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The application of nitrogen (N) fertilizers to agricultural crops is a common practice globally and a crucial component in the current levels of productivity. Excessive N use, however, is costly and damaging to ecosystems. It is recognized that overuse of N fertilizer can promote pest herbivores by enhancing host plant nutritional quality, but less is known of the effects of N on natural enemies of pests via improved quality and availability of prey, and how these may cascade to indirect effects on pests. Here, we explored the effects of N fertilizer on a key egg parasitiod of Nilaparvata lugens (Stal) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) (brown planthopper, BPH). Application of N to rice plants significantly prolonged the development time of Anagrus flaveolus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), increased wing size and decreased fecundity of adult females. Importantly, N application to rice plants significantly decreased the per capita parasitism of BPH eggs by A. flaveolus. Utilizing planthopper prey on N-treated rice plants led to reduced searching efficiency of A. flaveolus. Ultimately, the strength of biological control exerted by A. flaveolus was negatively affected by nitrogen application under field conditions. Parasitoids were able to discriminate between BPH infested rice plants with different levels of nitrogen using visual plant cues. We conclude that N fertilizer use can have profound effects on natural enemy efficiency which potentially increase the dependence on insecticides, another potentially hazardous input.

Ecological engineering (EE) involves the design and management of human systems based on ecological principles to maximize ecosystem services and minimize external inputs. Pest management strategies have been developed but farmer adoption is lacking and unsustainable. EE practices need to be socially acceptable and it requires shifts in social norms of rice farmers. In many countries where pesticides are being marketed as “fast moving consumer goods” (FMCG) it is a big challenge to shift farmers’ loss-averse attitudes. Reforms in pesticide marketing policies are required. An entertainment education TV series was able to reach wider audience to improve farmers’ ecological literacy, shifting beliefs and practices. To sustain adoption of ecologically based practices organizational structures, incentives systems and communication strategies to support the new norms and practices are needed.

Nitrogen fertilizers are widely used to maximize crop productivity but are also known to benefit pest insects. Here we show that nitrogen not only increased the egg size of the key pest, brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens Stal, but also benefitted the predatory mirid bug, Cyrtorhinus lividipennis Reuter (Hemiptera: Miridae). Predator nymph survival and development rate, female adult weight, longevity and fecundity were all enhanced. Importantly, however, high nitrogen levels also extended the predator handling time (Th), reducing the number of prey eggs attacked per predator and signalling a weakening of top-down control. We conclude that nitrogen fertilizer can exacerbate pest impact by natural enemy-mediated effects in addition to previously reported direct effects on herbivores. Our results highlighted the need to moderate the use of nitrogen fertilizers to maintain effective biological control of these rice pests to reduce dependence on insecticides, another potentially hazardous input.

The transdisciplinary research project LEGATO analysed the combined generation of provisioning, regulating and cultural ecosystem services in wet rice agriculture in South-East Asia and applied ecological engineering to future-proof it against global change and environmental pollution challenges. Due to its transdisciplinary character and the sheer size, a systematic stakeholder involvement was inevitable. Starting with stakeholder identification by snowballing from a limited number of contacts, we derived a multi-level stakeholder analysis and tried to involve those identified as relevant. Applying different means and aiming at different depth of involvement, the effort can be judged successful. The paper describes the methods used to identify and classify stakeholders, and key elements of the stakeholder management, guided by the BiodivERsA Stakeholder Activation Handbook. While on the local level, farmers and extension workers turned out to be influential and interested stakeholders in both countries, as well as local (PH) or provincial authorities (VN), differences were manifest on higher levels due to the divergent institutional setting. National-level agents were hard to get interested in both countries, and influential agents along the production chain, including middle men, were not really interested in collaboration.

Agricultural intensification threatens biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Promoting ecosystem services, such as biological pest control, could help to reduce pesticide inputs while simultaneously sustaining a high productivity. The highly intensive rice production in Southeast Asia, where more than 20% of the world's rice yield is produced, is challenged by devastating losses each year due to rice hoppers. This poses a great threat to the more than 3.5 billion people depending on rice as staple food. Egg parasitoids are among the most important natural enemies of rice hoppers and might be promoted with effective habitat management. However, empirical studies that focus on the management of parasitoid populations to enhance biological pest control in rice agroecosystems are largely lacking. We therefore analysed the effects of the availability of diverse habitats on hopper parasitoid performance, parasitism rates and pest control services, hypothesising that egg parasitoid abundance and pest control is positively influenced by diverse non-crop areas, which provide food resources as well as retreat areas for the fallow season. We experimentally tested the efficiency and abundance of egg parasitoids of Nilaparvata lugens and Nephotettix spp. in three study sites representing different levels of floral resources over the course of two rice growing seasons. We used mixed effect models to test whether habitat diversity positively influenced parasitoid abundance and subsequently reduces hatching rates of the hopper nymphs. Nephotettix spp. eggs were parasitized by Gonatocerus spp. and Paracentrobia spp. by 92.5%; Nilaparvata lugens eggs were parasitized by Oligosita spp. and Anagrus spp by 93%. In contrast to our hypothesis, we could demonstrate that additional floral resources do not significantly enhance parasitoid abundance and pest control in rice agroecosystems. Up to six times more parasitoids hatched from the bait plants exposed in the monoculture compared to the non-crop areas (p In contrast to our hypotheses and findings from temperate productions systems, we found higher parasitoid abundance during all crop stages and increased hatching rates in the monocultures than in the non-crop habitats. The structural and temporal heterogeneity of rice crops and ratoon rice within the production area seemed to be sufficient to sustain high densities of parasitoid populations. We conclude that ecological intensification schemes should implement asynchronous planting cycles in rice systems to maintain or enhance parasitoids populations and their biocontrol services. In combination with reduced pesticide inputs, these measures might help to avoid yield losses due to rice hoppers in the future.

Wild and domestic bees are essential for the pollination of crops in home gardens, agroforests and vegetable fields of rice smallholders. However, it remains unclear how rice fields and agroforests affect pollinator communities. We investigated the effects of habitat loss and isolation on four different components of bee diversity: abundance, species richness, functional diversity, and plant-pollinator interactions. Flower-visiting bees were recorded in a lowland rice-based production region on the Philippines. We sampled two different land use systems (agroforests and rice fields) and along a gradient of habitat isolation (isolated rice fields and rice fields connected to agroforests). All components of bee diversity were higher in agroforests than in rice fields. Especially above-ground nesting and long-tongued species were adversely affected by rice field habitats and body sizes decreased with isolation from agroforests. For plant-pollinator interactions we found that plants received less diverse pollinator visits in isolated rice fields. In conclusion, agroforests provide important food and nesting resources for bees that translate into taxonomically and functionally diverse pollinator communities as well as stable pollinator visitation networks. These cultivation systems should therefore be maintained or expanded to ensure pollination services and biodiversity conservation. On the contrary, rice fields provide habitat for only few generalist bee species and flower visitation is reduced in isolated rice fields, possibly also leading to impaired pollination of wild plants and crops. Connectivity between bee habitats located in rice production areas is probably disrupted even after a few hundred meters and should therefore be promoted by measures like flower strips in rice fields.

Cyrtorhinus lividipennis Reuter (Hemiptera: Miridae) is an important predatory natural enemy of planthopper and leafhopper eggs in Asian rice paddy fields. Cyrtorhinus lividipennis is known to rely largely on herbivore-induced plant volatiles to identify eggs embedded in rice stem tissues for feeding and on pheromones for mating. However, exactly how C. lividipennis decode these chemical information is unclear. In most insects, the odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) and the chemosensory proteins (CSPs) are essential for seeking out food resources and mates. In this study, we identified 10 OBP and 5 CSP genes in C. lividipennis and investigated their expression patterns in various tissues of adult males and females by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Six OBP genes (ClivOBP1, 2, 4, 6, 9, and 10) were mainly expressed in the male antennae, whereas three genes (ClivOBP3, ClivOBP7, and ClivOBP8) had high expression in the female antennae. ClivCSP1 was predominantly expressed in the male antennae. These findings suggest that most ClivOBPs and ClivCSPs are likely involved in food-searching behavior. The recognition of the pheromone molecules provides the basis for further functional studies on the chemoreception system of C. lividipennis.

The brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens, is a serious migratory rice pest, which is distributed in the broad area of the tropical and temperate Asian-Pacific region. However, we know little about key aspects regarding its evolution such as how they diverged and dispersed worldwide. By resequencing and analyzing 358 BPH genomes from 92 populations across the world, we uncover the genetic relationships among their worldwide populations and the history of their global dispersal. We recovered five genetic groups representing the major population structures. Of these, Australian BPHs were shown large genetic divergence with Asian BPHs; two distinct groups have formed in South and Southeast/East Asia that show strong genetic admixture in the southwest border regions of China and west Thailand with Myanmar; two local populations in Bangladesh and Fujian province of China, respectively, unexpectedly separated with surrounding populations. We also find the genetic similarity and closely phylogenetic relationships between majority of East Asian BPHs and Indo-china peninsula BPHs, indicating that Southeast Asia mainland is the major insect sources and overwintering sites for East Asia. Our study provides important molecular evidence to address BPH evolution and other key aspects of its biology such as insecticides resistance and rice varieties virulence.

LEGATO stands for “Land-use intensity and Ecological EnGineering—Assessment Tools for risks and Opportunities in irrigated rice based production systems.”

BACKGROUND Spiders are effective biological control agents in rice ecosystems, but the comparative study of predations among main spider species under field conditions has not been fully explored owing to a lack of practical methodology. In this study, more than 6000 spiders of dominant species were collected from subtropical rice ecosystems to compare their predations on Sogatella furcifera (Horvath) (white-backed planthopper, WBPH) using DNA-based gut content analysis. RESULTS The positive rates for all spider taxa were closely related to prey densities, as well as their behaviors and niches. The relationships of positive rates to prey planthopper densities for Pardosa pseudoannulata (Boes. et Str.), Coleosoma octomaculata (Boes. et Str.), Tetragnatha maxillosa Thorell and Ummeliata insecticeps (Boes. et Str.) under field conditions could be described using saturated response curves. Quantitative comparisons of predations among the four spider species confirmed that P. pseudoannulata and C. octomaculata were more rapacious than U. insecticeps and T. maxillosa under field conditions. A comparison of ratio of spiders to WBPH and positive rates between fields revealed that biological control by spiders could be effectively integrated with variety resistance. CONCLUSION Generalist spiders could follow up WBPH population timely, and assemblages of spiders coupled with variety resistance could effectively suppress WBPH population. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.

