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Artisanal gold mining is recognized as a long-standing activity in the Siguiri prefecture in general and the Doko sub-prefecture in particular. Despite its significant contribution to community development, it has disastrous consequences for both the environment and the lives of gold miners. The collapse of underground galleries as a result of gold panning is a phenomenon that plunges families into mourning in gold panning areas in Africa. Unlike other land movements, despite their dangerous nature, there has been almost no scientific interest in limiting the consequences of collapsing underground galleries in goldmines. Working to mitigate their effects is more than a necessity for those involved in gold panning.This study aims to understand the perceptions of those involved in gold panning regarding the conditions of occurrence and the main causes of underground gallery collapses, to formulate recommendations to the authorities and gold miners to minimize the risk of these accidents occurring and their impact. The methodology used was based on semi-structured and structured interviews. The results of this survey show that the human factor is certainly the main cause of accidents (collapse of underground galleries), but the design of structures without taking into account the study of the geomechanical properties of the ground, the weakness of the safety measures put in place, and the lack of involvement of the country’s authorities are not negligible factors. This study identified the causes and consequences of these accidents, as well as the responsibilities of those involved.

Abstract Background With poor prognosis and high mortality, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal malignancies. Standard of care therapies for PDAC have included gemcitabine for the past three decades, although resistance often develops within weeks of chemotherapy initiation through an array of possible mechanisms. Methods We reanalyzed publicly available RNA-seq gene expression profiles of 28 PDAC patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models before and after a 21-day gemcitabine treatment using our validated analysis pipeline to identify molecular markers of intrinsic and acquired resistance. Results Using normalized RNA-seq quantification measurements, we first identified oxidative phosphorylation and interferon alpha pathways as the two most enriched cancer hallmark gene sets in the baseline gene expression profile associated with intrinsic gemcitabine resistance and sensitivity, respectively. Furthermore, we discovered strong correlations between drug-induced expression changes in glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation genes and response to gemcitabine, which suggests that these pathways may be associated with acquired gemcitabine resistance mechanisms. Thus, we developed prediction models using baseline gene expression profiles in those pathways and validated them in another dataset of 12 PDAC models from Novartis. We also developed prediction models based on drug-induced expression changes in genes from the Molecular Signatures Database (MSigDB)’s curated 50 cancer hallmark gene sets. Finally, pathogenic TP53 mutations correlated with treatment resistance. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that concurrent upregulation of both glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation pathways occurs in vivo in PDAC PDXs following gemcitabine treatment and that pathogenic TP53 status had association with gemcitabine resistance in these models. Our findings may elucidate the molecular basis for gemcitabine resistance and provide insights for effective drug combination in PDAC chemotherapy.

Boké Prefecture has become a popular mining location, with various extractive corporations competing for bauxite extraction. Water samples were obtained from eighteen water wells across the Dabiss study area. All Physico-chemical parameters and major ions of groundwater were compared with World Health Organization (WHO) standard. Furthermore, using Excel and the Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) interpolation technique in Arc GIS software, bi-plots of Physico-chemical parameters and spatial variations of water quality maps were generated respectively. A vulnerability study of groundwater pollution by mining activities was conducted by applying the standard DRASTIC method. It was found that the drinking water samples of the study areas were usually within the water quality standards of WHO. According to physicochemical analysis, most of the groundwater in the study area appears to be acidic. An equilibrium was set up in the aquifer between the chemical composition of the water and that of the rocks. The DRASTIC method enabled us to show a low vulnerability index to groundwater pollution. The results of this study could prevent diseases linked to the consumption of water contaminated and improve the quality of life of the population and will serve as a reference document in other mining areas.

