdomen from approximately chaetiger 7. Additional anterior fragment (ZMBN107336) 4.8 mm long for 11 chaetigers, approximately 0.8 mm wide. Other anterior fragments 5.5–11.5 mm for 14–20 chaetigers. Prostomium rounded laterally (Figs 11A, B, 12A–F), wider than long (L: W ratio 0.85). Proximal prostomial corners extend around bases of palps towards ventral surface (Fig. 12B, E, H). Distally, prostomium squared into ‘rudimentary horns’, anterior margin roughly straight but with a small, medial rise on holotype. One pair of distinct, longitudinal, dorsal muscular prostomial ridges, thick and abutting for majority of length, although diverging for distal quarter. No obvious outer pair of ridges. Distinct arched markings either side of ridges, becoming smaller transverse markings towards distal tip. Small, white speckles present sporadically on surface of prostomial markings. Burrowing organ partially everted in one specimen (ZMBN107336), oval with light longitudinal stripes inferiorly. Buccal region on ventral side of prostomium comprised of three lips: a larger triangular upper lip, surmounting two smaller lateral lips (Fig. 12B, E), inner surface of which is heavily speckled, cream/yellow in colour. Palps retained on one specimen (ZMBN107336, RH palp now detached but present in vial), thick, short and appearing frilly due to length and abundance of papillae. Palps approximately 7 mm long, non-papillated region reaching approximately chaetiger 3. Papillae long, proximally five rows either side of an inconspicuous mid-palp line, devoid of papillae, four rows either side medially and two rows distally. Only palp stumps either side of buccal region retained on holotype (Fig. 12E). Achaetous region behind the prostomium, roughly twice the length of chaetiger 1 (Figs 11A, 12A, C, F). Chaetigers 1–8 similar; parapodia biramous (Fig. 11C–M). Notopodia with low, rounded, prechaetal lamellae confluent with slender, smooth-edged, foliaceous, postchaetal lamellae with rounded tips, of similar size along thorax. Those of chaetiger 8 slightly more foliaceous, with pointier tips. Single, long, tapering, superior dorsal lobe present on all thoracic chaetigers, except chaetiger 9, decreasing slightly in size in posterior thorax. Neuropodia with low pre- and postchaetal lamellae, encircling chaetae cufflike and confluent with slender, triangular lamellae, directly under chaetae (Fig. 11D, F), decreasing in size in posterior thorax. Initially slightly prechaetal but becoming completely ventral by chaetiger 4. Chaetiger 9: shorter and narrower than preceding chaetigers (Figs 11A, 12B). Notopodial prechaetal lamellae low, confluent with larger, slender, triangular, postchaetal lamellae, of similar length to preceding chaetigers (Fig. 11N). No superior dorsal lobes observed. Neuropodia similar, but chaetae emerging below postchaetal lamellae from low inferior ridge. Occasionally inferior edge of ridge slightly raised but never appearing as a distinct process. Chaetae of chaetigers 1–9 simple bilimbate, winged capillaries. Parapodia of abdominal chaetigers (Fig. 11O) with broad, spatulate, lateral lamellae with pointed tips, of similar size in both rami. Basally constricted, but with no obvious postchaetal expansion behind chaetal rows. Small, triangular processes (DML, VML) observed at inner margins of chaetal rows. Abdominal chaetae tridentate hooded hooks (Fig. 11P) of a similar size, superior two fangs parallel, above main fang. Hooks in two approximately equal groups for each ramus, main fangs vis-à-vis (Fig. 11O). Approximately ten hooks per ramus in the anterior abdomen. No abdominal pouches observed, but material only possessing up to 26 abdominal chaetigers. Pygidium unknown. Colour: No living material observed. Preserved specimens cream in colour, faint reddish to brown pigment present in the posterior thorax, between chaetigers 5–8 (Fig. 12A, B). Pigmentation slightly darker in 96 % ethanol preserved specimen (ZMBN107336), particularly ventrally. Pigmentation of freshly preserved specimens unknown, pigment is likely to have faded to some degree for the holotype after 13 years of preservation. Obvious elongate, yellow, dorsal patches (glandular?) present between chaetigers 1–5, adjacent to parapodia and either side of the middorsal line (Fig. 12A, C). Staining with methyl green (Fig. 12D–H) shows no distinct pattern, just weak stain all over. However, speckled areas of the prostomium, thoracic region, as well as interparapodial abdominal patches, more noticeable in stained specimens. Distribution: Only known from five stations, off three countries, Liberia to Nigeria, at depths of 25–29 m (Fig. 1). Remarks: This new species can be distinguished from all other pigmented magelonid species within the MIWA region based on the following characters. In possessing thoracic superior dorsal lobes, M. nanseni differs from M. alleni and M. fasciata, in which they are absent. In possessing tridentate abdominal hooks, it further differs from M. fasciata and, additionally, M. mackiei, in which they are bidentate. It also differs from the latter two species and M. picta in not having small processes below the chaetal bundles in the neuropodia of chaetiger 9. Of the MIWA species, M. nanseni is closest to M. picta, as noted above, but differs in having less foliaceous notopodial lamellae in the thorax, more basally constricted abdominal lamellae and in terms of body pigmentation (see above). Of the other magelonid species known to carry posterior thoracic pigmentation, M. nanseni differs from M. cincta, M. equilamellae, M. japonica, M. symmetrica, M. polydentata and M. variolamellata in possessing thoracic superior dorsal lobes (absent in the others). It further differs from M. polydentata in possessing tridentate hooded hooks in the abdomen rather than polydentate. Of all the previously described African species, M. nanseni shares affinities with M. cepiceps from the Seychelles, particularly in the nature of the prostomium, which is somewhat onion-shaped in the latter species. However, they differ in the lamellae of chaetiger 9; the latter species possessing thoracic superior dorsal lobes on all thoracic chaetigers (absent on chaetiger 9 in M. nanseni) and low, rounded, postchaetal neuropodial lamellae, with small, ventral processes below the chaetal bundle (as opposed to slender, elongate triangular postchaetal lamellae for the new species)., Published as part of Mortimer, Kate, Kongsrud, Jon Anders & Willassen, Endre, 2022, Integrative taxonomy of West African Magelona (Annelida: Magelonidae): species with thoracic pigmentation, pp. 1134-1176 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194 (4) on pages 1157-1160, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab070, http://zenodo.org/record/6459404

MAGELONA ALLENI WILSON, 1958 (FIGS 3–6) Magelona alleni Wilson (1958), Mackie et al. (1995, 2006), Fiege et al. (2000), Meiβner & Darr (2009), Robinson et al. (2009), Mills & Mortimer (2019), Mortimer et al. (2020). Magelona cincta Fauvel (1936), Mare (1942), Clarke & Milne (1955) (see: Wilson, 1958). Type locality: UK: Plymouth, Rame Mud (a deposit of black sandy mud, close to station 93 of Ford (1923), viz. Rame Head, E. ½ N. Tregantle, N. ½ E., see Mare (1942), approximately 50.302°N, 4.244°W and 60 m. Type material examined: Holotype, af (BMNH 1958.5.2.1), mud, Coll. D.P Wilson, 1958; Paratypes: Rame Head, 1c (BMNH 1958.5.2.2); 1af (BMNH 1958.5.2.3); 15af, 3f, 3 palps (BMNH 1958.5.2.4–10), Coll. E. Ford / M.F. Mare, 1939. West African material: Morocco: St. 2011410–GR45, 1af in 75%Etoh (NMW.Z.2021.001.0001, figured); 8af, 2f, 2pf in 75%Etoh (NMW.Z.2021.001.0002); St. 2011410–GR50, 2af in 75%Etoh (ZMBN 132134). Western Sahara: St. 2011410–GR27: 2af in 75%Etoh (ZMBN 132136); 1af in 96%Etoh (ZMBN 132125); 1af in 96%Etoh (ZMBN 107315, DNA-voucher); 1af in 96%Etoh (ZMBN 115754, DNA-voucher). Senegal: St. 2011410–SL12: 18af in 96%Etoh (ZMBN 132135); 22af in 96%Etoh (ZMBN 132124); 1af in 96%Etoh (ZMBN 107321, DNA-voucher); 1af in 96%Etoh (ZMBN 115753, DNA-voucher); 6af in 96%Etoh (NMW.Z.2020.000.0003). Guinea (Conakry): St. 2012404–GR02, 1af in 96%Etoh (ZMBN 107335, DNA-voucher). São Tomé and Príncipe: St. ES–77–- SBE: 3af in 75%Etoh (exact locality unknown). Additional European material: Norway: Skagerrak coast, 58.388°N 8.749°E, 66 m, 28.06.2006, 1af in 96%Etoh (ZMBN95087, DNA-voucher); 1af in 96%Etoh (ZMBN95091, DNA-voucher). UK: Isles of Scilly, 49.9210°N 6.3352°W, 15 m, 25.06.2009, 1af in 96% Etoh (NMW.Z.2009.027.0523, DNA-voucher); Old Grimsby, Tresco, Isles of Scilly, 49.96°N 6.33°W, low tide, 10.09.2006, 1af in 96%Etoh (NMW.Z.2006.019.0799, DNA-voucher); Mill Bay near East Portlemouth, Devon, 50.2304 ° N 3.7679 ° W, low shore, 17.05.2003, 1 af in 96 % Etoh (NMW. Z. 2003.035.0018, DNA- voucher); Jennycliff Bay, Plymouth, 50.3483°N 4.1288° W, 8 m, 27.03.2017, 1 af in 96 %Etoh (NMW.Z.2018.007.0001, DNA-voucher); 1af in 96%Etoh (NMW.Z.2018.007.0002, DNA-voucher); 1af in 96%Etoh (NMW.Z.2018.007.0003, DNAvoucher); Cardigan Bay, Wales, 52.3626°N 4.1776°W, 26 m, 31.11.2010, 1af in 96%Etoh (NMW.Z.2010.039. 0001, DNA-voucher). Diagnosis: Prostomium width similar to length, no prostomial horns. Chaetigers 1–9 with slender triangular lamellae, distinct pigment band of the posterior thorax. All thoracic chaetae capillary. Abdominal lateral lamellae subequal, those of the notopodia clearly larger. Abdominal hooks tridentate, in two groups, vis-à-vis (face to face). No pouches observed, pygidium with stout lateral projections. Description: A large, stout species; with marked constriction between thorax and abdomen (Figs 3A, 4A, D), thorax dorsoventrally flattened, much thinner (when viewed laterally), but marginally wider (particularly in mid thorax) than the rounded abdomen. Holotype, anterior fragment: prostomium 0.75 mm long, 0.8 mm wide; thorax 4.25 mm long (including prostomium), 0.95 mm wide (between chaetigers 5 and 6); total length 6.1 mm for 14 chaetigers. Complete paratype: 3.5 cm long for 67 chaetigers. Figured MIWA specimen (NMW.Z.2021.001.0001), anterior fragment:prostomium 1.2 mm long, 1.4 mm wide; thorax 7.1 mm long (including prostomium), 1.55 mm wide; abdomen 1.4 mm wide; total length approximately 12.4 mm for 20 chaetigers (width measurements not including parapodia).Thoracic chaetigers characteristically bulbous (Figs 3A, 4A, 5A, 6A, B), width greatest around chaetigers 4–6, body tapering towards chaetiger 9. Other anterior fragments measuring: 7.6–22.5 mm long for 14–41 chaetigers. Prostomium triangular (Figs 3B, 4C, 6C), length marginally shorter but similar to width (L: W ratio 0.79–0.96), distal portion clearly narrower than proximal. No prostomial horns, anterior margin straight and square, lateral prostomial margins slightly rounded. Prostomium with one pair of prominent longitudinal dorsal muscular ridges, abutting for majority of length, diverging only at distal third. Light angular striations apparent on dorsal surface of ridges towards distal tips in certain lights. A second pair of minute triangular ridges abutting prominent pair at their base, approximately a fifth of their length. Two large, roughly triangular areas noticeable (semitransparent and wrinkled), either side of the ridges, although not marked as in other species. Burrowing organ [previously termed ‘proboscis’, see Mortimer et al. (2012) for discussion on terminology] everted in 17 specimens, heart-shaped when fully everted, oval when partially everted (Fig. 4B). Burrowing organ transversely ridged, although that of the superior surface much fainter, ridges of figured anterior region distinct, almost zigzagged, giving a somewhat ‘wrinkled’ appearance. Palps arising ventrolaterally from base of prostomium, short and thick (Figs 4A, B, 5B) (retained, at least partially, on 11 specimens) appearing ‘frilly’, with long papillae. Palps reaching approximately chaetigers 9–18 when folded backwards. Non–papillated proximal region of palps reaching chaetigers 2–3 (occasionally 4). Papillae short proximally, increasing gradually in size; papillae at distal tips long. Proximally 6–8 rows of papillae either side of an inconspicuous mid-palp line, devoid of papillae, medially 4–6, and distally 1–3 rows either side. Exact number of papillae, difficult to ascertain due to their size and abundance, and due to neighbouring rows of papillae being somewhat offset. Achaetous region behind the prostomium, roughly twice the size of chaetiger 1 (Figs 3A, 5A). Chaetigers 1–8 similar (Figs 3C–L, 4D); parapodia biramous. Notopodia with low prechaetal lamellae confluent with slender smooth-edged triangular to sinuous postchaetal lamellae, decreasing in size to chaetiger 6, but then increasing to chaetiger 9. No prechaetal superior dorsal lobes present on thoracic chaetigers. Neuropodia with low pre- and postchaetal lamellae encircling the chaetae, cuff-like, confluent with long slender triangular lamellae with pointed tips (Fig. 3D). These lamellae, although beneath the chaetal bundle, are initially in a slightly prechaetal position, becoming completely ventral by chaetiger 7. Neuropodial lamellae initially similar in size to the notopodia, but decreasing in size along the thorax. Chaetiger 9 (Figs 3A, 4A, D): shorter and narrower than preceding chaetigers. Notopodial prechaetal lamellae low, confluent with larger slender triangular postchaetal lamellae, slightly larger than those of the preceding chaetigers (Fig. 3M). No superior dorsal lobes observed. Neuropodia similar to preceding chaetigers (Fig. 3N), however, pre- and postchaetal lamellae roughly twice the height. Ventral lamellae shorter and more slender, directly underneath chaetal bundle. Chaetae of chaetigers 1–9 simple bilimbate winged capillaries. Parapodia of abdominal chaetigers (Figs 3O, 4D) with subequal lateral lamellae, much larger in the notopodia than neuropodia. Lamellae not basally constricted and with no obvious postchaetal expansion of lamellae behind chaetal rows. No dorsal (DML) or ventral (VML) processes observed at inner margins of chaetal rows. Abdominal chaetae tridentate hooded hooks (Fig. 3P, Q) of a similar size, superior two fangs parallel, above main fang. Hooks in two approximately equal groups for each ramus, main fangs vis-à-vis (Fig. 3O). Approximately 12–14 hooks per ramus in the anterior abdomen. No abdominal pouches observed. Pygidium with two stout triangular lateral projections (Figs 5C, 6G), anus large, terminal (see: Mills & Mortimer, 2019). One specimen (Morocco, St. 2011410– GR45) ovigerous, eggs measuring approximately 130 μm in diameter. Brown, sediment-covered tube present on many specimens, inner surface consisting of layers of brown/ purple papery material, as noted by Mills & Mortimer (2019). Tube tight-fitting and difficult to remove from preserved specimens without damaging parapodial lamellae. Colour: No living material observed, although live photographs of the species are provided by Mortimer et al. (2018) and Mills & Mortimer (2019). Animals yellow to orange, often with distinct orange patches at the base of the prostomium and on achaetous first segment. Preserved specimens markedly white in colour with obvious dark brown pigment band present in the posterior thorax (now lost on type material, and faded in some MIWA specimens). Band strongest between chaetigers 5–9, an additional stripe is present between chaetigers 4–5, with speckled pigment in between (Figs 3A, 4A, B). Pigment band extends around the body from dorsal to ventral surface. However, some areas around the parapodia, particularly those of chaetigers 7–9, are devoid of pigmentation. Dorsal, white-speckled (glandular?) areas present between chaetigers 1–4, particularly noticeable on holotype (Figs 5A, 6E), but present on other specimens as well. Staining with methyl green (Fig. 4) indistinct, showing no clear pattern. Although, speckled areas in the thoracic region and abdominal interparapodial patches more distinct in stained specimens. Habitat: Type specimens collected in muddy sediments from the shallow sublittoral. West African specimens collected at six stations from five countries, Morocco to São Tomé and Príncipe, at depths of 32–106 m. Other material collected from the intertidal zone to 66 m in fine muddy sands, fine sand and mud. Distribution: Confirmed records suggest that M. alleni is a North-East Atlantic species occurring from Norwegian waters to São Tomé and Príncipe, in the Gulf of Guinea (Fig. 1). Remarks: The West African M. alleni specimens agree well with the type material, first described off Plymouth, England. Whilst, the breadth of the thoracic neuropodial lobes vary depending on the size of the animal, with those of larger specimens (e.g. ZMBN 107335) being comparatively wider, they are never broad and scoop-shaped, as seen in M. fasciata (described below) or M. cincta. The abdominal parapodium drawn by Wilson (1958: fig. 1g), shows a basically triangular abdominal neuropodial lamella, which appears different to that drawn from MIWA material (Fig. 3O). However, re-examination of the type material shows that the abdominal neuropodial lamellae are more slender and pointier than originally drawn by Wilson, and thus comparable to the West African material. Magelona alleni differs from all pigmented species in the MIWA region in the nature of the neuropodia of chaetiger 9, possessing slender, distinctly ventral lamellae, rather than postchaetal (those of M. fasciata, M. guineensis and M. mackiei possessing additional small triangular processes underneath the neurochaetal bundle, not present in M. alleni). It further differs from M. guineensis, M. mackiei, M. nanseni and M. picta in not possessing superior dorsal lobes in the thorax. Additionally, it differs from M. guineensis, M. nanseni and M. picta in the nature of the prostomia, showing less distinct patternation either side of the dorsal muscular ridges. Magelona alleni differs from M. fasciata and M. mackiei, in possessing tridentate not bidentate abdominal hooded hooks. Lastly, M. alleni differs from all above-mentioned species and all known species carrying posterior thoracic pigmentation, except Magelona koreana Okuda, 1937 [originally M. japonica var. koreana, see Jones (1971)] in possessing subequal lateral lamellae in the abdomen. Magelona koreana shares many similarities with M. alleni, but differs in having prostomial horns and in the lamellae of chaetiger 9, which have superior dorsal lobes and large postchaetal neuropodial lamellae. Wilson (1958) stated that M. alleni is likely to be a temperate-water species of the north-eastern Atlantic, further noting its presence from Dogger Bank (North Sea), Quiberon Bay (north-western France) and possibly the Atlantic coast of Morocco. The latter locality was based on a fragment identified by Fauvel as M. cincta. Fauvel (1936) stated that ‘les pieds portent une grande lamellae dorsale et une plus petite ventral, et sont dépourvus de cirre’ and, as Wilson (1958) suggested, ‘This description almost perfectly describes the posterior parapodia of alleni ’. Kirkegaard (1959) agreed with Wilson and considered Fauvel’s (1936) record of M. cincta off Morocco to represent M. alleni. He further reported one additional specimen of M. alleni off Western Sahara (Galathea St. 4). Amoureux (1976) additionally recorded M. alleni to be present from the Moroccan coast of the Straits of Gibraltar (at depths of 60 m) and Bayed & Glémarec (1987a) recorded its occurrence off Moulay Bousselham and Casablanca (35–47 m). The MIWA material confirms the presence of M. alleni off north-west Africa as noted by the above authors, and further extends its known distribution to São Tomé and Príncipe, in the Gulf of Guinea. The species has additionally been recorded in the Mediterranean, co-occurring with the morphologically similar M. equilamellae (Mortimer et al., 2020), a species with which it has been previously confused (Fiege et al., 2000)., Published as part of Mortimer, Kate, Kongsrud, Jon Anders & Willassen, Endre, 2022, Integrative taxonomy of West African Magelona (Annelida: Magelonidae): species with thoracic pigmentation, pp. 1134-1176 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194 (4) on pages 1142-1150, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab070, http://zenodo.org/record/6459404, {"references":["Wilson DP. 1958. The polychaete Magelona alleni n. sp. and a re-assessment of Magelona cincta Ehlers. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 37: 617 - 626.","Mackie ASY, Oliver PG, Rees EIS. 1995. Benthic biodiversity in the southern Irish Sea. Studies in marine biodiversity and systematics from the National Museum of Wales. 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Journal of the Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Series 6, Zoology 5: 217 - 254.","Jones ML. 1971. Magelona berkeleyi n. sp. from Puget Sound (Annelida: Polychaeta) with a further redescription of Magelona longicornis Johnson and a consideration of recently described species of Magelona. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 28: 1445 - 1454.","Kirkegaard JB. 1959. The Polychaeta of West Africa part I. Sedentary species. Atlantide Report 5: 7 - 117.","Amoureux L. 1976. Annelides polychetes recoltes par J. Stirn en 1969, sur les cotes Marocaines du Detroit de Gibraltar. Cuadernos de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad de Granada 5: 5 - 33.","Bayed A, Glemarec M. 1987 a. Apports de la mission Biomar a la connaissance des annelides polychetes des cotes du Maroc. Bulletin de l'Institut Scientifique, Rabat 11: 147 - 153."]}