The golden apple snail or GAS (Pomacea canaliculata) is an important invasive pest in irrigated rice that feeds on young rice plants. In many countries in SE-Asia, governments have recently decreased their support of training courses for snail management, because farmers are now considered to know how to effectively manage this pest. Although a great number of sustainable control methods is recommended which do not involve the use of pesticides, it is uncertain whether these are taken up by farmers. Probably, the easiest way to control GAS, is the application of synthetic ‘instant kill’ molluscicides, which can have detrimental effects on the environment, non-target species, and health. The aim of this study was to develop ideas for solutions on how to achieve a sustainable management of GAS without or at least a decreased use of molluscicides. In a large-scale approach, we conducted interviews with rice farmers in seven regions across Vietnam and the Philippines, assessing the participation in training courses, knowledge on snail ecology, the methods of controlling and the utilization of the snail, and the farmers’ suggestions on how to improve pest snail control. Only 23% of the farmers had previously received training in GAS management. We found that training neither had positive nor negative effects on the number of sustainable methods applied, molluscicide avoidance, concern about using molluscicides, or on the farmers’ knowledge about GAS. As much as 74% of the respondents applied molluscicides. Contrary to recommendations, farmers applied only few sustainable control methods. All farmers had clear knowledge gaps about GAS, especially in species identification, which can even further the ongoing decline of native mollusks in rice landscapes. We conclude that the decision to phase out information campaigns has been taken to rash, and that trainings in our study regions carried through previously had limited success, and thus need revision. To decrease molluscicide use, and to promote sustainable management on the large scale, we synthesized our results, and we suggest that information for farmers might be provided through media often accessed, such as TV, radio or the internet (e.g. by entertainment − education). We further discuss the potential of community cooperation to achieve sustainability. As there are distinct limitations to these approaches, we have developed the concept of local GAS management and utilization companies (GASMUC) which could take over sustainable control and utilization of GAS, and native mollusk conservation for an entire community.

Interactions between predator species shape ecological communities and are crucial in the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. They contribute to improving the natural biological control. Cyrtorhinus lividipennis Reuter and Tytthus chinensis Stal (Hemiptera: Miridae) are important natural enemies of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens Stal (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), the most destructive rice pest in Asia. Comparative functional responses of both sexes of the two mirids at different development stages were estimated and the direction, symmetry, as well as intensity of intraguild predation (IGP) were studied in the laboratory. Prey preferences of the two mirid species and the influence of alternative prey on functional responses were also evaluated. The mirids exhibited reciprocal IGP in addition to consuming eggs of BPH. All predator–prey combinations exhibited a type II functional response. Females and fourth instar nymphs of C. lividipennis showed greater voracity for egg...

Sustainable management of agricultural systems includes promoting nutrient cycles, which can reduce the need for application of fertilizer. As rice is one of the most important food resources in the world, sustainable management of rice paddies is increasingly in demand. However, little is known about the influence of invertebrates on decomposition processes in these ecosystems. We hypothesized that invertebrates contribute significantly to the decomposition of rice straw in paddies and that their relative contribution is affected by the distance to other landscape structures within fields. We placed rice straw in litterbags of two different mesh sizes which prevent (20 μm × 20 μm) or allow (5 mm × 5 mm) access of invertebrates in six irrigated rice fields for 84 days. In each field, bags were set on three transects running from the bund to the center of the field. Invertebrates significantly increased total rice straw litter mass loss by up to 45% (total decomposition: fine-meshed bags 64%; coarse-meshed bags 83%). Litter mass loss in bags accessed by invertebrates decreased with increasing distance from the bund. Such a spatial trend in litter mass loss was not observed in bags accessed only by microbes. Our results indicated that invertebrates can contribute to soil fertility in irrigated rice fields by decomposing rice straw, and that the efficiency of decomposition may be promoted by landscape structures around rice fields.

Habitat management needs comprehensive perspectives, considering multiple ecosystem services at local and landscape scales. Stakeholder involvement with participatory research and development programmes for farmers is an essential part of it. Currently, ecological engineering by habitat management and participatory programmes and mass media campaigns are developed to counteract the adverse effects of ongoing intensification of rice production in Southeast Asia. These schemes often suggest the establishment of flower strips. Flower strips are a common measure to promote biodiversity and ecosystem service conservation in industrialised countries, since they aesthetically enrich production landscapes and provide supplementary food resources and shelter for natural enemies and pollinators. We review management options for biological pest control, pollination and cultural services in rice production landscapes and evaluate the parallel development of participatory programmes and mass media campaigns for sustainable rice production. Biological pest control, pollination services and landscape aesthetics could benefit from the establishment of flower strips in rice production landscapes. However, more experimental studies are needed to test the benefits of different plant species, potential interactions between local and landscape scale and interactions between different ecosystem services. Rice farmers should better appreciate their benefits from regulating ecosystem services and should be involved in the development and implementation of ecological engineering. Mass media campaigns and participatory programmes can motivate farmers, but their efficiency needs to be tested in different regions. Combining participatory approaches and mass media campaigns with the establishment of flower strips and other beneficial habitats has potential to increase the sustainability of rice production in Asia.

gricultural landscapes and ecosystem services in South-East sia—the LEGATO-Project osef Settelea,b,∗, Joachim H. Spangenberga,c, Kong Luen Heongd,q, enjamin Burkharde,f, Jesus Victor Bustamanteg, Jimmy Cabbigatg, o Van Chienh, Monina Escaladai, Volker Greschoa,j, Le Huu Haik, lexander Harpkea, Finbarr G. Horgand, Stefan Hotesl, Reinhold Jahnm, ngolf Kuhna,b, Leonardo Marquezn, Martin Schadlera,b, Vera Tekkeno, oris Vetterleina, Sylvia “Bong” Villareald, Catrin Westphalp, Martin Wiemersa

Continuing global population growth requires an increase in food production, but also new strategies to reduce negative effects of intensive land use on the environment. Rice as key staple food for a majority of the human population is of crucial importance for global and particularly Southeast Asian food supply. As food provision is one key ecosystem service (ES), it is important to know which ESs are provided at which places. Therefore, an ES scoring exercise harnessing local experts’ knowledge in a ‘rapid assessment’ was conducted in seven rice cropping regions in Vietnam and the Philippines. The expert-based scoring values were linked in an ‘ES-matrix’ to the different land use/land cover (LULC) classes abundant in the study areas. The LULC classifications were based on SPOT satellite image interpretation. The matrices were used to compile ES supply maps that give first indications about ES in regions with different intensive agriculture. The outcomes provide a first ‘screening’ of ES supply related to different LULC types in rice-dominated regions enabling the communication of the relevance of specific ecosystems for local communities and decision makers. Uncertainties inherent in expert- and land cover-based ES assessments are discussed and recommendations for improvements of future studies are given.

The bioactivities of methyl eugenol (ME) against rice insect pests, the brown planthopper (BPH), Nilarparvata lugens, the leaf folder (RLF), Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, the striped stem borer (SSB), Chilo suppressalis, and their major natural enemies, a predator Cyrtorhinus lividipennis and parasitoids Anagrus nilaparvatae and Trichogramma japonicum were determined under laboratory conditions. The results showed ME had repellent, systemic and contact insecticidal activities against BPH. The nymphal mortality increased with raised ME concentrations. The LC50 value for BPH using an impregnated filter paper bioassay was 1025 mg/L which was much lower than that of 3778 mg/L obtained from an immersion bioassay. ME also had a contact toxicity against RLF larvae with a LC50 of 250 mg/L. However, bioactivity of ME against SSB larvae was much lower than against RLF. Only 21.8% of 2nd instar SSB larvae died at 24 h after being treated with 8000 mg/L ME. In addition, ME also had contact toxicity to predator C. lividipennis and parasitic natural enemies A. nilaparvatae, T. japonicum, with LC50 values of 527, 105 and 123 mg/L, respectively. Even so, the toxicity of ME to natural enemies was much lower than that of chemical insecticides.

A narrow perception of causality chains can be counterproductive and self-defeating, as the case of pesticide use in Asian rice production shows. Using the Driving Forces – Pressures – State – Impact – Response (DPSIR) scheme developed by EEA and Eurostat we analyse the logic inherent to the application of insecticides. Its underlying biology-to-society perspective considers insects as the initial Pressure, spraying insecticides as adequate Response and yield protection as result. This view is apparently supported by positive results in the early growth phase, but this short term success is paid for by increased system sensitivity, possibly leading to severe damages in the later stages when a seemingly similar situation is indeed very different. This is due to the complementary but ignored society-to-biology loop: insecticide spraying leads to biocontrol loss enhancing vulnerability. Once the system has gone through both loops, the State of the system has changed, enhancing its sensitivity to planthopper infestations. The changed State leads to unexpected Impacts – in particular, the standard Response is no longer capable of reducing the Drivers (the numbers of planthoppers) as expected. This does not become obvious, however, before a new pressure arises and cannot be understood inside the standard management loop but requires combining it with the society-to-biology loop. A double-DPSIR scheme is suggested as a heuristic device, and as a communication tool conveying the message in a simplified way. It shows that the Responses of one loop are the Drivers of the other, leading to different conclusions based on different pre-analytical visions.

The White-backed Planthopper (WBPH), Sogatella furcifera (Horvath (Hemiptera: Delphacidae)) has been the most serious pest threatening rice production in Asia since the late 1970s. A series of field experiments using the same research protocol was carried out to compare the effects of main environmental factors on population development of WBPH in tropical (Philippines) and subtropical (China) areas in 2010–2012 and to provide further evidences of ecological mechanisms involved that cause frequent outbreak in subtropical rice. Outcomes showed that WBPH population in subtropical area could be characterized as the higher population growth rates and higher peak densities. The average growth rate (116.60 ± 46.16) in subtropical area was significantly higher than that in tropical area (24.02 ± 11.25). The higher realized fecundity in subtropical area indicated that the higher growth rates and higher peak densities were mainly related to the poor natural regulating forces in subtropical area. Our results showed that resistant variety could significantly reduce the peak density in subtropical areas, but not in tropical areas. We inferred that the reason for not detecting the effect of resistant variety in tropical area was due to the dominant controlling effects provided by natural enemies, which means that the natural regulating effect in tropical area was strong enough to disguise the effects of resistant variety. The significant interactions between plant resistance and location demonstrated that integration of natural enemies and use of plant resistance could play important roles for reducing outbreak frequency of WBPH effectively in subtropical rice.