BackgroundSuboptimal use of antimicrobials is a driver of antimicrobial resistance in West Africa. Clinical decision support systems (CDSSs) can facilitate access to updated and reliable recommendations. ObjectiveThis study aimed to assess contextual factors that could facilitate the implementation of a CDSS for antimicrobial prescribing in West Africa and Central Africa and to identify tailored implementation strategies. MethodsThis qualitative study was conducted through 21 semistructured individual interviews via videoconference with health care professionals between September and December 2020. Participants were recruited using purposive sampling in a transnational capacity-building network for hospital preparedness in West Africa. The interview guide included multiple constructs derived from the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research. Interviews were transcribed, and data were analyzed using thematic analysis. ResultsThe panel of participants included health practitioners (12/21, 57%), health actors trained in engineering (2/21, 10%), project managers (3/21, 14%), antimicrobial resistance research experts (2/21, 10%), a clinical microbiologist (1/21, 5%), and an anthropologist (1/21, 5%). Contextual factors influencing the implementation of eHealth tools existed at the individual, health care system, and national levels. At the individual level, the main challenge was to design a user-centered CDSS adapted to the prescriber’s clinical routine and structural constraints. Most of the participants stated that the CDSS should not only target physicians in academic hospitals who can use their network to disseminate the tool but also general practitioners, primary care nurses, midwives, and other health care workers who are the main prescribers of antimicrobials in rural areas of West Africa. The heterogeneity in antimicrobial prescribing training among prescribers was a significant challenge to the use of a common CDSS. At the country level, weak pharmaceutical regulations, the lack of official guidelines for antimicrobial prescribing, limited access to clinical microbiology laboratories, self-medication, and disparity in health care coverage lead to inappropriate antimicrobial use and could limit the implementation and diffusion of CDSS for antimicrobial prescribing. Participants emphasized the importance of building a solid eHealth ecosystem in their countries by establishing academic partnerships, developing physician networks, and involving diverse stakeholders to address challenges. Additional implementation strategies included conducting a local needs assessment, identifying early adopters, promoting network weaving, using implementation advisers, and creating a learning collaborative. Participants noted that a CDSS for antimicrobial prescribing could be a powerful tool for the development and dissemination of official guidelines for infectious diseases in West Africa. ConclusionsThese results suggest that a CDSS for antimicrobial prescribing adapted for nonspecialized prescribers could have a role in improving clinical decisions. They also confirm the relevance of adopting a cross-disciplinary approach with participants from different backgrounds to assess contextual factors, including social, political, and economic determinants.

Introduction: This study described the different stages of uncontrolled hypertension, and assessed independently of the socio-demographic parameters, the non-modifiable and modifiable factors associated with uncontrolled hypertension at ambulatory care, in urban and peri-urban primary health care centres (PHCCs) of Bobo–Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. Methods: A sample of 380 hypertensive adults were consecutively interviewed from January to February 2022, in 20 public PHCCs, in Bobo-Dioulasso. Sociodemographic, non- and modifiable lifestyle, anthropometric and blood pressure parameters were collected. Descriptive, comparative and logistic regression tests were performed. Results: The participants’ mean age was 56.2 ± 10.4 years and frequency of uncontrolled hypertension stage I, II and III was respectively 40.3 %, 23.3 % and 7.9 %. Those with family history of hypertension was 42.4 %. Participants with monotherapy, bi-therapy and tri-therapy represented 51.6 %, 42.6 % and 2.1 % respectively, while 38.2 % declared to be uncompliant with the therapy. About 36 % were current alcohol users, 29.7 % physically inactive, 23.7 % ate less than three servings of fruits and vegetables (FV), 15.3 % were obese, and 12.9 % current tobacco users. In logistic regression analysis, the presence of family history of hypertension [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 2.1; p = 0.005], use of bi-/tri-therapy (aOR = 1.7; p = 0.044), daily intake of less than three FV servings (aOR = 1.9; p = 0.025); non-adherence with therapy (aOR = 3.3, p = 0.0001) and obesity (aOR = 4.5; p = 0.003) were associated with uncontrolled hypertension. Conclusion: Uncontrolled hypertension was high at ambulatory primary care. For its efficient management in secondary prevention, a tailored in-hospital strategy including permanent education for a healthier lifestyle practice is needed; and should be complementary strengthened with specific community-based interventions.

Abstract The case presents a traumatic ventricular perforation of a girl, accidentally felt on a sharp instrument. The uniqueness of the case presented is due to the very high infrequency of injuries with this type of sharp object. The 7-year-old girl was transported to the hospital after accidentally falling on a sharp instrument. The child had no signs of heart failure. On opening the chest, it was found that the metal object was lodged in the right ventricle. Quickly proceeded to remove the object and suture the entry hole. After a short hospitalization, the child was discharged completely cured.