MAGELONA MACKIEI SP. NOV. (FIGS 16, 17) Z o o b a n k r e g i s t r a t i o n: u r n: l s i d: z o o b a n k. org:act: 92162557-7671-41A5-938A-332EA6AC397B. Type locality: Nigeria, 3.9828°N 6.2157°E, 41 m depth. Type material: Holotype, Nigeria: St. 5N–14, af in 96% Etoh (ZMBN107309, DNA-voucher). Paratypes: Sierra Leone: St. 7SL–06, 1af in 75% Etoh (ZMBN132189). Liberia: St. 7LI–01, 1af in 75% Etoh (NMW.Z.2021.001.0017, imaged); 6af in 75% Etoh (ZMBN132176); St. 7LI–07, 1af in 75% Etoh (NMW.Z.2021.001.0018, imaged). Ghana: St. 7GH– 05, 1af in 75% Etoh (ZMBN 132172); 2af in 75% Etoh (NMW.Z.2021.001.0019); St. 7GH–08, 1af in 96% Etoh (ZMBN115735, DNA-voucher); 1af in 75% Etoh (ZMBN132174); St. 2011404–GE1/249, 1af in 96% Etoh (ZMBN107341, DNA-voucher); St. 2009105– GE1/28, 14af in 75% Etoh (ZMBN107290); St. 2009105–GP1/28, 2af in 75% Etoh (ZMBN107288); St. 2009105–GW4/252, 5af in 75% Etoh (ZMBN107289). Nigeria: St. 5N–14, 1af in 96% Etoh (ZMBN115746, DNA-voucher); 11af in 96% Etoh (ZMBN107291); St. 6N–11, 3af, 3f, in 75% Etoh (NMW.Z.2021.001.0020). São Tomé and Príncipe: St. 2009-T2, 3af in 75% Etoh (NMW.Z.2021.001.0021). Gabon: St. 5G–03, 1af in 75% Etoh (ZMBN132180); St. 5G–16, 1af in 75% Etoh (ZMBN132181); St. 8G–01, 1af in 75% Etoh (ZMBN107292), 1af in 96% Etoh (ZMBN132118). Republic of Congo: St. 8CR–01, 1af in 96% Etoh (ZMBN115745, DNA-voucher); 4af in 75% Etoh (ZMBN107293); 9af in 96% Etoh (ZMBN132115); 17af in 75% Etoh (NMW.Z.2021.001.0022); St. 7CR–02, 1af in 96% Etoh (ZMBN107312, DNAvoucher); 3af in 96% Etoh (ZMBN132116); 1af in 96% Etoh (ZMBN132117, imaged); St. 7CR–05, 1af in 96% Etoh (ZMBN107310). Angola: St. 1997– 13, 1af in 75% Etoh (ZMBN132119); St. 1997–15, 1af in 75% Etoh (ZMBN132120); St. 1997–23, 1af in 75% Etoh (ZMBN132121); St. 1997–28, 1af in 75% Etoh (ZMBN132122); St. 1997–29, 2af in 75% Etoh (ZMBN132123). Etymology: This new species is named in honour of Dr Andrew Mackie, who has contributed much to our understanding of magelonids and who has provided advice and support to the first author during the last 20 years. Diagnosis: Prostomium wider than long, with rudimentary prostomial horns. Chaetigers 1–8 with slender sinuous postchaetal lamellae, those of the notopodia with minute superior dorsal lobes. Chaetiger 9, notopodia similar but without superior dorsal lobes, neuropodia with sinuous postchaetal lamellae and additional small triangular ventral processes. All thoracic chaetae capillary. Abdominal lateral lamellae triangular. Abdominal hooded hooks bidentate, in two groups, vis-à-vis. No pouches observed, pygidium unknown. Description: A large stout species; junction between thorax and abdomen (Fig. 17B), noticeable. Holotype, anterior fragment: prostomium 0.6 mm long, 0.8 mm wide; thorax 5 mm long (including prostomium), 1.0 mm wide; abdomen 0.75 mm wide; total length 7.75 mm for 14 chaetigers. Largest DNA-voucher specimen (ZMBN107312), anterior fragment: prostomium 0.90 mm long, 1.25 mm wide; thorax 5.25 mm long (including prostomium), 1.2 mm wide; abdomen 1.1 mm wide; total length approximately 13.5 mm for 23 chaetigers (width measurements not including parapodia). Thoracic chaetigers characteristically bulbous (Figs 16A, 17B), width greatest around chaetigers 5–6, body tapering towards chaetiger 9 (Fig. 17A, B). Other measured anterior fragments: 4.0– 18.5 mm for 8–30 chaetigers. Prostomium subtriangular (Fig. 16B), wider than long (L: W ratio 0.72–0.75). Rudimentary prostomial horns, anterior margin straight and square. Anterior prostomial margin of holotype with several minute notches, but not so distinct as crenulations, and otherwise smooth for remaining type material. Two pairs of prominent longitudinal, prostomial, dorsal muscular ridges, relatively thick; inner pair abutting for majority of length, diverging at distal tips. Outer pair, slightly shorter, abutting inners for entire length. Weak prostomial markings present either side of the muscular ridges (Fig. 16B), slightly more distinct in larger specimens. Burrowing organ, everted in four specimens, oval when partially everted. Nearly entirely everted in one specimen (ZMBN107312), heart-shaped, transversely ridged inferiorly, appearing smooth superiorly. Palps retained on several specimens, arising ventrolaterally from base of prostomium, short and thick, appearing ‘frilly’ with long numerous papillae. Specimens from the Republic of Congo (St. 8CR–01) with a short, nonpapillated region, reaching approximately chaetiger 1, but in larger specimens it reaches approximately chaetiger 3. Papillae short proximately but increasing rapidly in size, becoming extremely long and slender by chaetiger 2. Largest palp retained on Nigerian specimen (St. 6N–11, NMW.Z.2021.001.0020, left hand palp), approximately 0.4 mm wide and 9.0 mm long, reaching approximately chaetiger 20 (when folded backwards), other palps reaching approximately chaetigers 12–14. Proximally with three to six rows of papillae either side of an inconspicuous mid-palp line, devoid of papillae, medially four or five rows either side and distally one or two rows. Exact number of rows extremely difficult to count due to length of papillae and the overlapping of neighbouring rows. Achaetous region behind the prostomium, roughly twice the length of chaetiger 1 (Fig. 16A). Chaetigers 1–8 similar (Fig. 16C–M); parapodia biramous. Notopodia with low prechaetal lamellae confluent with slender smooth-edged sinuous postchaetal lamellae with pointed tips, of similar size throughout the thorax. Small to minute prechaetal superior dorsal lobes present on all thoracic chaetigers (except chaetiger 9) in a slightly prechaetal position (NB these are more difficult to see on more bulbous specimens, due to parapodia occurring in furrows, or on smaller specimens). Neuropodia with low prechaetal lamellae, confluent with long slender triangular, ventral lamellae with pointed tips, which reduce in size along the thorax. Postchaetal expansion, triangular and adjoining ventral lamellae (e.g. Fig. 16D–F) approximately halfway along their length (postchaetal expansion greater in larger specimens). Ventral lamellae initially slightly prechaetal but becoming more postchaetal by chaetiger 7. Chaetiger 9 (Figs 16A, 17B): shorter and narrower than preceding chaetigers. Notopodial prechaetal lamellae low, confluent with slender, triangular, postchaetal lamellae, slightly larger than on preceding chaetigers (Fig. 16N). No superior dorsal lobes observed. Neuropodia similar to notopodia, however, postchaetal lamellae slightly larger; chaetae emerging below lamella, from a definite ridge that terminates in a small triangular process. Chaetae of chaetigers 1–9 simple bilimbate, winged capillaries, those of chaetiger 8, slightly longer and characteristically splayed. Parapodia of abdominal chaetigers (Fig. 16O) with long, triangular, lateral lamellae with pointed tips (NB tips easily broken). Lamellae slightly constricted basally, but with no obvious postchaetal expansion behind chaetal rows. Tiny sporadic processes (DML, VML) observed at inner margins of chaetal rows. Abdominal chaetae bidentate hooded hooks (Fig. 16P– Q) of a similar size, one superior fang above main fang. Hooks in two approximately equal groups for each ramus, main fangs vis-à-vis (Fig. 16O). Approximately ten to 14 hooks per ramus in the anterior abdomen. No abdominal pouches observed, although posterior chaetigers unknown (no specimens with more than 30 chaetigers examined). Posterior region and pygidium unknown. Distinct sediment covered, layered tubes present on several specimens (Fig. 17I), inner layers often difficult to remove from specimens. Colour: No living material observed. Preserved specimens creamy orange in colour with faint reddish pigment in the posterior thorax (Fig. 17C, D). Pigment strongest between chaetigers 5–7 but not as strong as other magelonid species in the MIWA region. However, the majority of material examined has been preserved for over 10 years, and personal observations have shown pigmentation in magelonids can fade within a similar time frame. Observation of live or freshly preserved specimens is needed to clarify whether this species has darker pigmentation. Many specimens have an orange tint (Fig. 17A, B). Light dorsal speckles (glandular?) present between chaetigers 2–5 (Fig. 16A, F, H), more obvious in stained specimens. Staining with methyl green (Fig. 17F–H) shows a weak overall stain, with no distinct pattern. Distribution: Collected from 23 stations in the Gulf of Guinea (from Sierra Leone in the north to northern Angola in the south, Fig. 1), at depths of 8– 340 m. Remarks: Of all the pigmented species in the MIWA region, Magelona mackiei differs from M. alleni, M. guineensis, M. nanseni and M. picta by possessing bidentate and not tridentate abdominal hooded hooks. As noted above, M. mackiei differs from M. fasciata in terms of prostomial shape, pigmentation patterns (although note fading of pigmentation) and the nature of the thoracic neuropodial lamellae. Although the two species share many similarities, they can be easily separated in samples by observing the neuropodial lamellae of chaetigers 1–3, being broad almost scoopshaped in M. fasciata and distinctly slender and pointed in M. mackiei. Of the other magelonid species known to carry posterior thoracic pigmentation, M. mackiei differs from M. cincta, M. equilamellae, M. japonica, M. variolamellata, M. symmetrica and M. polydentata in the nature of the hooded hooks, which are bidentate as opposed to tridentate or polydentate. It further differs from M. symmetrica in possessing neuropodial lamellae in a distinctly ventral position, as opposed to a postchaetal position. The pigmentation of M. mackiei is noticeably faint in comparison to other MIWA magelonid material. Whilst it is unclear, at present, whether pigmentation is darker in live or freshly preserved specimens, M. symmetrica is a species in which pigmentation was similarly observed to be pale and sporadic, even in freshly preserved specimens (Mortimer et al., 2012). KEY TO ADULT SPECIMENS OF MAGELONA FROM WESTERN AFRICA CARRYING POSTERIOR THORACIC PIGMENTATION The geographical region included within the following key runs from Morocco in the north to Algoa Bay, South Africa in the south (Fig. 1). 1. Thoracic superior dorsal lobes absent to minute............................................................................................. 2 – Distinct thoracic superior dorsal lobes clearly developed............................................................................... 5 2. Abdominal hooded hooks bidentate.................................................................................................................. 3 – Abdominal hooded hooks tridentate................................................................................................................ 4 3. Ventral neuropodial lamellae of anterior thorax scoop-shaped, distinct stripy pigmentation along length of animal (NB this may fade over time)................................................................................................... M. fasciata – Ventral neuropodial lamellae of anterior thorax not scoop-shaped. Pigmentation light and limited to posterior thorax..................................................................................................................................... M. mackiei 4. Abdominal lateral lamellae of roughly equal size in each ramus...................................................... M. cincta – Abdominal lateral lamellae subequal, notopodial being noticeably larger than the neuropodial.... M. alleni 5. Thoracic superior dorsal lobes short, thoracic notopodial lamellae slender and in a slightly subchaetal position. Small, triangular processes below neurochaetae on chaetiger 9..................................... M. guineensis – Thoracic superior dorsal lobes long, thoracic notopodial lamellae more foliaceous, postchaetal. No processes below neurochaetae on chaetiger 9...................................................................................................................... 6 6. Foliaceous abdominal lateral lamellae heavily pigmented (NB this may fade over time), with only a slight basal constriction. Thoracic notopodial lamellae foliaceous, neuropodial lamellae of a similar length along the thorax (only marginally shorter towards posterior thorax). Abdominal lamellae with obvious postchaetal expansion behind chaetal rows, distinct, triangular................................................................................ M. picta – Spatulate abdominal lateral lamellae without pigmentation, basal constriction distinct. Thoracic notopodial lamellae slender foliaceous, marked reduction in the length of neuropodial lamellae along the thorax. Abdominal lamellae without postchaetal expansion behind chaetal rows in the abdomen............. M. nanseni The minimum, maximum and mean depths from which all MIWA pigmented species were collected are given in Table 6. The results indicate that whilst M. mackiei can be found in shallow waters, it appears to more abundant in waters over 100 m deep. The remaining five pigmented species in the region were encountered more frequently at depths of 26– 58 m. Of all the other previously described African Magelona species, M. mackiei shares some similarities with M. cepiceps and M. mahensis. However, it differs from M. cepiceps, which has an onion-shaped prostomium and tridentate abdominal hooded hooks, and from M. mahensis in which thoracic superior dorsal lobes are absent. Magelona mackiei shares affinities with Magelona capax Hartman, 1965 described off the mouth of theAmazon River. However, it differs in the shape of the prostomium, having a more distinct anterior prostomial margin, which is almost horn-like for M. capax., Published as part of Mortimer, Kate, Kongsrud, Jon Anders & Willassen, Endre, 2022, Integrative taxonomy of West African Magelona (Annelida: Magelonidae): species with thoracic pigmentation, pp. 1134-1176 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194 (4) on pages 1166-1170, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab070, http://zenodo.org/record/6459404, {"references":["Mortimer K, Cassa S, Martin D, Gil J. 2012. New records and new species of Magelonidae (Polychaeta) from the Arabian Peninsula, with a re-description of Magelona pacifica and a discussion on the magelonid buccal region. Zootaxa 3331: 1 - 43.","Hartman O. 1965. Deep-water benthic polychaetous annelids off New England to Bermuda and other North Atlantic areas. Occasional Papers of the Allan Hancock Foundation 28: 1 - 384."]}