The management of biodiversity represents a research topic that needs to involve not only several (sub-) disciplines from the natural sciences but, in particular, also the social sciences and humanities. Furthermore, over the last couple of years, the need for the integration of other kinds of knowledge (experience based or indigenous knowledge) is increasingly acknowledged. For instance, the incorporation of such knowledge is indispensable for place-based approaches to sustainable land management, which require that the specific ecological and social context is addressed. However, desirable as it may be, such an engagement of the holders of tacit knowledge is not easy to achieve. It demands reconciling well-established scientific procedural standards with the implicit or explicit criteria of relevance that apply in civil society a process that typically causes severe tensions and comes up against both habitual as well as institutional constraints. The difficulty of managing such tensions is amplified particularly in large integrated projects and represents a major challenge to project management. At the Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, several integrated research projects have been conducted over the past years in which experience has been gained with these specific challenges. This paper presents some of the lessons learned from large integrated projects, with an emphasis on project design and management structure. At the centre of the present contribution are experiences gained in the coordination and management of LEGATO (LEGATO stands for Land-use intensity and Ecological EnGineering - Assessment Tools for risks and Opportunities in irrigated rice based production systems, see www.legato-project.net), an ongoing, large-scale, inter- and transdisciplinary research project dealing with the management of irrigated rice landscapes in Southeast Asia. In this project, local expertise on traditional production systems is absolutely crucial but needs to be integrated with natural and social science research to identify future-proof land management systems.

Rice is one of the most important global crops but, despite suffering serious insect pest damage, has been less the subject of conservation biological control research compared with crops of importance in developed countries. Earlier studies of sesame (Sesamum indicum) as a nectar plant grown on the bunds around rice crop to promote natural enemies of rice pests had focused on the natural enemies of planthopper pests. But there is little available information on the effects of this plant’s nectar on parasitoids of important rice stem borer pests, or on the extent to which sesame may be a selective food plant such that adult Lepidoptera do not feed on its nectar. The present laboratory study assessed the effect of sesame flowers on Apanteles ruficrus, Cotesia chilonis and Trichogramma chilonis and their stem borer hosts, Sesamia inferens and Chilo suppressalis. Adult survival of all parasitoid species was increased by the presence of S. indicum flowers compared with a water control. Realized fecundity of T. chilonis was significantly enhanced by sesame flowers. Egg production of both stem borer species was comparable for S. indicum and the water treatment, and significantly lower than the honey solution control. The same trend, illustrating lack of benefit from access to sesame nectar, was also apparent in adult longevity of C. suppressalis. These findings indicate that sesame is a selective food plant that is unlikely to promote key Lepidoptera pests of rice when used in the field though it does benefit parasitoids representing three genera.

Development of field resistance among Asian brown planthopper populations to insecticides contributes significantly towards the overall problem caused by the brown planthopper in rice production. We evaluated the susceptibility of brown planthoppers collected in the Philippines to the insecticides imidacloprid, fipronil and fenobucarb insecticides. Additionally we documented the changes in the populations' susceptibilities to the same insecticides when reared in insecticide-free environments. We found that brown planthopper populations collected in the Philippines between 2009 and 2010 were relatively susceptible to the tested insecticides when compared to historical data. Our findings provide baseline data for future studies. We also found that in populations characterized by high initial susceptibility to insecticides, the continued absence of insecticide selection pressure generally resulted in a slight decrease or no change in the populations' insecticide susceptibility.

La revolution verte en riziculture irriguee a permis un triplement de la production asiatique de riz, mais au prix de serieux problemes environnementaux, dont ceux dus a la frequente surconsommation d’insecticides. En desorganisant les regulations biologiques, en raccourcissant les chaines trophiques, en favorisant les infestations de ravageurs secondaires, elle a diminue la resilience du systeme de culture, cree des problemes sanitaires et reduit les resultats economiques. Depuis 1993, l’adoption de pratiques de protection integree de la culture (PIC) reposant sur la comprehension des regulations ecologiques et l’enrichissement de la biodiversite des groupes fonctionnels d’organismes utiles a permis une reduction de 97 % de l’usage des insecticides sur la station experimentale de l’ International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) aux Philippines sans perte de rendement. Afin d’induire le changement des pratiques de millions de petits riziculteurs vietnamiens, suite a des essais delocalises en milieu paysan, la methode d’education ludique basee sur des series radiophoniques a ete utilisee. Les episodes hebdomadaires contaient des scenes de vie villageoise emaillees de messages sur la PIC. Les regles de decision simples diffusees conduisirent a une diminution significative de l’usage des insecticides. Des changements de perceptions, attitudes et pratiques entre auditeurs et non-auditeurs ont aussi ete identifies. Avec le programme “trois reductions et trois gains” limitant l’usage des semences, de l’azote et des insecticides, une demarche incrementale a suivi pour augmenter les revenus. L’analyse de cette experience souligne l’importance des facteurs sociaux incitant au mauvais usage des insecticides, ainsi que la necessite d’un cadre legal rigoureusement applique regulant la commercialisation de ce type d’intrant.

Reduction of noncrop habitats, intensive use of pesticides and high levels of disturbance associated with intensive crop production simplify the farming landscape and bring about a sharp decline of biodiversity. This, in turn, weakens the biological control ecosystem service provided by arthropod natural enemies. Strategic use of flowering plants to enhance plant biodiversity in a well-targeted manner can provide natural enemies with food sources and shelter to improve biological control and reduce dependence on chemical pesticides. This article reviews the nutritional value of various types of plant-derived food for natural enemies, possible adverse effects on pest management, and the practical application of flowering plants in orchards, vegetables and field crops, agricultural systems where most research has taken place. Prospects for more effective use of flowering plants to maximize biological control of insect pests in agroecosystem are good but depend up on selection of optimal plant species based on information on the ecological mechanisms by which natural enemies are selectively favored over pest species.

Planthopper (Delphacidae) pests have broken out frequently in Asia over the last decade leading to interest in enhancing the impact of natural enemies by growing nectar plants on the bunds that border rice fields. Such targeted use of plant diversity is popular in other crop systems but there is a marked lack of information on the scope for its use in rice, particularly the important aspect of which plant species to use. This study used Y-tube olfactometer assays to measure the response of two important parasitoids of delphacid pests to candidate nectar plants. Anagrus optabilis exhibited significant attraction to the air from six of the seven plant species whilst Anagrus nilaparvatae appeared more selective, exhibiting attraction to only seven of the 23 plants screened and repulsion to one. Sesamum indicum , Emilia sonchifolia , and Impatiens balsamena were the only three plants attractive to both parasitoids. Laboratory longevity of adult female A. nilaparvatae and A. optabilis with access to sesame flowers was significantly greater than with access to sesame from which the flowers were removed plus water. Similarly, both parasitoids parasitized significantly more brown planthopper ( Nilaparvatae lugens ) eggs in the presence of sesame flowers. Handling time of A. nilaparvatae was reduced from 31.29 to 18.36 min by access to sesame nectar. Findings show that sesame has a marked beneficial effect on key parameters of Anagrus spp. and justifies further evaluation of its utility as a nectar plant to improve biological control in Asian rice systems.

42. Emertonella hainanica Barrion, Barrion-Dupo & Heong, new species [Figure 42 A-D] FEMALE. Holotype female, total length 2.70 mm. Cephalothorax length 0.90 mm, width 0.80 mm., height 0.83 mm. Abdomen length 1.94 mm., width 1.89 mm., height 1.34 mm. Carapace. Red, slightly longer than wide with parallel-sided cephalic barely 0.4 x the greatest width of thoracic area. Cephalic area hump-like dorsally but quadrate and stone-like viewed laterally, highest along fovea and stiffly sloped to thoracic area. Chelicerae reddish brown with two small retromarginal teeth. Promarginal teeth reduced to four relatively thick whitish spine-like processes. Pedipalp uniformly light yellow. Maxillae reddish brown, widely separated, oblique and apices converged. Light reddish brown labium short and wider than long with convex apex. Sternum reddish brown, margins distinctly rebordered, posterior end broadly convex and 1.18 x wider than long. Eyes. In two rows of four. PE row slightly recurved and longer than strongly recurved AER. Eye diameter (mm.): AME (0.11)> ALE=PME (0.07)> PLE (0.06). Eye separation (mm): AME-AME (0.07), AME-ALE (0.09), PME-PME (0.08), PME-PLE (0.14). Clypeus height as long as one AME diameter. Legs. Yellow except brownish coxae, trochanter and femora III and IV, strong spines absent but bristles present. Dorsobasal bristle on tibia I 2 x longer than its tibial diameter. Patella I apical bristle very long. Patella III and IV narrowed at basal half, broader towards apex. Legs I and II subequal in length. Femur I as long as pedipalp. Leg formula 4123. Abdomen. Subglobose, black with white apical and posterior margins. Anterior margin cleft medially. Venter light yellow with reddish brown epigynal plate, water droplet-like brachial operculum, and yellow brown cribellum and spinnerets. Epigynum on a large subquadrate sclerotized plate with a pair of water droplet-like "book lungs" laterally. Cleared epigynum bears a circular opening with a pair of connected hoods anteriorly. Spermathecae subglobular, slightly converging apically. Insemination duct looping V-shaped posteriorly. MALE. Unknown. Material Examined. Holotype female (coll. No. Da 1), CHINA, Hainan Island, Danzhou, 4 April 2011, ATBarrion, JLACatindig and SCVillareal. Diagnostic Features. This new species closely resembles in coloration, E. taczanowskii (Keyserling, 1886) but differs from the latter in terms of (1) shape of carapace, (2) color and banding pattern in the abdomen, (3) spermathecal shape, (4) cheliceral dentation, and (5) leg measurements. Etymology. The specific epithet is named New Species of Spiders (Araneae) from Hainan Island, China after the type locality.