Abstract Introduction Although an essential frontline service in the prevention of child morbidity and mortality, there are indications that routine vaccinations have been disrupted during the COVID-19 pandemic. The present study aimed to compare vaccination coverage before COVID-19 in Mali in 2019 and during COVID-19 in 2020. Objective To compare vaccination coverages before COVID-19 in Mali in 2019 and during COVID-19 in 2020. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting and participants We collected routine immunization data from 2019 to 2020 of children under one year in the health district of Commune V in Bamako which includes twelve community health centers (CSCom). Results Considering all vaccines together, coverage in 2019 was higher than in 2020 (88.7% vs. 71,6%) (p

Current reports highlight the status of the teaching profession is at a 50-year low, noting sobering statistics about low teacher morale, the loss of professional prestige, lack of student interest to pursue teaching, and increased percentages of teachers thinking about leaving (Marken & Agrawal, 2022; Mission Square Research Institute, 2021; Steiner & Woo, 2021). Solutions often focus on recruiting more candidates into the profession. Although such approaches are important, another element critical to success doesn't get enough attention: retaining the teachers serving in classrooms now. While recruitment efforts focus on building the profession over the long term, retention efforts are essential for maintaining and improving the quality of teaching today. In this article, the authors focus on the developing, supporting, and retaining teachers quadrant of the talent development framework because it is most often overlooked yet vital. The talent development framework addresses multiple dimensions of teacher retention, including high-quality mentoring, differentiated staffing models, job-embedded professional learning, financial incentives, inclusive teaching environments, responsive working conditions, and strong leadership for healthy and supportive schools and advancing equity.

Abstract Background Diarrhoea is a public health problem, especially in developing countries where it is the second leading cause of child mortality. In Low Income Countries like in Mali, self-medication and inappropriate use of antibiotics due to the scarcity of complementary diagnostic systems can lead to the development of multidrug-resistant bacteria causing diarrhoea. The objective of this work was to determine the microorganisms responsible for diarrhoea in children under 15 years of age and to characterize their sensitivity to a panel of antibiotics used in a peri-urban community in Mali. The study involved outpatient children visiting the Yirimadio Community Health Centre and diagnosed with diarrhoea. Stool samples from those patients were collected and analysed by conventional stools culture and the susceptibility to antibiotics of detected bacteria was determined by the disc diffusion method in an agar medium. Result Overall, 554 patients were included. Children under the age of 3 years accounted for 88.8% (492 of 554) of our study population. Two bacterial species were isolated in this study, Escherichia coli 31.8% (176 of 554) and Salmonella 2.9% (16 of 554). In the 176, E. coli strains resistance to amoxicillin and to cotrimoxazole was seen in 93.8% (165 of 176) and 92.6% ( 163 of 176), respectively. The ESBL resistance phenotype accounted for 39,8% (70 of 176) of E. coli. Sixteen (16) strains of Salmonella were found, of which one strain (6.3%) was resistant to amoxicillin and to amoxicillin + clavulanic acid. Another one was resistant to chloramphenicol (6.3%). Two strains of Salmonella were resistant to cotrimoxazole (12.5%) and two others were resistant to cefoxitin (12.5%). Conclusions The data suggest that E. coli is frequently involved in diarrhoea in children under 3 years of age in this peri-urban setting of Bamako, Mali, with a high rate of resistance to amoxicillin and cotrimoxazole, the most widely used antibiotics in the management of diarrhoea in this setting.

Résumé : La présente étude vise à présenter sociologiquement et linguistiquement une langue qui, jusqu’à présent n’a pas été étudiée : le gbandjé. En effet, cette langue, située au nord de la Côte d’Ivoire, à la frontière avec le Mali, fait partie des langues en danger et qui n’ont pas encore été l’objet d’une étude descriptive ou sociolinguistique. Une langue en danger dont la constitution des ressources documentaires s’avère capitale pour la recherche scientifique la préservation et la promotion de patrimoine linguistique et culturel de la Côte d’Ivoire. Mots-clés : Gbandjé, langue en danger, sociolinguistique, linguistique.