During RV MS Merian expedition MSM75, an international, multidisciplinary team explored the Reykjanes Ridge from June to August 2018. The first area of study, Steinahóll (150–350 m depth), was chosen based on previous seismic data indicating hydrothermal activity. The sampling strategy included ship- and AUV-mounted multibeam surveys, Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV), Epibenthic Sledge (EBS), and van Veen grab (vV) deployments. Upon returning to Steinahóll during the final days of MSM75, hydrothermal vent sites were discovered using the ROV Phoca (Kiel, GEOMAR). Here we describe and name three new, distinct hydrothermal vent site vulnerable marine ecosystems (VMEs); Hafgufa, Stökkull, Lyngbakr. The hydrothermal vent sites consisted of multiple anhydrite chimneys with large quantities of bacterial mats visible. The largest of the three sites (Hafgufa) was mapped, and reconstructed in 3D. In total 23,310 individual biological specimens were sampled comprising 41 higher taxa. Unique fauna located in the hydrothermally venting areas included two putative new species of harpacticoid copepod (Tisbe sp. nov. and Amphiascus sp. nov.), as well as the sponge Lycopodina cupressiformis (Carter, 1874). Capitellidae Grube, 1862 and Dorvilleidae Chamberlin, 1919 families dominated hydrothermally influenced samples for polychaetes. Around the hydrothermally influenced sites we observed a notable lack of megafauna, with only a few species being present. While we observed hydrothermal associations, the overall species composition is very similar to that seen at other shallow water vent sites in the north of Iceland, such as the Mohns Ridge vent fields, particularly with peracarid crustaceans. We therefore conclude the community overall reflects the usual “background” fauna of Iceland rather than consisting of “vent endemic” communities as is observed in deeper vent systems, with a few opportunistic species capable of utilizing this specialist environment. publishedVersion

Det ble gjennomført feltarbeid i Saltstraumen i september 2019 for å kartlegge fauna av marine invertebrater. Feltarbeidet ble gjennomført i samarbeid med interessegruppa for Saltstraumen marine verneområde som arrangerte sin årlige dykkesamling. Prosjektet Hardbunnsfauna, som kartlegger marin fauna i hardbunnshabitater på grunt vann langs kysten, og prosjektet NorHydro som studerer bunnlevende polyppdyr, la et av sine feltarbeid til området i samme periode. På den måten var det mulig å samarbeide med dykkerne som deltok i campen og overta prøver de samlet inn. Det ble gjort innsamlinger på 14 lokaliteter i Saltstraumen verneområde, og to utenfor verneområdet. Resultatene viser et stort antall arter i de undersøkte lokalitetene. Alt materialet er ved rapportering ikke fullstendig opparbeidet. Der har så langt blitt funnet 235 taksoner, hvorav 150 også er karakterisert med en DNA strekkode. Av det opparbeidete materiale fordeler antall taksoner seg til om lag 70 % bløtdyr (Mollusca), krepsdyr (Crustacea) og leddormer (Annelida), mens mangfoldet av fastsittende arter i gruppene svamp (Porifera) og nesledyr (Cnidaria) utgjør om lag 20 %. Individer av alle arter blir over tid plukket ut til DNA strekkoding, noe som på sikt vil øke presisjonen i artsidentifiseringen. Det er gjort en særskilt studie av hydrozoer som var en prioritert gruppe både under selve innsamlingen og i den videre bearbeidingen av materiale. Antall arter registrert er høyt og utgjør om lag 1/3 av alle kjente hydrozoer med bunnlevende polyppstadium fra norske farvann. Flere arter er funnet for første gang på lang tid i norske farvann. Hydrozoer er en gruppe med stor sesongvariasjon, og det er å forvente at langt flere arter forekommer i området. Resultatet dokumenterer en høy biodiversitet i de strømrike lokalitetene som ble undersøkt, og støtter opp om at Saltstraumen som område er en hot-spot for regionalt biologisk mangfold. Saltstraumen domineres av fastsittende filtrerende organismer. Det er tilsynelatende lite diversitet når storvokste fastsittende arter opptrer i store antall, men resultatene fra feltarbeidet som er gjort viser at det biologiske mangfoldet er stort. De fastsittende organismene i gruppene svamp (Porifera), nesledyr (Cnidaria) og sekkdyr (Ascidiacea) er strukturelle dyr som bygger tredimensjonale habitater som skaper mikrohabitater for en lang rekke andre arter. De strukturbyggende organismegruppene er av stor betydning og har i den internasjonale litteraturen fått et eget begrep og blitt kalt dyreskoger "animal forests". Nesledyr og svamp bidrar til en høy diversitet av assosiert fauna som et resultat av den høye heterogeniteten i miljøvariabler disse gruppene bidrar til. De innsamlingene som er gjort viser at dykkere fanger opp artsrike prøver ved å samle selektivt og skånsomt av observerte organismer. Ved samtidig å få med substrat rundt de fastsittende artene bidrar dette til å prøveta en fauna som viser seg å være svært artsrik. Det er likevel å forvente at dykkerens erfaring og kunnskap om marin fauna vil ha stor betydning for dokumentasjon og innsamling av materiale. I denne undersøkelsen bidro svært erfarne undervannsfotografer med målrettet og effektiv innsamling av ulike habitater, samt detaljert dokumentasjon i form av omfattende in situ bildemateriale