Diponeura bukolana Barrion, Barrion-Dupo & Heong, new species [Figure 41 A-H] MALE. Holotype male, total length 1.80 mm. Cephalothorax length 0.80 mm, width 0.71 mm. Abdomen length 1.00 mm, width 0.83 mm. Paratype male, total length 1.76 mm. Carapace. Black with lustrous eyes. Cephalic width about 0.62 x thoracic width. Chelicerae dark reddish brown, longer than wide. Pedipalp brownish yellow with dark brown cymbium. Maxillae dark brown with converging apices. Labium black, narrowed apically and wider basally. Sternum dark reddish brown, longer than wide with bluntly rounded posterior end. Eyes. In two recurved rows, strongly recurved AER slightly shorter than weakly recurved PER. Eye diameter (mm): AME (0.11)> PME (0.10)> PLE (0.09)> ALE (0.07). AME closer to ALE than to each other. PME closer to each other than to PLE. Clypeus height wide, 1.27 x AME diameter. Legs. Brown with alternating yellow and brown bands in femora, tibiae and metatarsi. Tibia II as long as metatarsus II. Tarsus I and II subequal. Leg formula 1423. Abdomen. Subglobose black with two pairs of white eye-like spots anterior of the posterodorsal humps, posterior pair of humps as broad as the front pair. Venter black with white dots encircling base of spinnerets and two triangular white spots on lateral ends of epigastric furrow. Palpal organ with conductor perpendicularly set anteriorly and apically rounded at tip, median apophysis shoes-like with bluntly rounded tip, truncated middle arm and a small posteroventral tooth visible viewed laterally. Apical end of median apophysis obliquely truncated and sharply pointed viewed on top (dorsally). Apex of cymbium convex except the margin slightly upcurved. FEMALE. Unknown. Material Examined. Holotype male (coll. no. Da 2), CHINA, Hainan Island, Danzhou, Danzhou Agricultural Station, 4 April 2011, ATBarrion, JLACatindig and SCVillareal. Paratype male (coll. no. Da 3), same data as for holotype. Diagnostic Features. This new species is distinguished from its close relative Diponeura cyclosoides (Simon, 1894) in the following characters, namely, (1) black abdomen with small white spots, (2) equal sizes of posterior humps, (3) shape of conductor and median apophysis, and (4) tibia II as long as metatarsus II. Etymology. The specific epithet is derived from the humpy ("bukolan") appearance of posterior abdomen in Tagalog.

Tmarus shuquianglii Barrion, Barrion-Dupo & Heong, new species [Figure 48 A-E] MALE. Holotype male, total length 3.00 mm. Cephalothorax length 1.71 mm., width 1.30 mm. Abdomen length 2.10 mm, width 1.30 mm. Carapace dark reddish brown, parallel-sided with relatively short white hairs, 1.30 x longer than wide, eye margins light reddish brown and whitish eye tubercles. Chelicerae brown, longer than wide with very short fang. Promargin and retromargin both toothless. Retrolateral side of chelicerae rebordered and indented subbasally, dorsum finely punctuated medially but rugose submedially. Pedipalp whitish yellow with brown embolus. Maxillae whitish yellow, longer than wide, apical margins converging and serrula black. Labium yellow brown, 2 x longer than wide, broadest medially and narrows on both ends. Sternum yellow and heart-shaped, four pairs of long bristles on apical one-fourth, apical margin straight and posterior margin blunt. Eyes. In two rows of four. AER more recurved and shorter than PER (0.98: 1.30 mm.). Lateral eyes on a tubercle. Eye diameter (mm): PLE (0.14)> ALE (0.13)> PME (0.09)> AME (0.06). Eye separation (mm): PLE-PLE (0.37)> PME-PME (0.34)> AME-AME (0.29)> AME-PME (0.23)> ALE-PLE (0.21)> AME-ALE (0.17). Clypeus height very wide, 7 x AME diameter. Legs. Uniformly whitish yellow with black spines, tarsal claws, and claw tufts. Spination in femora I and II 3 - 0-1 -0, III and IV 3 -0-0-0; tibia I 2-3 - 3 - 3, II 2 - 2 -3- 3,; metatarsi I and II 0-6 - 2 - 1, III 0-1 -0-0 and IV 0-2 -0-0. Metatarsus I with a long trichobothrium on apical one-sixth and two shorter ones located anterior and posterior of the long one. Leg formula 2134. Abdomen. Black with brownish tinge and covered with short white hairs, oblong with thin anterior part overhanging thoracic area, lateral margins with five white longitudinal ridges and posterior one-third lined with 9-10 transverse white ridges. Venter grayish brown marked with four light brownish yellow longitudinal bands bulging anterior of the epigastric furrow and two rounded brown spots on each side of the bulge. Spinnerets brownish yellow encircled by a white ring. Palpal organ with the seminal duct sigmoid and obliquely centered in the cymbium, pars pendula globose and apical coil of embolus around it, VTA with a blunt tip and RTA sharply pointed and needle-like. Dorsum of cymbium with two dorsal and one retrolateral spines. Tibia bears five trichobothria and four long prolateral spines. FEMALE. Unknown. Material Examined. Holotype male (coll. no. Ha 2011 - 2), CHINA, Hainan Island, Haikou, 9 April 2011, ATBarrion, JLACatindig and SCVillareal. Barrion et al. Diagnostic Features. Closely resembles Tmarus qinlingensis Song and Wang, 1994 and T. piger (Walckenaer, 1802) in terms of general appearance but differs from both in the (1) shape of VTA and RTA, (2) globose pars pendula, (3) median position of the sigmoid seminal duct, (4) abdominal band pattern, (5) number and position of trichobothria in metatarsus I and palpal patella, and (6) leg spination and length. Etymology. Patronym, in honor Dr. Shuqiang Li, for his contributions strengthening the foundation of knowledge Chinese arachnology. of in on

Octonoba xihua Barrion, Barrion-Dupo & Heong, new species [Figure 50 A-D] MALE. Holotype male, total length 9.00 mm. Cephalothorax length 8.9 mm, width 0.83 mm. Abdomen length 1.57 mm, width 0.77 mm. Carapace. Rounded, yellow with grayish to black margins, median area with a gray longitudinal and Y-band. Chelicerae longer than wide, basal half grayish yellow and apical half yellow. Pedipalps yellow with gray longitudinal bands on both lateral sides of femur, patella and retrolateral side of tibia and midventral side of cymbium. Maxillae yellow, slightly longer than wide, narrow basally and broad apically. Labium grayish yellow and moderately convex apical margin plain yellow. Sternum grayish yellow with a dark yellow spot opposite coxa I, brownish lateral margins and truncated posterior end. Eyes. In two rows of four. AER strongly recurved and shorter than slightly recurved to straight PER (0.44: 0.49 mm). Eye diameter (mm): PLE (0.09)> PME=ALE (0.07)> AME (0.06). AME clos- er to ALE than to each other. PE equally spaced. PLE and ALE on a small tubercle. Clypeus height 1.7 x AME diameter. Legs. Slender, yellow with longitudinal bands on femora I-IV and alternating gray and yellow bands on tibiae I-IV and metatarsi I-IV. Venter of short tarsus I with at least six thin spines. Leg formula 1423. Abdomen. Short and tail-like, yellowish medially with two longitudinal rows of interrupted white bands and black bands laterally. Anterior abdomen cleft, median apical one-third bears a pair of small tubercle and a larger spine at midlength where abdomen narrows posteriorly. Venter whitish yellow with a median pale gray longitudinal band and an inverted U-shaped white band anterior of epigastric furrow. Palpal organ bears a brownish plate-like median apophysis spur with a tube-like and cleft apical tip. Tip of embolus directed to apex of cymbium. Venter of cymbium with a subapical spine. Tibia with a black T-band retrolaterally and bears one long lateral trichobothrium. FEMALE. Unknown. Material Examined. Holotype male (coll. no. Dac 2011 - 2), CHINA, Hainan Island, Dacheng, Xihua village, 6 April 2011, ATBarrion, JLACatindig and SCVillareal. Diagnostic Features. This species is close to the facies of Octonoba sinensis (Simon, 1880) but differs from the latter in the following features: (1) tail-like abdomen with three spines dorsally, (2) cleft anterior abdominal margin, (3) presence of a single trichobothrium in palpal tibia, (4) shape of median apophysis spur, (5) presence of a single spine in the ventrosubapical area of cymbium, and (6) leg measurements. Etymology. Named after the type locality., Published as part of Alberto T. Barrion, Aimee Lynn A. Barrion-Dupo, Josie Lynn A. Catindig, Sylvia C. Villareal, Ducheng Cai, Qianhua Yuan & Kong Luen Heong, 2016, NEW SPECIES OF SPIDERS (ARANEAE) FROM HAINAN ISLAND, CHINA, pp. 1-103 in UPLB Museum Publications in Natural History 3 on page 44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.269136

Pardosa daxiansongi Barrion, Barrion-Dupo & Heong, new species [Figure 16 A-D] FEMALE. Holotype female, total length 7.80 mm. Cephalothorax length 3.40 mm, width 2.50 mm. Abdomen length 4.00 mm, width 2.50 mm. Carapace. 1.36 x longer than wide, with two longitudinal dark brown bands running from clypeus, posterior median eyes to posterior end of cephalothorax sandwiching a white median longitudinal band and two white lateral bands below the brown bands. Chelicerae brownish yellow, 2.5 x longer than wide and bear 3 promarginal and one retromarginal teeth. Clypeus with three yellow and two brown spots. Labium with a truncate to rounded yellow apical margin. Sternum uniformly yellow. Eyes. In three rows of four, two and two. AER straight to slightly recurved viewed frontally, shorter than PME row (0.70:1.00). PME shorter than PLE row (1: 1.18). Eye diameter (mm.): PME (0.33)> PLE (0.30)> AME (0.17)> ALE (0.13). PME separation as long as 1 PME diameter. Clypeus height 1.35 X AME diameter. Legs. Uniformly yellow brown. Femur I slightly longer than femur II. Patella I & II subequal. Tibia II as long as metatarsus II. Metatarsus IV 2.12 x longer than metatarsus I and 1.85 x longer than metatarsus III. Tibia IV spination 2-4 - 2 - 2. Leg II as long III. Leg formula 4123. Abdomen. Oblong, 1.6 x longer than wide, grayish brown with a white median longitudinal band at anterior one-half and yellowish gray ventrally. Posterior spinnerets yellow and anterior pair black. Epigynum bears a large button-like median septum in unmacerated form with a median cleft in the posterior margin, x value = 0.33, ratio of height (a) and width (b) = 0.71. Spermathecae oblong and apically converging. MALE. Unknown. Material Examined. Holotype female (coll. no. DAP 14), CHINA, Hainan Island, Dapo, Dapo village, 25 March- 9 April 2011, ATBarrion, JLACatindig and SCVillareal. Diagnostic Features. This new lycosid spider closely resembles Pardosa astrigera C.L.Koch, 1878 in the color pattern of carapace and Lycosa yunnanensis Yin, Peng and Wang, 1996 in the shape of the posterior margin of septum but differs from both taxa in (1) leg formula and spination in tibia IV, (2) leg II as long as III, (3) epigynum ratio of a/b = 0.71, (4) strongly C-shaped guide pocket, (5) distinctly cleft posterior epigynal margin, and (6) eye measurements. Etymology. Patronym, in recognition of Dr. Song Daxian’s outstanding contributions in the spider systematics of China.