Abstract Background The emergence of resistance to artemisinin derivatives in Southeast Asia constitutes a serious threat for other malaria endemic areas, particularly in Côte d’Ivoire. To delay this resistance, the application of the control measures recommended by the National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP) for a correct management, in the private pharmacies, is a necessity. The purpose of this study was, therefore, to assess the level of knowledge and practices of private pharmacy auxiliary in Abidjan about the management of malaria. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from April to November 2015. It included auxiliaries of private pharmacies in Abidjan. Data collection material was a structured an open pretested questionnaire. Data analysis was carried out using Package for Social Science (SPSS) software version 21.1. Chi square test was used to compare proportions for a significance threshold of 0.05 for the p value. Results A total, 447 auxiliaries from 163 private pharmacies were interviewed. It was noted that the auxiliaries had a good knowledge of clinical signs of uncomplicated malaria (99.1%), biological examinations (54.6% for the thick film and 40.7% for rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) and anti-malarial drugs (99.3% for artemether + lumefantrine, AL). The strategies of vector control (long-lasting insecticide-treated mosquito nets (LLITNs, Repellent ointments, cleaning gutters, elimination of larvae breeding site and intermittent preventive treatment with sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine (IPTp-SP) in pregnant women were also known by the auxiliaries, respectively 99.8% and 77.4%. However, the malaria pathogen (25.1%) and the NMCP recommendations (e.g. use of AL or AS + AQ as first-line treatment for uncomplicated malaria and IPTp-SP in pregnant women) were not well known by the auxiliaries (28.2% and 26.9% for uncomplicated and severe malaria). Concerning the practices of the auxiliaries, 91.1% offered anti-malarial drugs to patients without a prescription and 47.3% mentioned incorrect dosages. The combination artemether + lumefantrine was the most recommended (91.3%). The delivery of anti-malarial drugs was rarely accompanied by advice on malaria prevention, neither was it carried out on the result of an RDT. Conclusion The epidemiology and the NMCP recommendations for the diagnostic and therapeutic management of malaria, are not well known to auxiliaries, which may have implications for their practices. These results show the need to sensitize and train private pharmacy auxiliaries, and also to involve them in NMCP activities.

Abstract Introduction In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), the clinical and progressive diagnostic certainty of AIDS dementia is difficult to establish due to under-medicalization and delays in consultation and especially the diversity of etiologies of demented states. Material and methods We carried out a retrospective study of 196 patients hospitalized for dementia syndrome between 2016 and 2021 in the neurology department of the University Hospital of Conakry. The criteria labeled in this study are those retained by the DSM-IV and the classification of the American Academy of Neurology (AAN) developed in accordance with the WHO. Results HIV etiology was identified in patients aged 44–67 years (17 women and 19 men). The clinical picture was dominated by severe cognitive disorders, slowed ideation, memory disorders and reduced motor skills associated with personality changes. Neurological examination revealed dysphoric disorders in most patients, sphincter abnormalities in 13 cases and labio-lingual tremor in 11 cases. Diagnosis was based on positive serological tests for HIV1 antibodies (25 cases) and HIV2 antibodies (1 case) using the Elisa and Western blot techniques, and the presence of discretely hypercellular CSF. Magnetic resonance imaging contributed to the diagnosis, showing diffuse white matter abnormalities with hyper signals on T2-weighted or FLAIR sequences. Conclusion This study shows a non-stereotype clinical picture of AIDS dementia requiring a differential diagnosis with other infectious dementias. These results are important for the therapeutic and prognostic discussion.

ABSTRACTCashew tree has two parts of food industry and nutrition interest, i.e the nut and the juicy apple. This study aimed to carry out a phytochemical characterization, determine the antioxidant properties and evaluate the influence of temperature on the phytonutrient composition of cashew fruits. The contents of ascorbic acids, phytates, and tannins, of various pigments were determined. Antioxidant activities were determined by four methods using standard methods. The apples presented the best antioxidant activities for FRAP, SOD, and LPO 98.54 ± 5.48, 834.12 ± 13.47, and 84.9 ± 4.15, respectively; while walnuts showed the best antioxidant activities for free radical scavenging which was 26.14 ± 3.21. Tannin, phytate, and anthocyanin contents decreased by more than 50% when increasing temperatures between 50 and 100°C. Ascorbic acid tends to disappear completely in fruit at temperatures of 100°C. Extractable lycopene increased by about 25% with increasing temperature. β-carotene was found to be insensitive to temperature increase. These results provide valuable information that can help in the control of cashew fruit processing in the food industry. They also provide important information on the nutraceutical potential of cashew fruit.