PseudoscalIbregma parvum (Hansen, 1879) Figures 1���3 Scalibregma parvum Hansen, 1879: 7 ���8, pl. V, figs 7���14.��� 1882: 35���36. Eumenia longisetosa Th��el, 1879: 49 ���51, pl. III, figs 45���47, pl. IV, fig. 48. Pseudoscalibregma longisetosum.��� Furreg 1925: 170 ���176, figs S���X. Pseudoscalibregma parvum.��� Ashworth 1901: 296.��� St��p-Bowitz 1945: 72 ���75, fig. 3.��� 1948: 27���29, fig. 9.��� Jirkov 2001: 368.��� Bakken et al. 2010: 12. Type locality. The Norwegian Sea, off the coast of western Norway at 63 �� 10 ���N 4 ��0���E, 763 m, The Norwegian North-Atlantic Expedition Sta. 31 (lectotype designated here). Type material. Pseudoscalibregma parvum: Lectotype (ZMBN 94015) and 3 paralectotypes (ZMBN 2275). Paralectotypes from two different localities, Norwegian North-Atlantic Expedition Sta. 31 (type locality) and Sta. 18, 62�� 44 'N 1 �� 48 'E, 753 m (see ���Remarks��� for details). Eumenia longisetosa Theel, 1879 (all syntypes): SMNH- 118416, 4 spms, Kara Sea, Russia, 5 Aug 1875, 20 m, sand, No 150, 70�� 40 'N 64 �� 17 'E, Leg N. Semlja Exp. 1875; SMNH-118413, 5 spms, Kara Sea, Russia, 3 Aug 1875, NE of Jugar Scharr, 218 m, clay, Leg N. Semlja Exp. 1875; SMNH-118411, 5 spms, Kara Sea, Russia, No 147, 164 m, mud, 71 ��05'N 61 �� 20 'E, Leg N. Semlja Exp. 1875; SMNH-118412, 3 spms, Kara Sea, Russia, 4 Aug 1875, No 147, 71��05'N 61 �� 20 'E, 164 m, clay, Leg N. Semlja Exp. 1875; SMNH-118414, 1 spm, Novaja Zemlja, Kara Sea, Russia, No 148, 4 Aug 1875, 127 m, 71 �� 40 'N 63 �� 50 'E, Leg N. Semlja Exp. 1875; SMNH-118415, 2 spms, Kara Sea, Russia, 31 Aug 1875, No 186, 109 m, 73 �� 34 'N 57 �� 56 'E, Leg N. Semlja Exp. 1875; SMNH-118409, 1 spm, Matoschkin Scharr, E of Rossman Station, Russia, No 12, 73��� 91 m, muddy stones, 4 Aug 1876, Leg Nordenskiolds Exp. 1876. Other material. Swedish Arctic Expedition 1899: SMNH-126668, 9 spms, Hurry's Inlet, Scoresby Sound, eastern Greenland, No 33, 4 Aug 1899, 70�� 43 'N 22 �� 29 'W, 70 m; SMNH-126665, 5 spms, eastern Greenland, No 18, 4 July, No 18, 4 July 1899, 74�� 55 'N 17 �� 59 'W, 350 m, ooze, sand and pebbles; SMNH-126664, 4 spms, Jan Mayen, 24 June 1899, No 17, 71�� 12 'N 08�� 28 'W, 1275 m, grey clay; SMNH-126666, 11 spms, Cap Darry, eastern Greenland, 24 July 1899, No 25, 72�� 28 'N 21 �� 48 'W, 180 m, mud with stones;. SMNH-126667, 3 spms, about 1 km W of Murray's Inlet, eastern Greenland, 28 July 1899, No 28, 71�� 33 'N 21 �� 44 'W, 200 m, mud with some stones. R/ V ��� H. Mosby ��� stations: Sta. 81.03. 21.1, Lat: 63.166 Long: 0 4.816, 830 m, - 0.9 ��C, 21 Mar. 1981, 12 spms; Sta. 81.03. 22.1, Lat: 63.285 Long: 0 4.413, 1260 m, - 0.9 ��C, 22 Mar. 1981, 8 spms; Sta. 81.06.0 4.4, Lat: 66.983 Long: 0 4.270, 1380 m, - 0.9 ��C, 4 June 1981, 3 spms; Sta. 81.06.0 6.3, Lat: 65.686 Long: 0 5.633, 602 m, 0.3 ��C, 6 June 1981, 1 spm; Sta. 81.06.0 6.7, Lat: 65.716 Long: 0 5.238, 794 m, - 0.9 ��C, 6 June 1981, 23 spms; Sta. 81.06.0 6.8, Lat: 65.666 N Long: 0 4.815, 996 m, -1.0��C, 6 June 1981, 1 spm; Sta. 81.06.0 7.1, Lat: 65.696 Long: 0 4.381, 1211 m, - 1.0��C, 7 June 1981, 1 spm; Sta. 81.08. 13.2, Lat: 63.423 Long: 0 4.090, 1288 m, - 0.9 ��C, 13 Aug. 1981, 5 spms; Sta. 81.08. 15.5, Lat:. 63.198 Long: 0 0.693, 1494 m, - 0.9 ��C, 15 Aug. 1981, 2 spms; Sta. 81.08. 15.6, Lat: 63.201 Long: 0 0.693, 1501 m, -1.0��C, 15 Aug. 1981, 1 spm; Sta. 81.08. 16.3, Lat: 62.800 Long: 0 1.043, 1009, -1.0��C, 16 Aug. 1981, 5 spms; Sta. 81.08. 16.7, Lat: 62.553 Long: 0 0.981, 800 m, - 0.9 ��C, 16 Aug. 1981, 18 spms; Sta. 82.01. 21.2, Lat: 62.491 Long: 0 1.721, 604 m, 1.1 ��C, 21 Jan. 1982, 6 spms; Sta. 82.01. 21.4, Lat: 62.560 Long: 0 0.981, 804 m, - 0.9 ��C, 21 Jan. 1982, 10 spms; Sta. 82.01. 21.6, Lat: 62.803 Long: 0 1.088, 984 m, - 0.9 ��C, 21 Jan. 1982, 2 spms; Sta. 82.08. 15.1, Lat: 63.048 Long: 0 0.808, 1286 m, -1.0��C, 15 Aug. 1982, 6 spms; Sta. 82.08. 19.1, Lat: 66.626 Long: 0 2.515, 1626 m, - 0.9 ��C, 19 Aug. 1982, 1 spm; Sta. 82.08. 23.1, Lat: 63.213 Long: 0 3.121, 1003 m, -1.0��C, 23 Aug. 1982, 12 spms; Sta. 82.11. 26.1, Lat: 63.178 Long: 0 2.765, 1030 m, -1.0��C, 26 Nov. 1982, 8 spms; Sta. 82.11. 27.1, Lat: 62.985 Long: 0 3.218, 804 m, -1.0��C, 27 Nov. 1982, 20 spms; Sta. 83.06.0 2.1, Lat: 62.198 Long: -00.003, 708 m, - 0.3 ��C, 2 June 1983, 4 spms; Sta. 83.06.0 3.1, Lat: 61.343 Long: -03.185, 1338 m, - 0.7 ��C, 3 June 1983, 2 spms; Sta. 83.06.0 3.2, Lat: 60.201 Long: -06.625, 1220 m, - 0.8 ��C, 3 June 1983, 1 spm; Sta. 83.06.0 7.2, Lat: 64.435 Long: - 11.170, 400 m, - 0.2 ��C, 7 June 1983, 1 spm; Sta. 83.06.0 8.1, Lat: 65.168 Long: -09.493, 784 m, - 0.6 ��C, 2 spms; Sta. 83.06.0 8.2, Lat: 65.460 Long: -07.588, 1626 m, - 0.9 ��C, 8 June 1983, 7 spms; Sta. 83.06. 17.3, Lat: 62.593 Long: 0 1.233, 781 m, - 0.9 ��C, 17 June 1983, 108 spms; Sta. 84.03. 15.2, Lat: 68.891 Long: -14.238, 1588 m, - 0.9 ��C, 15 Mars 1984, 2 spms; Sta. 84.05. 23.1, Lat: 62.585 Long: 0 1.793, 656 m, - 0.8 ��C, 23 May 1984, 80 spms; Sta. 84.05. 23.2, Lat: 62.590 Long: 0 1.795, 650 m, 23 May 1984, 4 spms; Sta. 84.05. 23.3, Lat: 62.508 Long: 0 1.851, 576 m, - 0.4 ��C, 23 May 1984, 1 spm; Sta. 84.05. 23.5, Lat: 62.603 Long: 0 2.233, 576 m, - 0.8 ��C, 23 May 1984, 6 spms; Sta. 84.11. 20.2, Lat: 63.133 Long: 0 1.895, 1087 m, - 0.9 ��C, 20 Nov. 1984, 28 spms; Sta. 84.11. 21.1, Lat: 62.791 Long: 0 1.836, 811 m, - 0.9 ��C, 21 Nov. 1984, 3 spms; Sta. 84.11. 21.2, Lat: 62.553 Long: 0 1.820, 625 m, - 0.8 ��C, 21 Nov. 1984, 53 spms; Sta. 85.01.0 8.1, Lat: 62.525 Long: 0 1.443, 701 m, - 0.9 ��C, 8 Jan. 1985, 75 spms; Sta. 85.01.0 8.2, Lat: 62.706 Long: 0 1.186, 897 m, - 0.9 ��C, 8 Jan. 1985, 34 spms; Sta. 85.01.0 8.3, Lat: 62.911 Long: 0 0.928, 1112 m, - 0.9 ��C, 8 Jan. 1985, 14 spms; Sta. 85.01.0 8.4, Lat: 63.291 Long: 0 0.471, 1698 m, - 0.9 ��C, 8 Jan. 1985, 1 spm; Sta. 85.01. 12.2, Lat: 63.166 Long: 0 0.643, 1489 m, - 0.9 ��C, 12 Jan. 1985, 8 spms; Sta. 85.01. 12.3, Lat: 63.048 Long: 0 0.796, 1293 m, - 0.9 ��C, 12 Jan. 1985, 12 spms; Sta. 86.06. 12.2, Lat: 63.638 Long: -07.025, 1533 m, - 0.9 ��C, 12 June 1986, 2 spms; Sta. 86.06. 13.1, Lat: 63.218 Long: -07.031, 1261 m, - 0.8 ��C, 13 June 1986, 2 spms; Sta. 86.06. 13.4, Lat: 63.045 Long: -07.028, 1022 m, - 0.8 ��C, 13 June 1986, 2 spms; Sta. 86.06. 13.5, Lat: 62.948 Long: -07.002, 748 m, - 0.6 ��C, 13 June 1986, 1 spm; Sta. 86.06. 16.1, Lat: 62.855 Long: -05.698, 750 m, - 0.4 ��C, 16 June 1986, 6 spms; Sta. 86.07. 25.1, Lat: 69.023 Long: -08.410, 879 m, - 0.6 ��C, 25 July 1986, 464 spms; Sta. 86.07. 27.2, Lat: 70.810 Long: -09.728, 886 m, - 0.6 ��C, 27 July 1986, 234 spms; Sta. 86.07. 27.5, Lat: 70.678 Long: -07.631, 1243 m, - 0.6 ��C, 27 July 1986, 9 spms; Sta. 86.07. 31.1, Lat: 63.103 Long: -00.841, 1751 m, - 0.9 ��C, 31 July 1986, 8 spms; Sta. 86.08. 15.5, Lat: 62.610 Long: 0 1.573, 654 m, - 0.9 ��C, 15 Aug. 1986, 44 spms; Sta. 86.08. 15.7, Lat: 62.843 Long: 0 1.431, 951 m, - 0.9 ��C, 15 Aug. 1986, 8 spms; Sta. 86.08. 16.2, Lat: 63.118 Long: 0 0.851, 1342 m, - 0.9 ��C, 16 Aug. 1986, 9 spms; Sta. 86.08. 17.3, Lat: 63.368 Long: 0 0.551, 1750 m, - 0.9 ��C, 17 Aug. 1986, 2 spms; Sta. 86.08. 17.5, Lat: 62.996 Long: 0 1.140, 1143 m, - 0.9 ��C, 17 Aug. 1986, 11 spms; Sta. 86.08. 17.6, Lat: 62.691 Long: 0 1.756, 750 m, - 0.9 ��C, 17 Aug. 1986, 132 spms; Sta. 87.06. 13.1, Lat: 69.978 Long: 12.545, 1832 m, - 0.9 ��C, 13 June 1987, 1 spm. R/V ��� Jan Mayen ��� stations: Sta. 808 - 99, Lat: 70.9768 Long: - 0 8.7735, 109 m, 14 Sept. 1999, 1 spm; Sta. 813 - 99, Lat: 71.1068 Long: -09.5877, 514 m, 15 Sept. 1999, 22 spms; Sta. 834 - 99, Lat: 70.7512 Long: -07.9623, 771 m, 16 Sept. 1999, 104 spms; Sta. 848 - 99, Lat: 70.6478 Long: - 0 9.3722, 599 m, 17 Sept. 1999, 7 spms; Sta. 850 - 99, Lat: 70.6032 Long: -09.3453, 313 m, 17 Sept. 1999, 4 spms. R/V ��� Meteor ��� station: Sta. M 414 / 90, Lat: 74.9667 Long: 14.0283, 1748 m, - 1.1 ��C, 17 July 1990, 2 spms. R/V ��� G. O. Sars ��� CGB stations: Sta. Dive-07, Lat: 71.2998 Long: -5.7800, 616 m, June 2006, 1 spm; Sta. Dive- 12, Lat: 71.2997 Long: - 5.7820, 616 m, June 2006, 2 spms. MAREANO stations: Sta. R 405 - 59, RP, Lat: 72.14017 Long: 15.34583, 899 m, April 2009, 10 spms (3 mounted for SEM); Sta. R 754 - 132, RP, Lat: 67.80459 Long: 9.68544, 823 m, 22 Sept. 2011, 21 spms; Sta. R 882 - 12, RP, Lat: 67.28434 Long: 8.13304, 1117 m, 8 May 2012, 5 spms. Environmental monitoring stations: Sta. OL-01, Lat: 63.48446 Long: 0 5.36994, 837 m, 17 June 2004, 7 spms; Sta. OL-02, Lat: 63.49451 Long: 0 5.41986, 822 m, 17 June 2004, 5 spms; Sta. OL-03, Lat: 63.50035 Long: 0 5.36968, 867 m, 17 June 2004, 8 spms; Sta. OL-04, Lat: 63.51289 Long: 0 5.37823, 858 m, 18 June 2004, 6 spms; Sta. OL- 0 5, Lat: 63.50675 Long: 0 5.40527, 828 m, 17 June 2004, 3 spms; Sta. OL-06, Lat: 63.52350 Long: 0 5.37058, 870 m, 18 June 2004, 5 spms; Sta. OL-07, Lat: 63.52469 Long: 0 5.40486, 843 m, 18 June 2004, 2 spms; Sta. OL-08, Lat: 63.53813 Long: 0 5.38181, 852 m, 18 June 2004, 8 spms; Sta. OL-09, Lat: 63.53583 Long: 0 5.40537, 854 m, 18 June 2004, 5 spms; Sta. OL- 10, Lat: 63.53050 Long: 0 5.43927, 810 m, 18 June 2004, 3 spms; Sta. OL- 11, Lat: 63.55031 Long: 0 5.42835, 851 m, 18 June 2004, 11 spms; Sta. OL- 12, Lat: 63.55516 Long: 0 5.36859, 901 m, 19 June 2004, 6 spms (2 mounted for SEM); Sta. OL- 13, Lat: 63.56073 Long: 0 5.39664, 883 m, 19 June 2004, 1 spm; Sta. V-02, Lat: 63.50148 Long: 0 2.33322, 1325 m, 1 June 1998, 1 spm; Sta. V-06, Lat: 63.50074 Long: 0 5.33366, 913 m, 1 June 1998, 5 spms; Sta. V-09, Lat: 65.00138 Long: 0 5.00019, 757 m, 1 June 1998, 6 spms; Sta. V- 16, Lat: 67.00162 Long: 0 7.33367, 1174 m, 1 June 1998, 2 spms. Redescription. Lectotype complete specimen with everted proboscis, anterior end swollen in chaetigers 2 ���8, 13 mm body length for 32 chaetigers (Fig. 1 B). Paralectotypes three complete specimens with some damage, measuring 11 mm for 31 chaetigers, 14 mm for 34 chaetigers, and 16 mm for 34 chaetigers, respectively. Among the original material is also one anterior fragment with 6 chaetigers, one mid-body fragment, and two posterior parts. Length of complete specimens 4���35 mm for 29���36 chaetigers. Body elongated, tapering posteriorly. Preserved specimens usually swollen in anterior chaetigers (Figs 1, 2 A���B). Prostomium T-shaped, squarish with a pair of prominent horns projecting anterolaterally (Fig. 2 A, C). Nuchal slits on either side of prostomium, eversible nuchal organs observed in a few specimens. Peristomium achaetous, narrow dorsally, expanding laterally to a broad ring ventrally. Mouth ventral, peristomium and first chaetiger fused. Proboscis a large smooth sac, occasionally everted (Figs 1 B, 2 D). Dorsal body surface with rectangular pads (Fig. 2 A). Dorsal body surface with secondary annulations arranged as a double row of pads dorsal to notopodia, in addition an intermediate annulation between chaetigers; annulations similar throughout, smoothed out but visible in swollen area (Fig. 2 A). Ventrally body surface with a longitudinal midventral furrow, midventrally with a prominent longitudinal row of rectangular pads, most prominent in anterior half of body (Fig. 2 B). Pygidium rounded with a dorso-ventral indentation (Fig. 2 E), and smooth folds on the rim. Pygidial cirri absent. Parapodia on anterior part of body inconspicuous, with noto- and neuropodium well separated. In anterior chaetigers prechaetal lobe present in noto- and neuropodia, on chaetiger 1���2 prechaetal lobe barely visible (Fig. 2 F), evident from chaetiger 3���4. Parapodia gradually becoming more developed from chaetiger 12 (Figs 1, 2 A). Notopodium rounded in first few chaetigers from 12 (Fig. 2 G), becoming more produced posteriorly (Figs 1 D, 2 H). Neuropodium rounded from chaetiger 12, becoming increasingly produced posteriorly (Figs 1 D, 2 H). Noto- and neuropodium more or less equal in size. Dorsal and ventral cirri present from chaetiger 12. Dorsal cirri rounded knoblike, shorter than notopodium from chaetiger 12 (Fig. 2 G), becoming as long as notopodium posteriorly (Fig. 1 D). Ventral cirri barely visible on chaetigers 12���13, appearing as a low brim from chaetiger 14, then becoming increasingly rounded to elliptical posteriorly, as long as or slightly longer than neuropodium from chaetigers 20���25 (Figs 1 D, 2 H). Interramal papilla present, knoblike (Fig. 1 D). Chaetae include hirsute slender capillaries in noto- and neuropodia in all chaetigers (Fig. 3). Chaetiger 1 with one row of small pointed spines with bifurcate tips (Fig. 3 A���B) placed anterior to capillaries in both noto- (Fig. 3 A) and neuropodia (Fig. 3 D). Furcate chatae present from chaetiger 2 in both notopodia and neuropodia, having unequal tines in anterior chaetigers (Fig. 3 E���F), approaching more or less equal length in posteriormost chaetigers (Fig. 3 G), with dentation on inner side of tines (Fig. 3 F���H). Furcate chaetae occasionally found in chaetiger 1 (Fig 3 C) in both noto- and neuropodia, (not observed in all specimens). Chaetae numerous and long, organised in rows with one anterior row of furcate chaetae followed by 3���4 rows of capillaries. Chaetae most numerous in anterior chaetigers, length of chaetae subject to variation over specimens. Reproduction. Several ovigerous females observed in January (R/V ��� H. Mosby ��� Sta. 85.01.08.1). Diameter of eggs up to 200 ��m. Remarks. The original material used by Hansen (1879) to describe P. p a r v u m from stations 18 and 31 from The Norwegian North-Atlantic Expedition 1876 ��� 78 were found in one vial (ZMBN 2275). The material consists of 4 complete specimens, of which 3 are damaged. In the original description Hansen stated that one specimen with damage to the mid-body was from Sta. 18, which is easy to identify among the specimens. Hence, the remaining specimens are from Sta. 31. An undamaged specimen agrees with the original description and illustration and is selected as the lectotype; the remaining 3 specimens thereby becoming paralectotypes. The two stations where the original material was collected were relatively close to the shelf break in the Norwegian Sea at 753 m (Sta. 18) and 763 m (Sta. 31) depth. Both stations were reported to have a water temperature at the bottom of - 1 ��C (Hansen 1882). By selecting a lectotype from Sta. 31, the type locality is fixed to this position. Small pointed spines were observed on chaetiger 1; in most cases with a bifurcated tip (Fig. 3 B). The spines are similar to those described in Scalibregma inflatum (Mackie 1991) and Pseudoscalibregma orientalis (Imajima 2009). The observation of small spines on chaetiger 1 in two species of Pseudoscalibregma suggests that this represents a character that may be found in other species in this genus as well. The number of chaetigers is generally stable. The majority of specimens have 33���34 chaetigers, largely irrespective of body length. The observed range is 29���36 chaetigers in specimens measuring from 4 mm to 35 mm in body length. There are presently six valid species in Pseudoscalibregma, of which P. parvum is the only species in the Nordic Seas and the North Atlantic. Pseudoscalibregma parvum is most similar to P. orientalis Imajima, 2009 from Japan, but is distinguished by having a smooth proboscis, which is papillated in P. orientalis, by having short dorsal and ventral cirri, which are very long in P. orientalis, and by having parapodial lobes and cirri present from chaetiger 12, in contrast to chaetiger 14 in P. orientalis. Pseudoscalibregma papilia Sch��ller, 2008 possesses very large inflated cirri in posterior parapodia (Sch��ller 2008), as does P. bransfieldium (Hartman, 1967) (Blake 1981). In P. usarpium Blake, 1981 dorsal and ventral cirri commence on chaetiger 12, as in P. parvum, but P. usarpium differs from all other species of Pseudoscalibregma in the shape of the prostomium and by possessing papillae on the dorsum (Blake 1981). Th��el (1879) gave a rather detailed description of Eumenia longisetosa based on specimens from six stations at Novaja Zemlja and in the Kara Sea, Russia. Furreg (1925) extended the species description (as Pseudoscalibregma longisetosum) based on the original material and specimens from several other Arctic localities. He also discussed P. parvum and considered Hansen���s description to represent young specimens of P. longisetosum. Later, St��p- Bowitz (1945) confirmed the synonymy of the species, but indicated that Hansen���s name was published first and took priority. There is no indication that St��p-Bowitz actually studied Th��el���s specimens. In the present study the available material from Th��el's description was examined. None of the vials is labelled as type material or in any way indicated as such. There are some discrepancies in positions and depths as well as station numbers compared to the station list in the original description, but the specimens obviously represent those used by Th��el for his description. No morphological differences between Th��el's specimens and Hansen's specimens were found. Hence, the two names must be regarded as synonymous. The descriptions of Scalibregma parvum and Eumenia longisetosa were both published in 1879. St��p-Bowitz (1945) argued that Hansen���s name was the oldest by referring to a citation of Hansen���s work in Th��el (1879, p. 9: synonymy list for Polynoe imbricata) with the year 1877 or 1878 and indicated as a separate offprint. The case is not fully clear, but Hansen's name has been used consistently in the literature following St��p-Bowitz (1945). To provide stability we suggest that this should be continued. Distribution. Pseudoscalibregma parvum has been recorded from East Greenland, Jan Mayen, Spitsbergen, Norwegian Sea and Kara Sea, in depths from 20 to 1715 m (this study; Furreg 1925; St��p-Bowitz 1948; Jirkov 2001; Bakken et al. 2010). The shallowest records are all Arctic, from East Greenland and the Kara Sea. On the shelf around the island of Jan Mayen some shallow records, from 109 m, are from an area with mixed North Atlantic and Arctic water masses with temperatures down to below 0��C (Bakken et al. 2010). In the Norwegian Sea there are a few records in shelf areas, but most records are from 600 m and deeper, where water temperatures are below 0��C (Fig. 7 A)., Published as part of Bakken, Torkild, Oug, Eivind & Kongsrud, Jon Anders, 2014, Occurrence and distribution of Pseudoscalibregma and Scalibregma (Annelida, Scalibregmatidae) in the deep Nordic Seas, with the description of Scalibregma hanseni n. sp., pp. 101-117 in Zootaxa 3753 (2) on pages 102-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3753.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/225662, {"references":["Hansen, G. A. (1879) Annelider fra den norske Nordhavsexpedition i 1876. Nyt Magazin for Naturvidenskaberne, 24, 1 - 17.","Theel, H. (1879) Les annelides polychetes des mers de la Nouvelle-Zemble. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-akademiens Handlingar, 16, 1 - 75.","Furreg, E. (1925) Zur Systematik der Polychatenfamilie Scalibregmidae. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere, 50, 123 - 190.","Ashworth, J. H. (1901) The anatomy of Scalibregma inflatum Rathke. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, London, 45, 237 - 309.","Stop-Bowitz, C. (1945) Les Scalibregmiens de Norvege. Nytt Magasin for Naturvidenskapene, 85, 63 - 87.","Jirkov, I. A. (2001) Polychaeta of the Arctic Ocean. Yanus, Moskva, 632 pp.","Bakken, T., Kongsrud, J. A., Oug, E., Cochrane, S. K. J., Moen, T. L. & Solbakken, B. E. B. (2010) Polychaetes from Jan Mayen (Annelida, Polychaeta). Polar Research, 29, 1 - 21. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1751 - 8369.2009.00132. x","Hansen, G. A. (1882) Annelida. In: The Norwegian North-Atlantic Expedition 1876 - 1878. Grondahl & Son, Christiania, pp. 1 - 53.","Mackie, A. S. Y. (1991) Scalibregma celticum new species (Polychaeta, Scalibregmatidae) from Europe, with a redescription of Scalibregma inflatum Rathke, 1843 and comments on the genus Sclerobregma Hartman, 1965. Bulletin of Marine Science, 48, 268 - 276.","Imajima, M. (2009) Deep-sea Benthic Polychaetes off Pacific Coast of the Northern Honshu, Japan. National Museum of Nature and Science Monographs, 39 - 192.","Schuller, M. (2008) New polychaete species collected during the expeditions ANDEEP I, II, and III to the deep Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean in the austral summers 2002 and 2005 - Ampharetidae, Opheliidae, and Scalibregmatidae. Zootaxa, 1705, 51 - 68.","Hartman, O. (1967) Polychaetotus annelids collected by the USNS Eltanin and Staten Island cruises, chiefly from Antarctic Seas. Allan Hancock Monographs in Marine Biology, 2, 1 - 387.","Blake, J. A. (1981) The Scalibregmatidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from South America and Antarctica collected chiefly during the cruises of the R / V Anton Bruun, R / V Hero and USNS Eltanin. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 94, 1131 - 1162.","Stop-Bowitz, C. (1948) Sur les polychetes arctiques des familles des Glyceriens, des Opheliens, des Scalibregmiens et des Flabelligeriens. Tromso Museums Arshefter, 66, 1 - 58."]}