Phintella paminta Barrion, Barrion-Dupo & Heong, new species [Figure 27 A-C] FEMALE. Holotype female, total length 4.90 mm. Cephalothorax length 2.10 mm, width 1.65 mm. Abdomen length 2.60 mm, width 1.50 mm. Carapace. Brown with black eye margins; orange ring on AME; whitish yellow ocular area forming an inverted V-band behind PLE; whitish clypeus, median thoracic and lateral margins of entire cephalothorax; 1.27 x longer than wide. Chelicerae yellowish brown, retromargin unidentate and promargin bears two small teeth.Pedipalps, maxillae, labium and sternum yellow. Eyes. In three rows of 4, 2, and 2. Eye diameter (mm): AME (0.46)> PLE (0.26)> ALE (0.23)> PME (0.07). PME slightly closer to ALE than to PLE. Clypeus height slightly narrower than one ALE, barely 0.43 AME diameter. Legs. Yellow except brown spines and black claw tufts. Femur I and II with similar spination 3 - 0-1 - 1; tibia I and II 0-6 - 2-3, tibia III 0- 0-1 - 1, and tibia IV 0-3 - 3 - 3; metatarsus I 0-4 - 2 - 2, II 0-2 - 2 - 2, III 0-2 -0-0, and IV 1-4 - 3 - 3. Leg formula 4312. Abdomen: Dorsally mottled brown with pale white median longitudinal band and a brown posterior spot, venter light brown, and about 1.73 x longer than wide. Epigynum bears a double convex anterior hood and a pair of rounded spermathecae below the hood. MALE. Unknown. Material Examined. Holotype female (coll. no. Dap 46), CHINA, Hainan Island, Dapo town, Dapo village, 25 March- 9 April 2011, ATBarrion, JLACatindig and SCVillareal. Diagnostic Features. This species runs close to Phintella popovi (Proszynski, 1979) and Phintella cavaleriei (Schenkel, 1963) but separated from both taxa by (1) double convex anterior hood of epigynum, (2) patella II as long as tarsus III, (3) tibia III and tarsus IV subequal, (4) color pattern in the cephalothorax and abdomen. Etymology. Named after the habitat plant, Piper nigrum L. which. in Tagalog, is called paminta., Published as part of Alberto T. Barrion, Aimee Lynn A. Barrion-Dupo, Josie Lynn A. Catindig, Sylvia C. Villareal, Ducheng Cai, Qianhua Yuan & Kong Luen Heong, 2016, NEW SPECIES OF SPIDERS (ARANEAE) FROM HAINAN ISLAND, CHINA, pp. 1-103 in UPLB Museum Publications in Natural History 3 on pages 25-26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.269136

Nusatidia pandalira Barrion-Dupo, Barrion & Heong, new species [Figure 9 A-D] FEMALE. Holotype female, total length 6.40 mm. Cephalothorax length 2.65 mm, width 1.95 mm. Abdomen length 4.00 mm, width 2.40 mm. Carapace. Dark yellow with black anterior eye margins and brown fovea, 1.36 x longer than wide. Chelicerae brownish yellow, longer than wide. Promargin has two teeth and retromargin with three small teeth. Pedipalps yellow with tarsus lightly brown. Maxillae 2.3 x longer than wide, yellow brown, enlarged anteriorly, constricted medially and narrowed basally. Labium brown, longer than wide and moderately truncated apically. Sternum yellow except yellow brown margins, slightly concave apically with constriction before anterior margin, 1.68 x longer than wide. Eyes. In two rows of four each. AER recurved, one-fourth shorter than the slightly procurved PER (0.87: 1.16 mm). Eye diameter (mm): ALE (0.16)> AME (0.14)> PME (0.13)> PLE (0.12). Eye separation (mm): PME-PME (0.39)> PME-PLE (0.19)> AME-AME (0.14)> AME-ALE (0.10)> ALE-PLE (0.09). Clypeus height very narrow, 0.2 x AME diameter. Legs. Yellow with brown spines and blackish scapulae in tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi of legs I and II. Spination in femur I 3 - 0-1 -0, II 3 -0-0-0 and III & IV 2 - 0-1 - 1; tibia I & II 0-4 -0-0, III 0-2 - 2 - 2 and tibia IV 0 -3 - 2 - 2; metatarsus II 0-1 -0-0, ventral spine almost as long as the segment itself, III 0-4 - 3-4 and IV 0-5 - 3 - 3. Anterior tip of metatarsus III bears a ventral mat of black hairs. Leg formula 4213. Abdomen. Oblong, 1.7 x longer than wide, dull yellowish white with a black elongated spot posteriorly. Venter pale yellow with whitish lyre-like trachea. Spinnerets yellow clothed with brown hairs. Epigynum has a pair of distinct openings very near the posterior epigynal margin. Anterior spermathecae black, partly oblong and apically converging. Posterior spermathecae yellow and spherical. MALE. Unknown. Material Examined. Holotype female (coll. no. Ch 2), CHINA, Hainan Island, Chengmai, Laocheng, Longji Hill, 24 April 2012, ATBarrion, JLACatindig and SCVillareal. Diagnostic Features. Closely similar in body markings to N. snazelli Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001 but differs from the latter in terms of (1) large body size, (2) shorter legs, (3) wider eye width, (4) lyreshape trachea, (5) presence of a black posterior spot on abdomen, (6) tibia IV with only three ventral spines, and (7) ventral spine in metatarsus I almost as long as the segment itself. Etymology. Name derived from the combination of the host plant and lyre-shaped trachea (pandan + lira) in Tagalog.

Oxyopes isangipinus Barrion, Barrion-Dupo & Heong, new species [Figure 24 A-D] FEMALE. Holotype female, total length 9.20 mm. Cephalothorax length 3.45 mm, width 2.60 mm. Abdomen length 5.75 mm, width 3.00 mm. Carapace. Yellow with two typical brown submedian longitudinal bands dorsally and a median band runs from midclypeus to chelicerae, black inside eye margins, white band inside AE area, and brown in the thin and long fovea. Chelicerae each with one promarginal and retromarginal tooth. Pedipalp yellow with long brown spines. Maxillae, labium and sternum yellow. Maxillae 2.7 x longer than wide, midprolateral margin concave and anterior end moderately converged. Labium 1.2 x longer than wide. Anterior one-half of sternum with at least 13 long brown hairs arranged in four vertical rows. Eyes. In four rows comprising of the small AME, the large ALE, PME and PLE. Except AME, the eyes are arranged hexagonally. Eye diameter (mm): ALE (0.29)> PME =PLE (0.26)> AME (0.14). Clypeus height wide, 2.6 x ALE diameter. Legs. Yellow with long brown spines, ventral gray bands on femora I-IV, pale black longitudinal bands on dorsum and lateral margins of tibiae, dorsum of patellae and dorsobasal one fourth of metatarsi. Tibia IV with a pair of black spots apically and 16 trichobothria in two rows along its dorsobasal one-half. Leg formula 1243. Abdomen. Yellowish white, 1.92 x longer than wide, broadest a little below midlength and tapers posteriorly. Lateral sides of posterior abdomen black. Anal tubercle and spinnerets yellowish brown. Venter color as in dorsum except for a broad brown median longitudinal band. Epigynum simple with an oblique copulatory opening and a cleft median posterior epigynal margin. A pair of C-shaped black band lined lateral edge of copulatory opening. MALE. Unknown. Material Examined. Holotype female (coll. no. S0 84), CHINA, Hainan Island, Panja, Songtao reservoir, 6 April 2011, ATBarrion, JLACatindig and SCVillareal. Diagnostic features. This new species closely resembles Oxyopes sertatus L. Koch, 1877 but separated from the latter by the (1) unidentate promarginal and retromarginal tooth of chelicerae, (2) shape of the abdomen, and (3) number of trichobothria in tibia IV. Etymology. The specific epithet is derived from the single tooth ("isang ipin") in Tagalog.

