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Izhodišča: Informacijsko-komunikacijska tehnologija (IKT) in brezpapirno delo lahko izboljšata obstoječe delovne procese in so pomembna sestavina sodobnega osnovnega zdravstva. Namen študije je bil analizirati stališča zdravstvenega osebja in pacientov glede brezpapirne ambulante in najpogostejše uporabljene informacijskokomunikacijske tehnologije v slovenskem osnovnem zdravstvu.

Alcohol consumption in Slovenia is one of the highest in Europe. In Slovenia there were a few epidemiological studies on drinking habits among adult population, but none of them has used the AUDIT questionnaire or the Internet for research.

Uvod. Tvegano in škodljivo pitje alkohola je pomembna zdravstvena, socialna in ekonomska tema v Sloveniji, ki se dotika vseh starostnih skupin prebivalstva. Pitje alkohola je dobro raziskano med osnovnošolci in srednješolsko mladino, malo pa je podatkov o pitju alkohola med študenti.

Izhodišča. Tvegano in škodljivo pitje alkohola v Sloveniji predstavlja velik zdravstveni, socialni in ekonomski problem, tudi med mladimi. V Sloveniji obstajajo temeljite raziskave o pitju alkohola med osnovnošolci in srednješolci, medtem ko so podatki o pitju alkohola med študenti pomanjkljivi. Metode. Presečna študija. Študentje prvih letnikov rednega študija Univerze v Ljubljani, ki so prišli na obvezni redni preventivni zdravstveni pregled med oktobrom 2009 in majem 2010, so izpolnili neanonimni vprašalnik o življenjskem slogu. Ta je vseboval tudi standardizirani vprašalnik o pitju alkohola AUDIT-C ter vprašanji o kajenju in izkušnjah z drogo. Podatki so bili analizirani z multivariatnimi in večnivojskimi metodami. Rezultati. Vprašalnik je izpolnilo 7.221 študentov, 38,5 % moških in 61,5 % žensk. V zadnjem letu je alkohol pilo 87,3 % študentov. Tvegano ali škodljivo pije 23,1 % študentov. V zadnjem letu se je vsaj enkrat opilo 61,4 % študentov. Abstinentov je 11,8 %. Večji obet za tvegano in škodljivo pitje imajo študenti moškega spola, kadilci in študenti z izkušnjami z drogo. Večino variance v tveganem in škodljivem pitju alkohola pojasnimo z dejavniki na ravni študentov, razlike med fakultetami pa pojasnijo samo 2 % skupne variance. Sklepi. Študentje Univerze v Ljubljani alkohol pijejo prekomerno. Med kajenjem, izkušnjami z drogo in tveganim ali škodljivim pitjem je jasna povezava. Rezultati raziskave kažejo na potrebo po pripravi ustreznega preventivnega programa, s katerim bi zmanjšali porabo alkohola med študenti

The author describes problems related to the implementation of electronic medical record in family medicine in Slovenia since 1992 when first personal computers have been delivered to family physicians' practices. The situation of health care informatization and implementation of electronic medical record in primary health care in new countries, other former Yugoslav republics, is described. There are rather big differences among countries and even among some regions of one country, but in the last year the situation improved, especially in Montenegro, Serbia and Slovenia. The main problem that is still unsolved is software offered by several companies which do not offer many functions, are non-standardized or user friendly enough and is not adapted to doctors' needs. Some important questions on medical records are discussed, e.g. what is in fact a medical record, what is its purpose, who uses it, which record is a good one, what should contain and confidentiality issue. The author describes what makes electronic medical record better than paper-based one (above all it is of better quality, efficiency and care-safe, easier in data retrieval and does it offer the possibility of data exchange with other health care professionals) and what are the barriers to its wider implementation.