ScalIbregma hansenI n. sp. Figures 4���6 Type locality. Norwegian continental shelf break, ���Egga���, west of Nordland County, 68 �� 50.42 'N 13 ��05.22'E, 765 m. Type material. Holotype (ZMBN 94016), MAREANO Sta. R 351-355, RP, 29 Oct. 2008, complete specimen, female with eggs in body cavity, in ethanol; 5 paratypes (ZMBN 94017), same sample as holotype, in ethanol; 1 paratype (ZMBN 94018), same sample as holotype, mounted for SEM; 1 paratype (ZMBN 94019), 1 paratype (ZMBN 94021) MAREANO Sta. R 351-356, RP, from type locality, 29 Oct. 2008, in ethanol; 1 paratype (ZMBN 94020), same sample as previous, mounted for SEM. Other material. R/V ��� H��kon Mosby ��� stations: Sta. 81.03. 21.1, Lat: 63.166 Long: 0 4.816, 830 m, - 0.9 ��C, 21 Mar. 1981, 2 spms; Sta. 81.06.0 6.3, Lat: 65.686 Long: 0 5.633, 602 m, 0.3 ��C, 6 June 1981, 1 spm; Sta. 81.08. 16.7, Lat: 62.553 Long: 0 0.981, 800 m, - 0.9 ��C, 3 spms; Sta. 82.01. 20.4, Lat: 62.495 Long: 0 2.136, 497 m, 2.2 ��C, 20 Jan. 1982, 1 spm; Sta. 82.01. 21.2, Lat: 62.491 Long: 0 1.721, 604 m, 1.1 ��C, 21 Jan. 1982, 10 spms; Sta. 82.01. 21.4, Lat: 62.560 Long: 0 0.981, 804 m, - 0.9 ��C, 21 Jan. 1982, 1 spm; Sta. 82.11. 27.1, Lat: 62.985 Long: 0 3.218, 804 m, - 1.0��C, 27 Nov. 1982, 11 spms; Sta. 83.06.0 2.1, Lat: 62.198 Long: -00.003, 708 m, - 0.3 ��C, 2 June 1983, 5 spms; Sta. 83.06.0 2.1, Lat: 62.198 Long: -00.003, 708 m, - 0.3 ��C, 2 June 1983, 5 spms; Sta. 83.06.0 3.2, Lat: 60.201 Long: -06.625, 1220 m, - 0.8 ��C, 3 June 1983, 4 spms; Sta. 83.06. 17.3, Lat: 62.593 Long: 0 1.233, 781 m, - 0.9 ��C, 17 June 1983, 17 spms; Sta. 84.05. 23.1, Lat: 62.585 Long: 0 1.793, 656 m, - 0.8 ��C, 23 May 1984, 3 spms; Sta. 84.05. 23.2, Lat: 62.590 Long: 0 1.795, 650 m, 23 May 1984, 2 spms; Sta. 84.05. 23.3, Lat: 62.508 Long: 0 1.851, 576 m, - 0.4 ��C, 23 May 1984, 4 spms; Sta. 84.05. 23.5, Lat: 62.603 Long: 0 2.233, 576 m, - 0.8 ��C, 23 May 1984, 4 spms; Sta. 84.11. 21.2, Lat: 62.553 Long: 0 1.820, 625 m, - 0.8 ��C, 21 Nov. 1984, 8 spms; Sta. 85.01.0 8.1, Lat: 62.525 Long: 0 1.443, 701 m, - 0.9 ��C, 8 Jan. 1985, 5 spms (1 mounted for SEM); Sta. 85.01.0 8.2, Lat: 62.706 Long: 0 1.186, 897 m, - 0.9 ��C, 8 Jan. 1985, 4 spms; Sta. 86.07. 25.1, Lat: 69.023 Long: -08.410, 879 m, - 0.6 ��C, 25 July 1986, 7 spms; Sta. 86.07. 27.2, Lat: 70.810 Long: -09.728, 886 m, - 0.6 ��C, 27 July 1986, 5 spms (1 mounted for SEM); Sta. 86.07. 27.5, Lat: 70.678 Long: 0 7.631, 1243 m, - 0.6 ��C, 27 July 1986, 1 spm; Sta. 86.08. 15.5, Lat: 62.610 Long: 0 1.573, 654 m, - 0.9 ��C, 15 Aug. 1986, 1 spm; Sta. 86.08. 15.7, Lat: 62.843 Long: 0 1.431, 951 m, - 0.9 ��C, 15 Aug. 1986, 1 spm; Sta. 86.08. 17.5, Lat: 62.996 Long: 0 1.140, 1143 m, - 0.9 ��C, 17 Aug. 1986, 2 spms; Sta. 86.08. 17.6, Lat: 62.691 Long: 0 1.756, 750 m, - 0.9 ��C, 17 Aug. 1986, 16 spms. MAREANO stations: Sta. R 351-355, RP, Lat: 68.84033 Long: 13.08700, 765 m, 29 Oct. 2008, 9 spms; Sta. R 351-356, 68.84033 N 13.08700E, 765 m, 29 Oct. 2008, 8 spms; Sta. R 416 - 386, Lat: 71.93600 Long: 15.53133, 777 m, 22 April 2009, 10 spms; Sta. R 464 - 143, Lat: 71.33700 Long: 16.51324, 853 m, - 0.48 ��C, 25 Sept. 2009, 2 spms. Environmental monitoring stations: Sta. OL-01, Lat: 63.48446 Long: 0 5.36994, 837 m, 17 June 2004, 2 spms; Sta. OL-04, Lat: 63.51289 Long: 0 5.37823, 858 m, 18 June 2004, 1 spm; Sta. OL-06, Lat: 63.52350 Long: 0 5.37058, 870 m, 18 June 2004, 2 spms; Sta. OL-08, Lat: 63.53813 Long: 0 5.38181, 852 m, 18 June 2004, 1 spm; Sta. OL- 13, Lat: 63.56073 Long: 0 5.39664, 883 m, 19 June 2004, 3 spm; Sta. V-07, Lat: 63.50149 Long: 0 5.65205, 591 m, 1 June 1991, 6 spms; Sta. V-09, Lat: 65.00138 Long: 0 5.00019, 757 m, 1 June 1998, 3 spms. Description. Length of entire specimens 7���10 mm for 35���41 segments, width up to 1.9 mm. Body arenicoliform, anterior part swollen, posterior region tapered (Fig. 4). Holotype 9.5 mm long for 38 chaetigers, maximum width 1.8 mm, body swollen at chaetigers 5���13. Prostomium T-shaped, with two long digitiform processes directed laterally or anterolaterally (Fig. 5 A). Eyes lacking. Peristomium achaetous, dorsally well-developed with two rings and partly covering posterior part of prostomium, ventrally narrow. Mouth ventral, rounded oval, with broad anterior and posterior lips. Proboscis occasionally everted, simple or folded with undulating rim. Peristomium and first chaetiger of about same width as posterior body. Following chaetigers gradually increasing in width, body swollen from chaetigers 5���7 to chaetigers 13���16 (Fig. 4 A). Anterior segments with four annuli, segments posterior to swollen part with 5���6 annuli. Body surface tessellate. Ventral side with medial longitudinal furrow with rounded borders. Furrow with row of squarish epidermal pads (���ventral shields���), one pad per segment, pads mostly indistinct in swollen region and posterior part of body (Fig. 4 B). Pygidium rounded, with ventral furrow and about ten short dorsal and lateral lobes (Fig. 5 B). Anal cirri filiform, somewhat thicker distally than proximally, easily detached (Fig. 4 F). Number of cirri not ascertained, up to five observed. Three pairs of branchiae, situated on chaetigers 3���5. Branchiae mostly simple, consisting of 1���4 simple or partly subdivided filaments, arising posterior to notopodia (Fig. 5 C, D). Branchiae usually increasing in size from anterior to posterior. Parapodia in anterior third of body small, inconspicuous, with low, evenly rounded prechaetal lobes in both rami (Fig. 4 C). Parapodia gradually developing from chaetigers 10���12, becoming well-developed from about chaetigers 14���16 (Fig. 5 E, 4 D). Dorsal cirri appearing from chaetigers 13���14, short triangular on most of body, becoming lanceolate in far posterior chaetigers. Ventral cirri appearing from chaetigers 14���16, triangular in most anterior chaetigers, rapidly becoming more pointed to lanceolate in following chaetigers (Fig. 5 F). Dorsal and ventral cirri with internal glandular structure, yellow coloured in preserved specimens (Fig. 4 E). Papillate interramal sense organ from about chaetiger 15 to posterior end (Fig. 5 G���H). All chaetigers with slender capillaries in both rami. First and second chaetiger in addition with gently curved, thin, blunt-tipped spines anterior to capillaries (Fig. 6 A���C), first chaetiger with 4���6 spines in both rami, second chaetiger with 6���8 somewhat longer spines. Notopodial spines located in a slightly curved vertical row in lower part of chaetal fascicle, neuropodial spines in a vertical row anterior to capillaries. All following chaetigers with furcate chaetae in both rami, located in a vertical row anterior to capillaries. Chaetiger 3 with 7���8 furcate chaetae, further back 8���12 (Fig. 6 D���E). Tines of furcate chaetae of unequal lengths (ratio 1.15: 1.35), longest tine with thin whip-shaped distal part, inner margin of tines with strong comb of teeth (Fig. 6 E���F). Capillaries hirsute, blunt spines and furcate chaetae with even surface structure (Fig. 6). Colour. Alcohol-preserved specimens light grey-brownish. Dorsal and ventral cirri usually bright yellow to brownish from colouring of internal glandular structure. Some specimens with transverse bands of light brownish epidermal pads on swollen part of body. Holotype with yellow transversal pigment bands dorsally on chaetigers 3��� 5, dorsal and ventral cirri in posterior body yellow. Reproduction. Ovigerous females observed in samples from continental shelf break off Nordland County at 68 �� N, 765 m, October 2008. Diameter of eggs up to 180 ��m. Holotype with eggs 120���140 ��m in diameter. Distribution. The species has been found on the continental slope in the eastern Norwegian Sea, from deep areas around Jan Mayen, and from a single record on the Wyville-Thomspon Ridge at 1220 m depth (Fig. 7 C). The depth range is 497���1243 m. Most samples are from the upper slope (600���800 m), coinciding with a transition zone from temperate North Atlantic water to cold Norwegian Sea water, with temperatures fluctuating around 0��C. Etymology. This species is named after Gerhard Armauer Hansen for his contribution on polychaetes in the Norwegian Sea. In his treatment of the polychaetes from the Norwegian North-Atlantic Expedition 1876���1878, he described Pseudoscalibregma parvum and provided a description of Scalibregma abyssorum, which may have included material of the present species (Hansen 1879, 1882). Remarks. Presently six species are considered valid in the genus Scalibregma. Four species are found in NE Atlantic and Arctic waters, viz. S. inflatum, S. robustum Zachs, 1925, S. wireni Furreg, 1925, and S. celticum Mackie, 1991, and two species are found in US coastal waters: S. stenocerum (Bertelsen & Weston, 1980), and S. californicum Blake, 2000. Scalibregma hanseni n. sp shares with S. stenocerum the possession of three pairs of branchiae (on chaetigers 3���5), whereas all other species have four pairs of branchiae. Scalibregma hanseni n. sp. differs from S. stenocerum by having short rather than long, slender prostomial horns, by lacking eyes, and by having rather simple branchiae with few branches in contrast to bushy, multibranched branchiae. Scalibregma hanseni n. sp., S. stenocerum and S. celticum all have smooth blunt spines on chaetigers 1 and 2. Mackie (1991) discussed the taxonomic relevance of spines on the most anterior chaetigers and their possible homology with furcate chaetae in more posterior chaetigers., Published as part of Bakken, Torkild, Oug, Eivind & Kongsrud, Jon Anders, 2014, Occurrence and distribution of Pseudoscalibregma and Scalibregma (Annelida, Scalibregmatidae) in the deep Nordic Seas, with the description of Scalibregma hanseni n. sp., pp. 101-117 in Zootaxa 3753 (2) on pages 110-115, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3753.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/225662, {"references":["Hansen, G. A. (1879) Annelider fra den norske Nordhavsexpedition i 1876. Nyt Magazin for Naturvidenskaberne, 24, 1 - 17.","Hansen, G. A. (1882) Annelida. In: The Norwegian North-Atlantic Expedition 1876 - 1878. Grondahl & Son, Christiania, pp. 1 - 53.","Zachs, I. (1925) Nouvelles additions a la faune des Polychaeta du Murman. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences de SSSR, Leningrad, 1925, 1 - 3.","Furreg, E. (1925) Zur Systematik der Polychatenfamilie Scalibregmidae. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere, 50, 123 - 190.","Mackie, A. S. Y. (1991) Scalibregma celticum new species (Polychaeta, Scalibregmatidae) from Europe, with a redescription of Scalibregma inflatum Rathke, 1843 and comments on the genus Sclerobregma Hartman, 1965. Bulletin of Marine Science, 48, 268 - 276.","Bertelsen, R. D. & Weston, D. P. (1980) A new species of Sclerobregma (Polychaeta: Scalibregmatidae) from off the southeastern United States. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 93, 708 - 713.","Blake, J. A. (2000) Family Scalibregmatidae Malmgren, 1867. In: Blake, J. A., Hilbig, B. & Scott, P. H. (Eds.), Taxonomic Atlas of the Benthic Fauna of the Santa Maria Basin and the Western Santa Barbara Channel. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, California, pp. 129 - 144."]}