Scytodes edwardsi Barrion, Barrion-Dupo & Heong, new species [Figure 31 A-D] FEMALE. Holotype female, total length 5.10mm. Cephalothorax length, 2.50mm, width 2.00mm, height 1.90mm. Abdomen length 2.60mm, width 2.00mm. Carapace. Roughly 1.25 x longer than wide, yellow with a broad horse-shoe shaped brownish red band running from cephalic to thoracic area, two rings of thin brown bands present laterally and sublaterally viewed frontally; dorsally with dark brown cephalic and two transverse bands in the thoracic area. Chelicerae longer than wide, dark brown with apical one-third yellow. Pedipalps blackish to dark brown except yellow inner sides of tibiae and dorsum of tarsi. Maxillae subcylindrical, whitish and pointed apical one-third converging, basal two-thirds gray brown. Labium fused to sternum, wider than long, anterior margin convex; general color light brown except yellow apex and black anchor-like band medially. Sternum yellow, with interrupted black concave or moderately C-shaped margins, heart-shaped & longer than wide. Eyes. Six eyes in three widely separated pairs, strongly recurved. Eye diameter (mm): median eye (0.12) and median pair (0.24)> lateral eyes (0.10) and lateral pair (0.20). Clypeus height almost as long as 1 AME diameter. Legs. Long and slender, yellow with black annulations mostly on femora and tibiae, coxa brown laterally and yellow ventrally, posterior end of femur I-IV brownish black, patella I-IV and anterior ends of tibiae I-IV black, dorsum of tibiae I-IV and metatarsi I-IV with a black longitudinal band; left metatarsus I with two brown bands while the right has a dorsal longitudinal band. Leg formula 1423. Abdomen. Yellow mottled with irregular gray lines and dots, dorsally with three transverse bands, 1.3 x longer than wide. Epigynum none, reduced to chitinized triangular plate anterior of epigastric furrow and transversely oblong pale yellow plate with circular genital openings posterior of epigastric furrow. Cleared genital plate with a pair of crab-like forceps and an oblongate spermathecae each located anterolaterally of the forceps. MALE. Unknown. Material Examined. Holotype female (coll. no. S062), CHINA, Hainan Island, Panja Town, Songtao Reservoir, 0 3 April 2011, ATBarrion, JLACatindig and SCVillareal; Paratype: two females, same data as holotype. Diagnostic Features. This species closely resembles S. thoracica Latrielle, 1804 but differs from the latter in the (1) cephalothoracic design frontally and posterodorsally, (2) genital structures, and (3) leg measurements and markings. Etymology. Patronym, in recognition of Dr. G.B. Edwards��� systematic works on Salticidae., Published as part of Alberto T. Barrion, Aimee Lynn A. Barrion-Dupo, Josie Lynn A. Catindig, Sylvia C. Villareal, Ducheng Cai, Qianhua Yuan & Kong Luen Heong, 2016, NEW SPECIES OF SPIDERS (ARANEAE) FROM HAINAN ISLAND, CHINA, pp. 1-103 in UPLB Museum Publications in Natural History 3 on pages 28-29, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.269136

Trochosa honggiana Barrion, Barrion-Dupo & Heong, new species [Figure 21 A-B] FEMALE. Holotype female, total length 16.60 mm. Cephalothorax length 6.70 mm, width 4.85 mm. Petiole length 0.90 mm., width 0.70 mm. Abdomen length 9.90 mm, width 5.80 mm. Carapace. Reddish brown with black cephalic area, orange red median band pointed posteriorly, and broad submedian longitudinal brown bands. Posterior end of carapace with a broad dark brown V-band connected to the light colored submedian bands. Chelicerae black, robust and powerful lined with long white hairs dorsally, swollen subbasal area covered with short and yellow orange spines. Promargin bears three teeth, apical tooth the smallest and very close to the largest middle tooth. Retromargin with three teeth of subequal sizes. Pedipalps dark brown except blackish brown tarsi with a single claw. Tarsal claws of pedipalps bear five teeth. Maxillae black with brownish tinge, C-shaped cavity present retrolaterally, apical margin bluntly pointed at midhalf forming two oblique sides, generally smooth and shiny and 1.83 x longer than wide. Labium black except reddish brown and cleft apical margin, as long as wide with broad anterior half and narrow basal half. Sternum heart-shaped, 1.25 x longer than wide, dark brown except black margins. Eyes. In three rows of 4, 2 and 2. AER nearly straight and shorter than PME row (1.23: 1.46 mm). PLE row, the longest and about 1.46 x wider than AER. Eye diameter (mm.): PME (0.60)> PLE (0.39)> AME (0.26)> ALE (0.23). Clypeus height as long as 1 AME diameter. Legs. Dark brown strong legs with black venter of coxae, posteroventral and anteroventral areas of tibiae III and IV and scopulae on metatarsi and tarsi. Spination in femur I 3 - 0-1 -0, II with 3 -0-0- 0, III with 3 - 0-3 - 2 and IV 3 - 0-1 - 2; tibia I and II 2 b- 6 -0-0, and IV with 2-6 - 2 - 2; metatarsus I 0-2 -0-0 and IV 0-6 - 3 - 3. Leg segments lined with many long and slender bristles, and combination of black, white and brownish yellow hairs. Dorsum of tarsus IV bears a subbasal long bristle and two longitudinal rows of 13 trichobothria. Leg formula 4123. Abdomen. Oblongate, 1.7 x longer than wide, yellowish brown with darker anterior area, laterally with pale light brown bands and ventrally black including anterior spinnerets. Epigynum with a distinct undivided hood connected to anterior median septum. Prominently Tshaped median septum as wide as long with tri-convex and rough posterior end reaching the posterior epigynal margin. Ratio of median septum’s basal width (bw) and height (h) = 1.06. Spermathecae Jshaped with blunt to obliquely angulated anterior end. MALE. Unknown. Material Examined. Holotype female (coll. no. Ha 2011 - 5), CHINA, Hainan Island, Haiko, Honggi village, 9 April 2011, ATBarrion, JLACatindig and SCVillareal. Diagnostic Features. Trochosa honggiana new species runs close to Trochosa ruricola (De Geer, 1778) and T. menglaensis Yin, Bao and Wang, 1995 but separated from both taxa in having (1) pale oblique or paired light lateral bands in the abdominal dorsum, (2) black abdominal venter, (3) black anterior and yellow brown posterior spinnerets, (4) different leg and body measurements and tibial spination, (5) metatarsus I as long as IV, (6) two longitudinal rows of 13 trichobothria in tarsus IV, and (7) long and slender spermathecae J-shaped. Etymology. Named after the type locality.

44. Spheropistha xinhua Barrion, Barrion-Dupo & Heong, new species [Figure 44 A-D] FEMALE. Holotype female, total length 3.90 mm. Cephalothorax length 1.40 mm, width 0.70 mm., height 0.80 mm. Abdomen length 2.70 mm., width 2.10 mm., height 2.09 mm. Carapace. Reddish brown with a black U-shaped band posterior and lateral margins of thoracic area, widest at midlength and narrowest at eye area. Foveal area elevated and hump-like forming three divisions of carapace viewed laterally. Chelicerae brownish red, triangular frontally with a broad base and acute anterior. Pedipalp brownish yellow except dark brown tarsus. Maxillae, labium and sternum brownish red. Maxillae nearly parallel-sided and slightly converging apicoretrolaterally. Sternum convex in lateral view, dorsally heart-shaped and 1.5 x longer than wide with edges darker than the median area. Eyes. In two rows of four, recurved AER slightly shorter than the procurved PER. Eye diameter (mm.): AME (0.11)> ALE (0.09)> PME (0.07)> PLE (0.06). Lateral eyes closer to each other than to the median eyes. Clypeus height wide, 1.89 x AME diameter. Legs. Moderately long compared to the size of cephalothorax, yellowish brown except black apical half of femur I, tibia I, venter of patella III, entire tibia and metatarsus III, dorsal tip of femur IV, entire patella, tibia, metatarsus and tarsus of leg IV. Tibia II brown except yellowish red ventral basal one-third. Legs I-IV without spines. Leg formula 1423. Abdomen. Oblongate with spinnerets nearly located on anterior one-third of abdominal venter viewed laterally. Abdomen bears a blackish brown T-band medially with subglobose lateral band on each side. Posterior end blunt and broadly black. Epigynum is a simple black spot in uncleared state, eventually shows two rounded spermathecae when cleared. Spermathecae shortly elongate with parallel-sided fertilization ducts originating posteroretrolaterally. MALE. Unknown. Material Examined. Holotype female (coll. no. Xh 1), CHINA, Hainan Island, Xincun town, Xinhua village, 3 April 2011, ATBarrion, JLA Catindig and SCVillareal. Paratype 1 immature, same data as for holotype. Diagnostic Features: This species resembles the abdominal markings of Spheropistha miyashitai (Tanikawa, 1998). It can be separated from the latter in terms of (1) body size, (2) color pattern, (3) shape of the carapace both dorsally and laterally, (4) position of the spinnerets, and (5) epigynal structure.

Leucauge talagangiba Barrion, Barrion-Dupo & Heong, new species [ Figure 33 A-E] FEMALE. Holotype female, total length 9.55 mm. Cephalothorax length 2.80 mm, width 1.90 mm. Abdomen length 6.50 mm, width 2.00 mm. Carapace. Yellow with a brown X-like fovea and black eye margins. Cephalic parallel-sided, barely 0.7 x thoracic width (1.37: 1.97 mm) and lateral margins of thoracic area lined with short brown setae. Chelicerae yellow with brown fangs and bases of teeth, 1.8 x longer than wide and swollen frontomedially. Promargin has three teeth, middle one the largest. Retromargin has four teeth smaller than those in promargin, apical tooth strongly triangular and broad basally, third tooth the smallest and basal tooth the largest. Pedipalp yellow with hairy and spinous tarsus, tarsal claws without teeth. Dorsum of pedipalp’s tibia bears three trichobothria in increasing length towards midlength, submedian trichobothrium the longest, approximately 0.75 x tibial length and 3 x longer than tibial diameter. Maxillae yellow brown, longer than wide and almost parallel-sided. Maxillae, labium, and sternum pattern as in the genus Leucauge. Labium brown in basal two-thirds and yellow in the rebordered margins. Sternum lined with black hairs converging towards the middle, apical rows of hairs distinctly longer than those in posterior one-half. Eyes. In two rows of four. AER recurved and slightly shorter than PER (1.04: 1.06 mm). Eye diameter (mm): AME (0.13)> ALE=PME=PLE (0.11). Clypeus height 1.45 x AME diameter. Eye separation (mm): AME-ALE (0.29)> PME-PLE (0.26)> PME-PME (0.14)> AME-AME (0.11). Median ocular quad wider behind than in front (0.33: 0.39 mm) and posterior width slightly shorter than height (0.40 mm). Legs. Yellow except black anterior tip of segments, long and slender. Spination in femur I 0- 0-6 - 3, II 1 - 0-4 - 3 and IV 3 - 0-2 - 2; tibia I 2 - 0-3 - 3, II and IV 2 - 0-2 - 2; metatarsus I 1 - 0-1 - 2, II with 1 - 0-1 - 1 and IV 1 - 1 -2- 2. Femur III with eight trichobothria in two rows and femur IV with 32 trichobothria arranged in 14 for upper row and 18 in the lower row. Leg length 1243. Abdomen. Long and narrows posteriorly, green and silvery with light black anterolateral humps, two pairs of longitudinal black bands towards posterior end. Ventrally dull yellow with two longitudinal white bands, black tips of spinnerets and with three black patches posterior of the spinnerets. Spinnerets located underneath along posterior one-third of abdomen. Epigynum has median scape 1.55 x longer than wide, M-shaped hood distinct and apically narrowed spermathecae forming a thumb-like structure. MALE. Unknown. Material Examined. Holotype female (coll. no. S093), CHINA, Hainan Island, Panja town, Songtao Reservoir, 3 April 2011, ATBarrion, JLA- Catindig and SCVillareal. Paratypes: four females (coll. nos. S095-S- 97) and one subadult female (coll. no. S094), same data as for holotype. Etymology. Named derived from amalgamated Tagalog expression "talagang meaning really different. the iba" 34.