Aim: To define the national strategy and public actions to reduce alcohol related harm, based on societal consensus. Background: Alcohol abuse is an avoidable behaviour that can threaten health. In Slovenia, only a few public campaigns against drinking alcohol are under way. It is important to establish which community measures are acceptable to society in Slovenia in order to reduce alcohol-related risks. Methods: A Delphi study with 45 professionals from different disciplines was conducted. Participants offered many suggestions to improve the current situation. After three rounds of questionnaires, 86 participant statements were accepted as a consensus. Results: Actions such as: state monopolies, alcohol taxation, legislative restrictions on availability and purchase of alcohol, age-related restriction on sales, drink-driving laws, school-based alcohol education and media information campaigns are most likely to be achieved by consensus. The main target populations for implementation of alcohol-related educational programs are children, young people and employees. Conclusions: As a result of the study, a number of community actions against drinking alcohol that could be acceptable for society can now be suggested. They vary across different target populations, change agents (individuals, organizations and institutions) and methods of implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: the European Union of Medical Specialists (UEMS-GMS) recommendations for training in Geriatric Medicine were published in 1993. The practice of Geriatric Medicine has developed considerably since then and it has therefore become necessary to update these recommendations., Methods: under the auspices of the UEMS-GMS, the European Geriatric Medicine Society (EuGMS) and the European Academy of Medicine of Ageing (EAMA), a group of experts, representing all member states of the respective bodies developed a new framework for education and training of specialists in Geriatric Medicine using a modified Delphi technique. Thirty-two expert panel members from 30 different countries participated in the process comprising three Delphi rounds for consensus. The process was led by five facilitators., Results: the final recommendations include four different domains: 'General Considerations' on the structure and aim of the syllabus as well as quality indicators for training (6 sub-items), 'Knowledge in patient care' (36 sub-items), 'Additional Skills and Attitude required for a Geriatrician' (9 sub-items) and a domain on 'Assessment of postgraduate education: which items are important for the transnational comparison process' (1 item)., Conclusion: the current publication describes the development of the new recommendations endorsed by UEMS-GMS, EuGMS and EAMA as minimum training requirements to become a geriatrician at specialist level in EU member states., (© The Author(s) (2019). Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the British Geriatrics Society.)

Aims: To document the attitudes of general practitioners (GPs) from eight European countries to alcohol and alcohol problems and how these attitudes are associated with self-reported activity in managing patients with alcohol and alcohol problems., Methods: A total of 2345 GPs were surveyed. The questionnaire included questions on the GP's demographics, reported education and training on alcohol, attitudes towards managing alcohol problems and self-reported estimates of numbers of patients managed for alcohol and alcohol problems during the previous year., Results: The estimated mean number of patients managed for alcohol and alcohol problems during the previous year ranged from 5 to 21 across the eight countries. GPs who reported higher levels of education for alcohol problems and GPs who felt more secure in managing patients with such problems reported managing a higher number of patients. GPs who reported that doctors tended to have a disease model of alcohol problems and those who felt that drinking was a personal rather than a medical responsibility reported managing a lower number of patients., Conclusion: The extent of alcohol education and GPs' attitudes towards alcohol were associated with the reported number of patients managed. Thus, it is worth exploring the extent to which improved education, using pharmacotherapy in primary health care and a shift to personalized health care in which individual patients are facilitated to undertake their own assessment and management (individual responsibility) might increase the number of heavy drinkers who receive feedback on their drinking and support to reduce their drinking., (© The Author 2014. Medical Council on Alcohol and Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.)

Aim: To identify barriers influencing general practitioners' decisions regarding alcohol screening and brief intervention (SBI) in Slovenia., Background: Slovenia occupies third place in a league of 51 European countries with respect to alcohol consumption. General practitioners in Slovenia have the majority of contacts with patients in primary healthcare but they rarely or never ask patients about their drinking habits., Method: Six focus groups with a total of 32 general practitioners from different parts of the country were set up. Participants discussed varied topics and the most significant barriers were identified through qualitative analysis., Results: The identified barriers were lack of funding, absence of societal support, lack of knowledge and guidelines, inadequate counselling skills, different interpretations regarding definitions of what constitutes an alcoholic beverage, lack of time, alcohol screening not considered to be an integral part of general practice, personal characteristics of general practitioners, patients' unwillingness to participate in SBI, and ethical dilemmas., Conclusion: Lack of knowledge and guidelines, and inadequate counselling skills can be solved through educational programs. In order to change drinking habits, substantial changes in public and personal attitudes towards alcohol consumption, involving many partners, are necessary.