ScalIbregma abyssorum Hansen, 1879, nomen dubium Scalibregma (?) abyssorum Hansen, 1879: 6 ���7, pl. V, figs 1���6.��� 1882: 34���35. Scalibregma abyssorum. ��� Furreg 1925: 170. Scalibregma inflatum.��� St��p-Bowitz 1945: 70 ���71. Material examined. The Norwegian North-Atlantic Expedition 1876���1878, Norwegian continental shelf break, Sta. 18, 62�� 44 'N 1 �� 48 'E, 753 m, holotype of Scalibregma abyssorum (ZMBN 2274). Remarks. The description of Scalibregma abyssorum was based on one incomplete specimen (Hansen 1879; 1882). The species was stated to have three segments with gills, a squarish prostomium without lateral processes, anterior segments with no dorsal annulation, and furcate chaetae in neuropodia only. One incomplete specimen labelled as original material is kept in the collections of the University Museum of Bergen. St��p-Bowitz (1945) examined the specimen and noted that it had four pairs of branchiae and a prostomium with frontal horns. The branchiae were situated on chaetigers 2���5, as in S. inflatum. He concluded that it referred to a small specimen of S. inflatum. The examination of the specimen in the present study supports the observations by St��p-Bowitz (1945). The specimen is damaged, broken after chaetiger 13, and has lost parapodia on the right side. Bushy gills are present on chaetigers 2���5. The specimen, however, differs in several respects from the description and figures given by Hansen (1879, 1882), for instance in the dorsal annulation of segments, the development of prostomial frontal horns, and the number of gills. It may therefore be suspected that the deposited specimen is not the one Hansen (1879; 1882) used for his species description. The species is here considered indeterminable., Published as part of Bakken, Torkild, Oug, Eivind & Kongsrud, Jon Anders, 2014, Occurrence and distribution of Pseudoscalibregma and Scalibregma (Annelida, Scalibregmatidae) in the deep Nordic Seas, with the description of Scalibregma hanseni n. sp., pp. 101-117 in Zootaxa 3753 (2) on page 109, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3753.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/225662, {"references":["Hansen, G. A. (1879) Annelider fra den norske Nordhavsexpedition i 1876. Nyt Magazin for Naturvidenskaberne, 24, 1 - 17.","Furreg, E. (1925) Zur Systematik der Polychatenfamilie Scalibregmidae. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere, 50, 123 - 190.","Stop-Bowitz, C. (1945) Les Scalibregmiens de Norvege. Nytt Magasin for Naturvidenskapene, 85, 63 - 87.","Hansen, G. A. (1882) Annelida. In: The Norwegian North-Atlantic Expedition 1876 - 1878. Grondahl & Son, Christiania, pp. 1 - 53."]}

PseudoscalIbregma Ashworth, 1901 Pseudoscalibregma Ashworth, 1901: 296. Type species: Scalibregma parvum Hansen, 1879 Diagnosis (emended). Body elongate, posterior part tapering (���arenicoliform���). Prostomium T-shaped with distinct lateral processes. Posterior parapodia with dorsal and ventral cirri. Branchiae absent. Large acicular spines absent; small thin, pointed or bifurcate spines present in chaetiger 1. Remarks. The diagnosis for the genus follows Blake (1981), with the exception of details concerning the presence of small spines in the first chaetiger as observed in the recently described species, P. orientalis from Japan (Imajima 2009) and in the type species P. parvum (present study, see below). The spines are similar to the thin spines in chaetigers 1���2 in species of Scalibregma that may be blunt or bifurcate. The spines are believed to be homologues of the furcate setae found in more posterior chaetigers (Mackie 1991)., Published as part of Bakken, Torkild, Oug, Eivind & Kongsrud, Jon Anders, 2014, Occurrence and distribution of Pseudoscalibregma and Scalibregma (Annelida, Scalibregmatidae) in the deep Nordic Seas, with the description of Scalibregma hanseni n. sp., pp. 101-117 in Zootaxa 3753 (2) on page 102, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3753.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/225662, {"references":["Ashworth, J. H. (1901) The anatomy of Scalibregma inflatum Rathke. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, London, 45, 237 - 309.","Hansen, G. A. (1879) Annelider fra den norske Nordhavsexpedition i 1876. Nyt Magazin for Naturvidenskaberne, 24, 1 - 17.","Blake, J. A. (1981) The Scalibregmatidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from South America and Antarctica collected chiefly during the cruises of the R / V Anton Bruun, R / V Hero and USNS Eltanin. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 94, 1131 - 1162.","Imajima, M. (2009) Deep-sea Benthic Polychaetes off Pacific Coast of the Northern Honshu, Japan. National Museum of Nature and Science Monographs, 39 - 192.","Mackie, A. S. Y. (1991) Scalibregma celticum new species (Polychaeta, Scalibregmatidae) from Europe, with a redescription of Scalibregma inflatum Rathke, 1843 and comments on the genus Sclerobregma Hartman, 1965. Bulletin of Marine Science, 48, 268 - 276."]}

ScalIbregma Rathke, 1843 Scalibregma Rathke, 1843: 182 ���184.��� Blake 2000: 132. Type species: Scalibregma inflatum Rathke, 1843 Diagnosis. Body elongate, arenicoliform. Prostomium T-shaped with distinct lateral horns. Parapodia of posterior segments with dorsal and ventral cirri, interramal papillae or cilia present; postchaetal lamellae absent. Branchiae present. Chaetae including capillaries, lyrate chaetae, and sometimes few inconspicuous spines, blunt or bifurcated among capillaries of chaetigers 1���2, representing precursors of lyrate chaetae; large conspicuous spines absent. Pygidium with long anal cirri (Blake 2000: 132)., Published as part of Bakken, Torkild, Oug, Eivind & Kongsrud, Jon Anders, 2014, Occurrence and distribution of Pseudoscalibregma and Scalibregma (Annelida, Scalibregmatidae) in the deep Nordic Seas, with the description of Scalibregma hanseni n. sp., pp. 101-117 in Zootaxa 3753 (2) on page 108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3753.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/225662, {"references":["Rathke, H. (1843) Beitrage zur Fauna Norwegens. Verhandlungen Kaiserlichen Leopoldinisch-Carolinischen Akademie Naturforscher, Breslau ,, 20, 1 - 264. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11613","Blake, J. A. (2000) Family Scalibregmatidae Malmgren, 1867. In: Blake, J. A., Hilbig, B. & Scott, P. H. (Eds.), Taxonomic Atlas of the Benthic Fauna of the Santa Maria Basin and the Western Santa Barbara Channel. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, California, pp. 129 - 144."]}