Tetragnatha zhuzhenrongi Barrion, Barrion- Dupo & Heong, new species [Figure 37 A-F] FEMALE. Holotype female, total length 6.70 mm. Cephalothorax length 2.90 mm, width 1.30 mm. Abdomen length 4.00 mm, width 1.00 mm. Carapace. Brownish yellow with a distinct V-shaped cephalic projected to the double convex or C-shaped fovea, 2.2 x longer than wide. Chelicerae dark yellow, long and diverging, narrow basally and stout subapically. Promargin bears nine teeth and retromargin with 10 teeth. Pedipalps yellow and slender. Maxillae, labium and sternum all yellow, general shape as in the genus Tetragnatha. Eyes. In two rows of four, AER longer than PER (0.80: 0.69 mm). Eye diameter (mm): AME (0.11)> PME = PLE (0.09)> ALE (0.07). Eye separation (mm): PME-PLE = AME-ALE (0.14)> AME-AME (0.13)> PME-PME (0.10). Clypeus height a little wider than one AME diameter. Legs. Yellow except black anterior ends of metatarsi I-IV, long and slender. Tibia I the longest segment, as long as metatarsus I. Patella I as long as tibia of pedipalp. Spination in femur I 1 - 0-3 - 4 and IV 4 -0-0-0; tibia I 1 - 0-4 - 4 and IV 2 - 0-1 -0. Leg formula 1243. Abdomen. Long and yellowish white, 4 x longer than wide, curved towards posterior one-half (concave in lateral view) and posterior tip strongly rounded. Curved posterior tip of abdomen bears five vertical furrows on each lateral side. Venter dull white. Epigynal fold tongue-like with a rounded tip, internally bears a pair of oppositely twisted process. MALE. Unknown. no. Material Examined. Holotype female (coll. Ha 2011 - 8), CHINA, Hainan Island, Haiko, 9 April 2011, SCVillareal. ATBarrion, JLACatindig and Diagnostic Features. Very similar to T. extensa (Linnaeus, 1758) but differs mainly from the latter in the following, (1) cheliceral dentation, (2) genital (epigynum) features, (3) leg length, and (4) shorter body length and presence of vertical grooves in the lateral sides of abdomen. Etymology. Patronym, in recognition of Dr. Zhen Rong���s promotion of ecological engineering project in China., Published as part of Alberto T. Barrion, Aimee Lynn A. Barrion-Dupo, Josie Lynn A. Catindig, Sylvia C. Villareal, Ducheng Cai, Qianhua Yuan & Kong Luen Heong, 2016, NEW SPECIES OF SPIDERS (ARANEAE) FROM HAINAN ISLAND, CHINA, pp. 1-103 in UPLB Museum Publications in Natural History 3 on pages 33-34, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.269136, {"references":["ZHANG BS, LIU L, ZHANG F. 2011. The cobweb spiders of the genus Anelosimus Simon, 1891 (Araneae: Theridiidae) in Hainan Island, China. Zootaxa 2833: 49 - 59."]}

Neoscona xiquanensis Barrion, Barrion- Dupo & Heong, new species [Figure 3 A-I] MALE. Holotype male, total length 9.10 mm. Cephalothorax length 5.00 mm, width 4.20 mm. Abdomen length 4.90 mm, width 3.65 mm. Carapace. Brown except yellow brown cephalic posterior of the eye area. Fovea distinctly long and deep, about one-third thoracic width. Chelicerae yellowish gray, 2.5 x longer than wide, base with three humps including the lateral condyle. Promargin with three and retromargin with four teeth. Subbasal tooth of retromargin the largest. Pedipalp brown with dark brown palpal organ and paracymbium. Maxillae and labium yellow brown with retrolateral of maxillae and apical margin of labium yellow. Sternum yellow with a white median longitudinal band, posterior end acutely pointed and sclerotized lateral extensions present between coxae II and III reaching ventrolateral side of carapace. Eyes. In two rows. AER slightly longer than PER, both strongly recurved. Eye diameter (mm): AME (0.21)> ALE=PME (0.17)> PLE (0.14). Eye separation (mm): PME-PLE (0.54)> AME-ALE (0.34)> AME-AME (0.26)> PME-PME (0.14). Clypeus height narrow barely 0.66 AME diameter. Legs. Relatively spinous, brown with a pair of subspherical yellow spots in the retrolateral of femur I, elongate longitudinal and transversely elongate yellow bands present in femur II, yellow posterior half of femur III and subbasal yellow band in tibia III and IV. Metatarsi III and IV with a subbasal and median yellow band. Spination in femur I 4 - 3 - 3-5 and femur II 6-10 - 5 - 5. Tibia II with 56 prolateral spines mostly short to peg-like. Leg formula 1-4 - 2-3. Abdomen. Blackish brown, ovate with long yellow hairs dorsally, midanterior with a black dagger-like band. Dorsum with six pairs of brown rounded sigillae, the four median the largest. Venter whitish yellow anteriorly and black posteriorly with a pair of C-shaped band facing its other medially. Palpal organ with anterior one-third of median apophysis narrow and sinuate, conductor shoe-like to bluntly rounded apically and with a small subbasal tooth, tip of tegular process blunt. Paracymbium strongly rounded apically. Midapex of palpal tibia moderately pointed with four long white setae. Patella with three very long spines. FEMALE. Unknown. Material Examined. Holotype male (coll. no. Li 2011 -01), CHINA, Hainan Island, Lingshui, Xiquan Village, 29 March 2011, ATBarrion, JLACatindig and SCVillareal. Diagnostic Features. This species is very similar in facies to Neoscona vigilans (Blackwall, 1865) but differs from the latter in the following characters, namely, (1) number of prolateral spines in tibia II, (2) leg II and IV subequal in length, (3) shape of median apophysis, (4) tip of tegular apophysis, (5) number of long spines in the patella of pedipalp, and (6) structure of pedipalp���s tibia. Etymology. The from the type locality. specific epithet is derived, Published as part of Alberto T. Barrion, Aimee Lynn A. Barrion-Dupo, Josie Lynn A. Catindig, Sylvia C. Villareal, Ducheng Cai, Qianhua Yuan & Kong Luen Heong, 2016, NEW SPECIES OF SPIDERS (ARANEAE) FROM HAINAN ISLAND, CHINA, pp. 1-103 in UPLB Museum Publications in Natural History 3 on page 5, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.269136

Lycosa hawigvittata Barrion, Barrion-Dupo & Heong, new species [Figure 15 A-H] MALE. Holotype male, total length 10.50 mm. Cephalothorax length 5.40 mm, width 3.90 mm. Abdomen length 5.10 mm, width 2.50 mm. Paratype male, total length 9.00 mm. Cephalothorax length 5.00 mm, width 3.50 mm. Abdomen length 4.50 mm, width 2.50 mm. Carapace. 1.4 x longer than wide, brown with a white median and two longitudinal sublateral bands, and white posterolaterals of carapace; cephalic area squarish laterally and distinctly narrower than thoracic area. Fovea distinctly long and deeply grooved. Chelicerae 2.2 x longer than wide, dark brown frontally except orange yellow outer half towards fang, dentation with three retromarginal and two promarginal teeth. Labium wider than long, dark brown with a V-shaped yellow apical margin. Sternum uniformly yellow brown without gray band. Eyes. In three rows of four, two and two. AER straight to slightly procurved as long as PME row but shorter than PLE row. Eye diameter (mm.): PME (0.45)> PLE (0.35)> AME (0.25)> ALE (0.20). Legs. Uniformly brownish yellow except venter of metatarsi I and II and tarsi I and II with thick mat of white hairs. Tibia I and III subequal. Tibia IV spination 2-6 - 2 - 1, subdorsomedian with a long trichobothrium and three posterolaterally. Leg formula 4123. short ones Abdomen. Oblongate, 2 x longer than wide, dark brown with a pair of white longitudinal bands aborted subposteriorly, venter clothed with white hairs. Spinnerets uniformly black. Palpal organ with median apophysis slightly sigmoid and apex bluntly rounded, ratio of its width (a) over length (b) = 0.40, thin and needle-like embolus arises at 90 0 angle from conductor plate. FEMALE. Unknown. Material Examined. Holotype male (coll. no. DAP 11 a), CHINA, Hainan Island, Dapo, Dapo Village, 25 March- 9 April 2011, ATBarrion, JLACatindig and SCVillareal; paratype male (coll. no. DAP 11 b), same data as holotype. Diagnostic Features. This new species is similar to Lycosa vittata Yin, Bao and Zhang, 1995 but separated from the latter in the following characters, (1) spination and number of trichobothrium in tibia IV, (2) subequal length of tibia I and III, (3) blunt tip and sigmoid median apophysis, (4) ratio of width [a] over length [b] of median apophysis = 0.40, (5) 90 0 position of thin and needle-like embolus, and (6) V-shaped yellow apical margin of the labium. Etymology. Named after its close similarity with L. vittata in Tagalog (hawig=like) + vittata.