Screening and brief intervention (SBI) presents an effective early response by healthcare professionals to their patients' alcohol-related problems. This qualitative research study used focus group discussions with general practitioners (GPs) to identify incentives that may increase the use of SBI in Slovene general practice. Seven categories of actions that may improve the use of SBI were identified: motivation, professional institution, financial support, adequate knowledge and skills, community support, workload (i.e. relief from the burden of current obligations in order to allow more time for prevention), and record keeping (suitable medical documentation). Several of these actions can be changed by the GPs themselves (motivation, adequate knowledge and skills, and record keeping), while the remaining four require more extensive community action on the part of society as a whole, e.g. government intervention. The results of this study will guide future changes in the way that prevention strategies for excess alcohol consumption will be implemented in Slovenia.

Alcohol and tobacco use are important determinants of illness and have important country-specific dimensions. It's important to also consider them at community and primary health care (PHC) levels. A collaborative qualitative research (Delphi study and focus groups methodology) was conducted during the process of 10 new countries joining the European Union (EU) and implemented in culturally socio-economically different European countries: four EU (Belgium, Brussels region; Hungary, Pest County; Italy, Friuli Venezia Giulia region; Latvia, Riga region; Slovenia, Ljubljana region) and two Eastern European countries (Bulgaria, Sofia region; Russia, St. Petersburg region). Countries were chosen from the WHO international project according to the criteria noted in the application for EU INCO-COPERNICUS funding. Focus groups were conducted among lay people and PHC professionals in order to identify factors that influence (facilitate and prevent or minimize) PHC management of alcohol- and tobacco use-related problems. A Delphi study was conducted among four different groups in order to develop tasks for instances to be involved in community health policies. There are some limitations of such a qualitative study; e.g., such studies give ideas that cannot simply be transformed to actions in every country. In order to manage tobacco-and alcohol-related problems a comprehensive community-based approach, that also include PHC teams and policymakers, would be supported in participating countries.

Unlabelled: Family medicine in Europe started to develop in the 1960s with the introduction of obligatory specialist training. Slovenia is a country with a long tradition of family medicine specialist training, but up until 2002 this was neither elaborated on nor conducted by peers in general practice/family medicine. When the country's socialist system started to transform due to political reforms, Slovenia began to modify its system in order to meet the criteria of the European Union. One of the changes was the introduction of a new healthcare system with an influential Medical Chamber responsible for postgraduate training in all specialities. A new model for vocational training in family medicine was established in 2002, following the recommendations of the European Union of General Practitioners (UEMO). According to the new programme, which lasts 4 years, trainees spend half of their training in a hospital setting and half in general practice, where they are supervised by a trainer in practice. This article describes the legal process of introducing new forms of specialist training in Slovenia, and its content., Conclusion: A comparison with UEMO countries shows that the new model is comparable to other countries.

Slovenia has implemented a new final summative assessment for vocational training in family medicine. As all family medicine trainees work independently in practice, the assessment is focused on actual performance. The preparation included a literature search, consultation with foreign experts, consultation with tutors and trainees in general practice and testing the assessment with experienced practitioners. The assessment includes three elements: (1) a trainee's report with data on population served, audit of practice and family profiles; (2) a visit to the trainee's practice which includes sitting in with the trainee, and assessment of patients' records, equipment and premises; (3) the final assessment, which includes an MCQ written test, OSCE stations, and an oral exam with discussion about the candidate's report, presentation of five cases from his/her practice and one question by each examiner to assess problem-solving skills. Initial experience has been favourable but further work is needed for evaluation of the assessment.

Objectives: To explore long term results of my comprehensive group therapeutic weight-loss programme for obese people which included behavioural, psychological, cognitive and physical elements., Design: Retrospective analysis of patients' records and final follow-up questionnaires filled in at least 5 y after they left their group., Subjects: 48 overweight people who joined the programme were followed up for at least 5 y. 14 'non completers' did not complete the programme (median initial BMI was 32.2). Other 34 were members of groups at least 4 months (median initial BMI was 31.8)., Results: Median weight loss of 'completers' when they left the group was 11.5 kg. 10 members achieved normal body weight. At least 5 y later 13 of them still maintained the reduced weight. In the questionnaires they indicated that the diet, weekly group meetings, exercise and group discussions made most important contribution to their success., Conclusions: The long-term intensive and comprehensive weight loss treatment offers a good opportunity to obese people to reduce their weight and maintain it afterwards. For success they have to have adequate diet, attend the group regularly, be physically active, have support from their families and friends and change their life style and eating habits.