ScalIbregma Inflatum Rathke, 1843 Scalibregma inflatum Rathke, 1843: 184 ���186, pl. IX, figs 15���21.��� Furreg 1925: 157 ���163, figs C���H.��� St��p-Bowitz 1945: 67 ��� 72, fig. 2; 1948: 25���26, fig. 8.��� Mackie 1991: 268 ���271, figs 1���10. Oligobranchus roseus M. Sars, 1846: 91 ���94, pl. 10, figs 20���27. Type localities. Scalibregma inflatum: near Molde, western Norway. Oligobranchus roseus: Flor��, western Norway. Material examined. The Norwegian North-Atlantic Expedition 1876���1878, Norwegian continental shelf break, Sta. 18, 62�� 44 'N 1 �� 48 'E, 753 m, 1 spm (ZMBN 2276), identified by Hansen (1882). R/V ��� H��kon Mosby��� stations: Sta. 82.01. 21.2, Lat: 62.491 Long: 0 1.721, 604 m, 1.1 ��C, 21 Jan. 1982, 1 spm; Sta. 83.06.0 2.1, Lat: 62.198 Long: -00.003, 708 m, - 0.3 ��C, 0 2 June 1983, 1 spm; Sta. 83.06. 17.3, Lat: 62.593 Long: 0 1.233, 781 m, - 0.9 ��C, 17 June 1983, 2 spms; Sta. 84.11. 21.2, Lat: 62.553 Long: 0 1.820, 625 m, - 0.8 ��C, 21 Nov. 1984, 3 spms; Sta. 85.01.0 8.1, Lat: 62.525,Long: 0 1.443, 701 m, - 0.9 ��C, 8 Jan. 1985, 6 spms; Sta. 86.07. 27.2, Lat: 70.810 Long: - 0 9.728, 886 m, - 0.6 ��C, 27 July 1986, 1 spm; Sta. 86.08. 15.5, Lat: 62.610 Long: 0 1.573, 654 m, - 0.9 ��C, 15 Aug. 1986, 1 spm; Sta. 86.08. 17.6, Lat: 62.691 Long: 0 1.756, 750 m, - 0.9 ��C, 17 Aug 1986, 4 spms. R/V ��� Jan Mayen ��� stations: Sta. 808 - 99, Lat: 70.9768 Long: -08.7735, 109 m, 14 Sept. 1999, 17 spms; Sta. 813 - 99, Lat: 71.1068 Long: -09.5877, 514 m, 15 Sept. 1999, 1 spm. Environmental monitoring stations: Sta. OL-02, Lat: 63.49451 Long: 0 5.41986, 822 m, 17 June 2004, 2 spms; Sta. OL-03, Lat: 63.50035 Long: 0 5.36968, 867 m, 17 June 2004, 7 spms; Sta. OL-04, Lat: 63.51289 Long: 0 5.37823, 858 m, 18 June 2004, 3 spms; Sta. OL-05, Lat: 63.50675 Long: 0 5.40527, 828 m, 17 June 2004, 2 spms; Sta. OL-06, Lat: 63.52349 Long: 5.37058, 870 m, 18 June 2004, 4 spms; Sta. OL-07, Lat: 63.52469 Long: 0 5.40486, 843 m, 18 June 2004, 2 spms; Sta. OL-08, Lat: 63.53813 Long: 05.38181E, 852 m, 18 June 2004, 2 spms; Sta. OL-09, Lat: 63.53583 Long: 0 5.40537, 854 m, 18 June 2004, 2 spms; Sta. OL- 10, Lat: 63.53050 Long: 0 5.43927, 810 m, 18 June 2004, 3 spms; Sta. OL- 11, Lat: 63.55031 Long: 0 5.42835, 851 m, 18 June 2004, 6 spms; Sta. OL- 12, Lat: 63.55516 Long: 0 5.36859, 901 m, 19 June 2004, 2 spms; Sta. OL- 13, Lat: 63.56073 Long: 0 5.39664, 883 m, 19 June 2004, 2 spms; Sta. V-06, Lat: 63.50074 Long: 0 5.33366, 913 m, 0 1 June 1998, 6 spms; Sta. V-09, Lat: 65.00138 Long: 0 5.00019, 757 m, 0 1 June 1998, 2 spms. Remarks. Type material of Scalibregma inflatum is not known to exist. Mackie (1991) gave a redescription of S. inflatum based on specimens from the Sunndalsfjord in western Norway, close to the original type locality. He also confirmed the synonymy of Oligobranchus roseus with S. inflatum after examining a specimen of O. roseus kept at the Zoological Museum, University of Oslo, and presumed to be the material for the original description. M. Sars (1846) described O. roseus, being unaware of Rathke���s description (note p. 94; 1846), but appears later to have accepted the synonymy (M. Sars in G. O. Sars 1872). The specimens examined in the present study were all collected on the upper slope of the Norwegian continental margin, at depths greater than 600 m, and from Jan Mayen. The specimens agree with the description given by Mackie (1991). The presence of short, acute or bifurcate spines on chaetiger 1���2, as described by Mackie (1991), was confirmed. Distribution. Scalibregma inflatum is known to have a wide distribution in northern coastal waters. St��p- Bowitz (1945, 1948) reported S. inflatum from a number of localities in Norwegian and Arctic areas in depths from 10 to 200 m. In deeper waters there are scattered records from west Greenland, Spitsbergen and Jan Mayen in 450��� 1275 m (St��p-Bowitz 1948). This study confirms the presence of the species in shelf break areas down to about 900 m depths in the Norwegian Sea (Fig. 7 B). The species may seem to have a depth limit at about 1000 m in the Nordic Seas. Scalibregma inflatum is reported from world-wide areas (Blake 1981). Most probably several species are confounded. Mackie (1991) commented that several descriptions in faunal works from the northeast Atlantic may incorporate S. celticum Mackie, 1991 as well., Published as part of Bakken, Torkild, Oug, Eivind & Kongsrud, Jon Anders, 2014, Occurrence and distribution of Pseudoscalibregma and Scalibregma (Annelida, Scalibregmatidae) in the deep Nordic Seas, with the description of Scalibregma hanseni n. sp., pp. 101-117 in Zootaxa 3753 (2) on pages 109-110, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3753.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/225662, {"references":["Rathke, H. (1843) Beitrage zur Fauna Norwegens. Verhandlungen Kaiserlichen Leopoldinisch-Carolinischen Akademie Naturforscher, Breslau ,, 20, 1 - 264. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11613","Furreg, E. (1925) Zur Systematik der Polychatenfamilie Scalibregmidae. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere, 50, 123 - 190.","Stop-Bowitz, C. (1945) Les Scalibregmiens de Norvege. Nytt Magasin for Naturvidenskapene, 85, 63 - 87.","Mackie, A. S. Y. (1991) Scalibregma celticum new species (Polychaeta, Scalibregmatidae) from Europe, with a redescription of Scalibregma inflatum Rathke, 1843 and comments on the genus Sclerobregma Hartman, 1965. Bulletin of Marine Science, 48, 268 - 276.","Sars, M. (1846) Fauna littoralis Norvegiae I. Oder Beschreibung und Abbildungen neuer oder wenig bekannten Seethiere, nebst Beobachtungen uber die Organisation, Lebensweise und Entwickelung derselben. Johann Dahl, Christiania, 194 pp.","Hansen, G. A. (1882) Annelida. In: The Norwegian North-Atlantic Expedition 1876 - 1878. Grondahl & Son, Christiania, pp. 1 - 53.","Sars, G. O. (1872) Diagnoser af nye Annelider fra Christianiafjorden, efter Professor M. Sars' efterladte Manuskripter. Forhandlinger fra Videnskabs-Selskabet i Christiania, 1871, 406 - 417.","Stop-Bowitz, C. (1948) Sur les polychetes arctiques des familles des Glyceriens, des Opheliens, des Scalibregmiens et des Flabelligeriens. Tromso Museums Arshefter, 66, 1 - 58.","Blake, J. A. (1981) The Scalibregmatidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from South America and Antarctica collected chiefly during the cruises of the R / V Anton Bruun, R / V Hero and USNS Eltanin. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 94, 1131 - 1162."]}

Turbonilla halanychi sp. n. Fig. 4 Etymology: This species is named in honour of Dr Kenneth M. Halanych, Auburn University. A great invertebrate phylogeneticist, and a good friend. Diagnosis: Tall, high spired with large protoconch, slightly convex whorls, and, weakly GH¿QHG D[LDO ULEV FURVVHG E\ PLFURVWULDH. Description: Shell tall, slender, conical or subcylindrical, white and shiny with rounded apex. Protoconch of type A-II, diameter 290 μm, semisubmerged. Whorls almost straight. Initial whorl sloping slightly to the right, giving shell a somewhat crocked DSSHDUDQFH. 6XWXUH VXSHU¿FLDO, QRWLFHDEOH REOLTXH LQ XSSHU ZKRUOV. $[LDO ULEV QRW much elevated, straight, orthocline or slightly opisthocline; tightly spaced, broader than interspaces. Ribs disappearing at periphery of ultimate whorl. Base smooth. Microsculpture consisting of spiral striae seen in interspaces and on ribs. Microsculpture continue on base. Aperture rhomboid. Columellar tooth absent. No umbilicus. Holotype: NIGERIA: station N15, 04°01'N: 07°58'E, - 64 m (ZMBN 86954). Length 2.25 mm, width 0.55 mm. Paratypes: Four from type locality in ZMBN (86955–86958). Three in NMSA (L8458 / T2749). Distribution: Nigeria, Gabon and Congo, - 64– 162 m. Comparison: This species is similar to T. bengoensis, but the protoconch is slightly larger and not as submerged. The whorls are more convex and the axial ribs broader. T. pseudomarteli has a more globular protoconch, the axial ribs are broader and a subsutural shelf is present., Published as part of Lygre, Frøydis, Kongsrud, Jon Anders & Schander, Christoffer, 2011, Four new species of Turbonilla (Gastropoda, Pyramidellimorpha, Turbonillidae) from the Gulf of Guinea, West Africa, pp. 243 in African Invertebrates 52 (2) on page 249, DOI: 10.5733/afin.052.0202, http://zenodo.org/record/7917236

Turbonilla nanseni sp. n. Fig. 2 Etymology: This species is named in honour of the research vessel R/V Dr Fridtjof Nansen, used for the collection of all the material used in this study (http://www.imr. no/om_havforskningsinstituttet/fasiliteter/fartoy/dr._fridtjof_nansen/en). Diagnosis: Tall, high spired with large protoconch, convex whorls, and strong axial ribs crossed by microstriae. Description: Shell tall, slender, conical towards subcylindrical, milky white and shiny with rounded apex. Protoconch of type A-II, diameter 380 μm, protruding nucleus. Teleoconch whorls slightly convex. Suture incised, not deep, slightly undulating, noticeably oblique. Axial ribs not very elevated, thin, straight or slightly curved, opisthocline; closely set, broader than interspaces; disappearing at periphery of ultimate whorl. Base smooth. Microsculpture of undulating spiral striae in interspaces and on ribs. Aperture subrectangular. Inner lip slightly folded. Columellar tooth absent. No umbilicus. Holotype: GABON:station G16, 03°49'S: 10°37'E,- 69m (ZMBN86948).Length 2.42mm,width0.6247 mm. Paratypes: Two from type locality in ZMBN (86949, 86950). One in NMSA (L8456 / T2747). Distribution: Nigeria and Gabon, - 63– 69 m. Comparison: Turbonilla fulgidula (Jeffreys, 1884) shows some resemblance to T. nanseni, but the whorls are slightly straighter in this species, and it has a subsutural shelf. The axial ribs have broader interspaces and are less opisthocline. T. pseudomarteli Peñas & Rolán, 1997 has a subsutural shelf and broader, more diffuse axial ribs. T. bengoensis Peñas & Rolán, 1997 has a smaller and more submerged protoconch, the whorls are slightly straighter and the axial ribs have broader interspaces., Published as part of Lygre, Frøydis, Kongsrud, Jon Anders & Schander, Christoffer, 2011, Four new species of Turbonilla (Gastropoda, Pyramidellimorpha, Turbonillidae) from the Gulf of Guinea, West Africa, pp. 243 in African Invertebrates 52 (2) on page 247, DOI: 10.5733/afin.052.0202, http://zenodo.org/record/7917236, {"references":["JEFFREYS, J. G. 1884. On the Mollusca procured during the Lightning and Porcupine Expeditions, 1868 - 70. VIII. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1884: 341 - 372.","PENAS, A. & ROLAN, E. 1997. La familia Pyramidellidae Gray, 1840 (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Heterostropha) en Africa occidental. 2. Los generos Turbonilla y Eulimella. Iberus Supplement 3: lilƟ 5."]}

Turbonilla willasseni sp. n. Fig. 3 Etymology:This species is named in honour of Dr Endre Willassen, curator of invertebrates at the Bergen Museum, who is always supportive of our work. Diagnosis: Tall, high spired with large protoconch, almost straight whorls, and, strong axial ribs crossed by microstriae. Description: Shell small, slender, conical, white with rounded apex. Protoconch of type A-II, diameter 230 μm, semisubmerged. Whorls straight. Suture shallow. Axial ribs elevated, straight and orthocline. Axial ribs and interspaces equally broad. Ribs GLVDSSHDULQJ DW SHULSKHU\ RI XOWLPDWH ZKRUO. 0LFURVFXOSWXUH RI VXSHU¿FLDO VSLUDO VWULDH. Aperture oval, narrowing apically. Columellar tooth absent. No umbilicus. Holotype: GABON: station G2, 00°19'N: 09°19'E, - 24 m (ZMBN 86951). Length 1.51 mm, width 0.45 mm. Paratypes: Two from type locality in ZMBN (86952, 86953). Two in NMSA (L8457 / T2748). Distribution: Gabon and Congo, - 24– 162 m. Comparison: Turbonilla fulgidula is similar to this species, but has a subsutural shelf and more prominent microsculpture than T. willasseni. The protoconch of T. willasseni is slightly larger than in T. fulgidula. A yet undescribed species also show some similarity to T. willasseni. However, this species has a larger, more protruding protoconch., Published as part of Lygre, Frøydis, Kongsrud, Jon Anders & Schander, Christoffer, 2011, Four new species of Turbonilla (Gastropoda, Pyramidellimorpha, Turbonillidae) from the Gulf of Guinea, West Africa, pp. 243 in African Invertebrates 52 (2) on pages 247-249, DOI: 10.5733/afin.052.0202, http://zenodo.org/record/7917236