Alberto T. Barrion, Aimee Lynn A. Barrion-Dupo, Josie Lynn A. Catindig, Sylvia C. Villareal, Ducheng Cai, Qianhua Yuan, Kong Luen Heong (2016): NEW SPECIES OF SPIDERS (ARANEAE) FROM HAINAN ISLAND, CHINA. UPLB Museum Publications in Natural History 3: 1-103, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.269136

22. Speocera (Speocera) rjacksoni Barrion, Barrion -Dupo & Heong, new species [Figure 22 A-C] FEMALE. Holotype female, total length 1.24mm. Cephalothorax length 0.57mm, width 0.45mm. Abdomen length 0.67mm, width 0.58mm. Carapace. Yellow with a thin lyre-shape grayish brown marking in the cephalic and inverted Y -marking in the thoracic area, 1.26 x longer than wide. Lateral margins brown. Chelicerae yellow, 2 x longer than wide (0.20mm: 0.10mm). Pedipalp, labium and maxillae yellow. Apical margins of maxillae not converging and narrower than base. Labium broad apically, constricted basally and connected to sternum. Sternum as long as wide, yellow with gray brown mottles. Eyes. Six eyes arranged in three pairs of two, median pair distinctly more robust than the lateral pairs (0.11mm: 0.09mm). First row of four eyes slightly procurved. Second row straight and widely separated. Eye diameter (mm): AME (0.06)> PLE (0.05)> ALE (0.04). PLE-PLE separation 2.7 x AME diameter. Clypeus height slightly more than 1 AME diameter. Legs. Uniformly yellow. Venter of tibia IV with an apical spine and a dorsal bristle subposteriorly. Femur IV medially swollen with an apicolateral spine, inner area depressed and subdorsal border lined with short hairs. Pedipalp slightly longer than femur II and as long as femur IV. Leg formula 4213. Abdomen. Ovoid dorsally, gray and pale ventrally, subposteriorly with a transverse black band. Epigastric region with relatively long and transverse sclerotized slit. MALE. Unknown. Material Examined. Holotype female (coll. no. S0 77), CHINA, Hainan Island, Panja Town, Songtao Reservoir, 0 3 April 2011, AT Barrion, JLA Catindig, SC Villareal. Diagnostic Features. This species is similar to S. pongo Deeleman-Reinhold but differs from the latter in the (1) pigmentation design in the cephalothorax, (2) color of sternum, (3) tibia IV with only two spines, (4) femur II as long as femur IV, and (5) longer pedipalps. Etymology. Patronym, in honor of Dr. Robert R. Jackson for his untiring interest and pioneering works on the behaviour of jumping spiders., Published as part of Alberto T. Barrion, Aimee Lynn A. Barrion-Dupo, Josie Lynn A. Catindig, Sylvia C. Villareal, Ducheng Cai, Qianhua Yuan & Kong Luen Heong, 2016, NEW SPECIES OF SPIDERS (ARANEAE) FROM HAINAN ISLAND, CHINA, pp. 1-103 in UPLB Museum Publications in Natural History 3 on page 21, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.269136

Clubiona xinwenhui Barrion, Barrion-Dupo & Heong, new species [Figure 6 A-D] MALE. Holotype male, total length 3.60 mm. Cephalothorax length 1.80 mm, width 1.14 mm. Abdomen length 2.00 mm, width 0.91 mm. Carapace. Dark yellow with brownish black eye margins extended posteriorly to fovea, 1.58 x longer than wide. Chelicerae dark brown, longer than wide with two promarginal and two minute retromarginal teeth. Pedipalps yellow with black embolus and yellow brown ejaculatory duct. Maxillae yellow, wider and rounded apically. Labium brown, longer than wide with truncated apex and lateromarginal constriction. Sternum yellow, heart-shaped with brown sclerotized areas adjacent to the coxae, 1.57 x longer than wide. Eyes. In two rows of four each. AER recurved and shorter than procurved PER. PME lustrous white. Eye diameter (mm): AME (0.13)> PME (0.11)> ALE=PLE (0.10). Clypeus height about half AME diameter. Legs. Yellow with dark brown to black bands along apices of femora I-IV, patellae I-IV, bases and apices of all tibiae and apices of all metatarsi. Spination in femora I-IV all alike, 3 - 0-1 - 1 except for sizes of spines.Tibia I-IV with 2 -0-0-0, I and II each with one prolateral spine, III and IV with two prolateral and two retrolateral spines each. Abdomen. Dull yellow mottled with black in cardiac area and posterior half of abdomen with interrupted W-shaped bands dorsally. Venter gray except lighter anterior. Palpal organ bears an 8 -shaped sperm duct transversely arising in the center of tegulum; embolus sigmoid to L-shaped; cymbium with two distinct spines apicolaterally; RTA rather small and shortly acute with two very long hairs extended to midlength of cymbium. FEMALE. Unknown. Material Examined. Holotype male (coll. no. Dap 49), CHINA, Hainan Island, Dapo town, Dapo village,, 25 March- 9 April 2011, ATBarrion, JLACatindig and SCVillareal. Diagnostic Features. In general appearance, this taxon resembles Clubiona picturata Deeleman- Reinhold, 2001 but differs from the latter in (1) leg lengths and spination, (2) smaller body size, (3) number of promarginal teeth, and (4) shape of embolus. Etymology. Patronym, dedicated to Dr. Xinwen Hu, Dean of Agriculture College, Hainan University for his constant encouragement and strong support for the arthropod biodiversity exploration in Hainan Island.

Cyclosa parangdives Barrion, Barrion-Dupo & Heong, new species [Figure 1 A-E] MALE. Holotype male, total length 3.65mm. Cephalothorax length 1.85mm, width 1.40mm. Abdomen length 2.00mm, width 1.10mm. Carapace. 1.32 x longer than wide, dark brown with two rows of white hairs running from deep fovea to PLE, yellow band on each side of arrow-shaped fovea. Cephalic area barely half the width of thoracic area at broadest point. Chelicerae longer than wide, dark brown frontally and yellow at the rear; hidden underneath protruding cephalic area, dark brown. Pedipalps dark reddish brown with yellow patella and femur. Maxillae glossy dark reddish brown, as long as wide with convex to truncated anterior and convex retrolateral margins. Labium wider than long, dark brown and slightly yellow along rebordered apex, median area with a transversely rough groove and basal margin rebordered. Sternum heart-shaped, dark brown except yellow band on apical margin, 1.36 x wider than long. Eyes. Both eye rows subequal in length, AER more strongly recurved than PER. Eye diameter AME (0.14)>ALE (0.09)> PME (0.07)> PLE (0.06). Eye separation (mm): PME-PLE (0.17)> AME-AME (0.13)> AME-AME (0.11). Clypeus height 1 AME diameter. Legs. Brown with yellow bands, subbasal and apical yellow bands in femora I and IV, 2 subbasal in femur II and III prolaterally but reduced to single band retrolaterally; tibiae I-IV with alternating brown and yellow bands; metatarsi I-IV with a submedian and apical brown bands; tarsi I-IV with no brown band. Spination in tibia II 1-6 - 0-7. Four trichobothria present in tibia II. Pedipalp about as long as tibia I. Leg formula 1243. Abdomen. Oblong, 1.82 x longer than wide, a pair of interrupted white longitudinal bands present dorsally, medially the bands extend anterolaterally and posterolaterally. Posterior end of abdomen bears three small protrusions. Subposterolateral slightly bulbous. Palpal organ with shoe-shaped median apophysis and apically knob-like paracymbium indented subapically. Embolus and tegular apophysis almost subequal in reach. FEMALE. Unknown. Material Examined. Holotype male (coll. no. So 55), CHINA, Hainan Island, Panja Town, Songtao Reservoir area, 0 3 April 2011, AT Barrion, JLA Catindig, SC Villareal. Diagnostic Features. This new species is very similar to C. dives Simon, 1877 and C. albisternis Simon, 1888, but readily separated from the two latter species by (1) abdominal shape and color pattern, (2) shoe-shape median apophysis, (3) leg coloration, and (4) spination in tibia II. Etymology. Derived from the Tagalog word, "parang" (like) + dives. 2.

51. Asceua longji Barrion-Dupo, Barrion & Heong, new species [Figure 51 A-E] FEMALE. Holotype female, total length 2.11 mm. Cephalothorax length 0.97 mm. width 0.77 mm. Abdomen length 1.16 mm, width 0.76 mm. Carapace. Reddish brown with black eye margins and a brown cross band in the foveal area, 1.23 x longer than wide. Cephalic elevated and higher than thoracic area. Chelicerae reddish brown, vertical and with a small fang. Promargin bears a small tooth and none in the retromargin. Pedipals yellowish brown except femur with gray tinge. Maxillae yellowish gray, longer than wide, slantly triangular with narrow apex converging, and broad basally. Sternum broadly heart-shaped, yellow except brownish rebordered margins. Anterior margins of sternum widely truncated and posterior tip narrowly blunt to truncate. Eyes. In two procurved rows of four each. AER slightly shorter than PER. Eye diameter (mm): AME (0.08)> PLE (0.07)> PME (0.06)> ALE (0.04). Eye separation (mm): PME-PME=PME-PLE (0.06)> AME-AME=AME-ALE (0.03). Clypeus height wide, 2.63 x AME diameter. Legs. Yellow brown with apical and basal black annulations in femora, tibiae and tips of metatarsi II and III.Metatarsi I-IV each with a long trichobothrium on apical one-fifth. Femora I-IV each with a subbasodorsal spine. Tibiae II and III equally long. Metatarsus I as long as III. Leg formula 4132. Abdomen. Black with an anterior pair of white longitudinal band (=dorsum sepia), white band present midlaterally extended to subposterior lateral end of abdomen, a pair of circular dots submedially and a triangular yellowish white band on posterior tip. Anal tubercle and spinnerets yellow. Venter yellow except black lateral margins of spinnerets. Epigynum forms a simple plate with a lip-like band in the center in uncleared state. Cleared epigynum has a U-shaped indention towards posterior epigynal margin, copulatory tube coiled posteriorly, and anteriorly forming copulatory openings on the anterolateral side. MALE. Unknown. Material Examined. Holotype female (coll. no. La 1), CHINA, Hainan Island, Chengmai, Laocheng, Longji hills, 24 April 2012, ATBarrion, JLACatindig and SCVillareal; paratype one female (coll. no. So 99), Panja town, Shuiku vill., Songtao Reservoir, 2 April 2011, ATBarrion, JLACatindig and SCVillareal. Diagnostic Features. Closely resembles in general morphology, Asceua elegans Thorell, 1887 but differs from the latter in the following (1) smaller body size, (2) abdominal markings where dorsum sepia has two parallel longitudinal bands, (3) epigynal structures, and (4) leg measurements. Etymology. Named after the type locality., Published as part of Alberto T. Barrion, Aimee Lynn A. Barrion-Dupo, Josie Lynn A. Catindig, Sylvia C. Villareal, Ducheng Cai, Qianhua Yuan & Kong Luen Heong, 2016, NEW SPECIES OF SPIDERS (ARANEAE) FROM HAINAN ISLAND, CHINA, pp. 1-103 in UPLB Museum Publications in Natural History 3 on pages 44-45, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.269136