Arenicola marina Linnaeus, 1758 er en godt kjent art langs norskekysten. Nylig ble en ny art beskrevet som tidligere ble identifisert som A. marina. Denne nye arten, Arenicola defodiens Cadman & Nelson-Smith, 1993 har ikke enda blitt rapportert i norske farvann. En mindre kjent art fra samme familie, Arenicolides ecaudata Johnston, 1835 har færre rapporterte funn enn A. marina langs norskekysten. Færre rapporterte funn er hovedsakelig et resultat av at arten oversees og dermed ikke samles inn på grunn av sin mindre tydelige tilstedeværelse i littoralsonen, i motsetning til A. marina. Denne studien hadde som mål å bruke morfologi til å skille disse tre artene av fjæremark i familien Arenicolidae, med spesielt fokus på karakterer som skiller små individ av A. ecaudata og A. marina. Neuropodier ble oppdaget å være en veldig effektiv måte å skille små A. ecaudata fra A. marina. Beskrivelser av de to artene ble lagd på grunnlag av observasjon av 296 eksemplarer. Post-larve eksemplar av A. ecaudata og A. marina ble studert for utvikling av gjeller, når de kommer til syne, og hvordan utviklingen av gjeller ser ut på ulike utviklingsstadier. Gjellene på A. ecaudata ser ut til å dukke opp når individene måler mellom 7-13 mm, mens A. marina måler mellom 3-5 mm. Dybdedistribusjon av både små og store individ av A. ecaudata og A. marina ble studert og systematisert grafisk. De voksne A. ecaudata dominerer i dypet, mens små individ finnes for det meste i tidevannssonen. Hos A. marina er distribusjonen motsatt, med flest voksne i tidevannssonen og de små i dypet. Fire individ fra museumsmaterialet i Trondheim ble først mistenkt for å være A. defodiens. Nærmere studering resulterte i at disse ble identifisert som A. marina og Arenicola sp. Det rapporterte funnet av A. defodiens fra Artsdatabanken (NBIC) ble undersøkt på nytt og med dette ble eksistensen av A. defodiens i norsk fauna avkreftet. Arenicola marina Linnaeus, 1758, is a well-known species along the Norwegian coast. Recently a new species was described, which had earlier been identified as A. marina. This new species, Arenicola defodiens, Cadman & Nelson-Smith 1993, has not yet been confirmed from Norwegian waters. A less known species of the same family, Arenicolides ecaudata Johnston, 1835, has fewer reports than A. marina along the coast of Norway. The few records primarily result from being overlooked and undersampled because of its less conspicuous presence in the littoral zone than A. marina. This study aimed to use morphology to distinguish these three species of lugworm in the family Arenicolidae, focusing on characters to distinguish post-larva individuals of A. ecaudata and A. marina. Neuropodia was discovered to be a very efficient way of distinguishing the post-larva A. ecaudata from A. marina. Descriptions of the two species were made from examination of 296 specimens. Post-larva specimens of A. ecaudata and A. marina were examined for the development of branchia, when they appeared, and how the development of branchia looked at different development stages. The branchia of A. ecaudata appears when the specimen is measuring between 7-13 mm, while A. marina measures between 3-5 mm. Depth distribution of both small and large specimens of A. ecaudata and A. marina were examined and systematized graphically. The adult A. ecaudata dominates the deep, while the small specimen is mostly found in the shallows. In A. marina the distribution is opposite, with most adults in the shallows and the small specimen in the deep. Four specimens from museum material in Trondheim were first suspected to be A. defodiens. Further examination resulted in these specimens being identified as A. marina and Arenicola sp. The reported finding of A. defodiens from the Norwegian Biodiversity Information Centre (NBIC) were revised, and by this the existence of A. defodiens in Norwegian fauna were disproved.

Det er få studier om mosdyr i Norge, de fleste er fra 1850-1950. Denne masteroppgaven hadde derfor som mål å bidra med ny kartlegging av mosdyr langs norskekysten i grunne habitater. I tillegg bidra med prøver til DNA strekkoding, for konstruksjonen av et DNA strekkode referanse bibliotek av de norske mosdyr artene. Mosdyr ble innsamlet i tre ulike typer habitat: hardbunn, ruglbunn og kunstig. Kunstige habitat, regnes her som småbåtlag, men også internasjonale havner. Det ble satt et ekstra søkelys på denne habitat typen på grunn av den høye menneskelige aktiviteten i disse områdene, og for mulige oppdagelser av fremmede arter. Det ble samlet inn mosdyr fra 69 stasjoner langs norskekysten, fra Ørland til Oslo. Omtrent 60 ulike arter ble kartlagt. Der Electra pilosa (Linnaeus, 1767), Membranipora membranacea (Linnaeus, 1767) og Cryptosula pallasiana (Moll, 1803) ble kartlagt i nesten alle lokaliteter og habitater, disse er derfor karakterisert som vanlige arter. Omtrent 60% av de kartlagte artene, var til stede i så få som en til to av lokasjonene. Fem av de kartlagte artene kunne klassifiseres som fremmedarter, disse ble kun kartlagt i habitatene beskrevet som kunstige. Denne studien presenterer også de første funnene av fremmedartene Bugulina simplex (Hincks, 1886) og Fenestrulina cf. delicia Winston, Hayward & Craig, 2000 i norske farvann. Det ble tatt prøver av omtrent 31 av artene for DNA strekkoding. Sammen med tidligere data fra Evertebrater på hardbunn prosjektet (HABFA), er omtrent 17% av kjente arter mosdyr i Norge representert i et DNA strekkode referanse bibliotek. Den økologiske rollen til mosdyr som bosted for mange andre organismer, presenterte noen metodiske utfordringer i forbindelse med vevsprøvetaking til DNA strekkodingen. Dette innebar en høy risiko for kontaminering, som igjen minket sjansen for å få produsert gode DNA strekkode sekvenser. Det er behov for ytterligere studier på diversitet og distribusjon av mosdyr. Innsamlinger i relativt lett tilgjengelige habitat, ved bruk av enkle metoder ga omfattende resultat i denne studien. Dette bør inspirere for videre studier av mosdyr, med mål om å kartlegge mer av diversiteten og distribusjonen, overvåke fremmede arter og produsere et komplett DNA strekkode referanse bibliotek over de kjente artene i Norge. The studies of bryozoan species in Norway are few and far apart. Most of the research is from the 19th century to the mid 20th century. This thesis set out to contribute to new mapping of bryozoan species along the coast of Norway in shallow water habitats. As well as contribute to the construction of a DNA barcode reference library of Norwegian bryozoan species. Sampling was conducted in three different shallow water habitats; rocky bottom, maerl bed, and artificial. Artificial habitats, such as marinas for recreational boating or large harbours connecting international waters, were deemed interesting because of the high amount of human activity and the possible discovery of alien species. Bryozoans were sampled from 69 stations along the coast of Norway, from Ørland to Oslo. Approximately 60 different species were recorded. Electra pilosa (Linnaeus, 1767), Membranipora membranacea (Linnaeus, 1767), and Cryptosula pallasiana (Moll, 1803) were frequently recorded in most of the habitats and are characterized as common. About 60% of the recorded species were found in as few as one to two of the locations. Five of the recorded species are considered alien species. These were only recorded from habitats described as artificial. This study represents the first recordings of the alien species Bugulina simplex (Hincks, 1886) and Fenestrulina cf. delicia Winston, Hayward & Craig, 2000 in Norwegian waters. Approximately 31 of the 60 species were sampled for DNA barcoding. With additional DNA barcodes produced during the Invertebrate fauna on marine rocky shallow-water habitats (HABFA) project, about 17% of the known Bryozoan diversity in Norwegian waters is represented in the DNA reference library. The ecological role of bryozoans as housing for other animals presented some methodical challenges regarding the sampling of tissue for DNA barcoding. This causes contamination and influences the producing valid DNA barcode sequences. There is a need for further studies on the bryozoan diversity and species distributions. Sampling in reasonably accessible habitats with simple methods gave extensive results. This should inspire further study of the bryozoan species, to increase the knowledge of bryozoan species diversity and distribution, monitor alien species, and produce a more complete DNA barcode reference library for all the known bryozoan species in Norway.

Foreningen av morfologiske undersøkelser og DNA strekkoding, vil for mange regnes som de mest sentrale metodene i moderne studier om biodiversitet. Sammen har disse metodene stor kapasitet til å gi ny kunnskap og innsikt i både plante og dyreriket. Denne studien foretar en vurdering av artsdiversiteten blant de tre marine slektene av Isopoda Idotea, Jaera og Janira slik de forekommer i Norge. Vurderingen er gjort gjennom en morfologisk studie og DNA strekkoding hvor det mitokondrielle genet cytochrom oxidase subenhet 1 (CO1) ble brukt. Dette ble gjort for å undersøke hvorvidt det finnes samsvar mellom de to metodene når det kommer til å identifisere arter. Den geografiske distribusjonen for alle observerte arter i de tre slektene har blitt inkludert for å kartlegge hvor i landet de ulike artene forekommer. Få studier har blitt gjort på denne ordenen siden arbeidet av Sars (1899), og for Jaera og Janira er det mangel på CO1 sekvenser. Materialet for denne studien omfatter 838 prøver samlet fra 93 lokasjoner langs hele Norskekysten. Fem arter av Idotea, tre arter av Jaera og én art av Janira ble identifisert fra det samlede materiale. Totalt 157 individer fra de tre slektene ble sekvensert hvorav 118 ble vellykkede. CO1 sekvenser for Idotea neglecta har nylig blitt produsert som en del av denne studien. Disse vellykkede sekvensene ble brukt for å kalkulere gjennomsnittlige genetiske distanser og for å produsere haplotype nettverk for hver av slektene. I tillegg ble det formulert en detaljert artsbeskrivelse av de tre Jaera artene, samt notater om morfologien til de andre artene av Idotea og Janira. Resultatene viser at arter av Idotea lar seg identifisere både gjennom CO1 strekkoder og morfologi. De genetiske distansene mellom artene er > 10% og distansen innad i hver art er < 1% både for K2P og p-distanse, og diagnostiske morfologiske karakterer er både konsistente og lett å observere for alle arter. De tre artene av Jaera tilhører artskomplekset Jaera albifrons gruppen. Disse artene viser ingen variasjon i CO1 med en inter og intraspesifikk distanse på < 1% for alle artene. Det blir også vist at alle tre artene er representert i haplotypen med høyest frekvens som også er til stede i alle norske fylker langs kysten utenom ett. Diagnostiske morfologiske karakterer for de tre artene samsvarer godt med beskrivelser gjort i den eksisterende litteraturen. Den ene arten av Janira, Janira maculosa, har gode og gjenkjennbare morfologiske karakterer. Samtidig viser arten stor intraspesifikk genetisk distanse mellom individer basert på CO1 som fordeler seg i ulike klader. Distansene mellom disse kladene varierer mellom 5-30% avhengig av substitusjonsmodell, hvilket indikerer tilstedeværelsen av kryptiske arter. Denne studien viser at vi fremdeles har mye å lære om vanlige arter funnet i tidevannssonen. The coupling of morphology and DNA barcoding is arguably the most common method combination in modern biodiversity studies. When applied together, they can provide new knowledge on species diversity across a wide range of taxa both within the plant and animal kingdom. This study serves as an assessment of the species diversity within the three marine isopod genera Idotea, Jaera and, Janira in Norway. The assessment is done through a morphological study and DNA barcoding using the mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (CO1). This was done to evaluate congruency between the two methods in terms of species identification. The geographical distributions for all encountered species within the genera were included to see where in the country the different species can be found. Few studies have been made on this order since the work of Sars (1899), and CO1 sequences for Jaera and Janira species from Norwegian waters are currently lacking. The material for this study includes 838 specimens collected from 93 different locations along the entire Norwegian coastline. Five Idotea, three Jaera, and one Janira species could be identified from the studied material. A total of 157 specimens were sequenced, producing 118 successful sequences which were used to calculate mean genetic distances and produce haplotype networks for all three genera. Idotea neglecta is newly barcoded using CO1 in this study. Detailed species descriptions were made for Jaera species as well as remarks on species of Janira and Idotea. The results show that species of Idotea are readily identified through both CO1 barcodes and morphology. Mean genetic distances between species are > 10% and mean within distances are < 1% when using both K2P and p-distance, and diagnostic morphological characters are consistent and easily observed. The three species of Jaera, all belonging to the Jaera albifrons species complex, show no clear variation in the CO1 gene with both inter and intraspecific genetic distances < 1%. All species also share the highest frequency haplotype which is present in all but one of the Norwegian coastal counties. Diagnostic characters for the three species are consistent with what has been described in the existing literature. The single Janira species, Janira maculosa, possesses recognizable morphological characters while simultaneously displaying large genetic variations in CO1 forming multiple clades. Genetic distances between these clades vary between 5-30% depending on the substitution model, providing indications of cryptic species. This study shows that there is still much to learn about common species found in the intertidal zone.

The polychaetes of the family Cirratulidae (Annelida) are common inhabitants in offshore benthic sediments and considered as an important group in environmental monitoring. Amongst them, the genus Chaetozone is the most species-diverse worldwide. Seven species of Chaetozone have been recorded in Norway, although these records should be considered cautiously as species delineation is challenging with morphological means. In order to determinate the number of species present in Norway and their distribution, 306 specimens from Norwegian and adjacent waters were DNA sequenced (the universal mitochondrial barcoding region COI, and D1-D2 regions of the nuclear 28S rDNA) and datasets investigated after phylogenetic and species delimitation analyses such as ABGD, mPTP and GMYC. These molecular analyses were used as a frame to re-examine the morphological diagnostic features of each of the species. Over 130 new COI barcodes are obtained, and a total of 16 species are recovered in the analyses. This includes sequences from specimens of the type locality of the type species of the genus, Chaetozone setosa, and its distribution was confirmed to be limited (in Norway) to Arctic waters. The morphology and nomenclature of all species are discussed. This is a first molecular approach to resolve the species delineation, evolutionary relationships and geographic structure of members of Chaetozone, a genus which taxonomy has proven to be difficult. It provides a tool for both molecular and morphological identification and demonstrates the considerable underestimation of the diversity of Chaetozone, in the North East Atlantic. This also gives a taste of what is to be expected for the rest of the elusive systematics of the family Cirratulidae.