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This paper proposed several approaches for estimating the optical turbulence of the Earth’s atmosphere and their effect on solar images’ resolution using ground-based telescopes based on von Kárman, Kolmogorov, and modified von Kárman PSDs models. The results showed a strong correlation coefficient for the modified von Kármán model of atmospheric representation. As can be seen in the case where solar adaptive optics have been properly designed, they typically decrease aberration considerably and provide greatly improved imagery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Super Lorentz vortex Gaussian beam (SLVGB) is propagated via the turbulent atmosphere parameters. The benefit key of the SLVGB wave model is that the unlimited bandwidth wave and a spherical wave are involved. Additionally, Huygens Fresnel integral was used for schoolwork to study the propagation of SLVGB in a slant direction via a moderate turbulent medium. On the other hand, applying the crude international telecommunication union (ITU-R) model possible. Moreover, the Kolmogorov turbulent power spectrum model is applied, and the source field is dispersed by the zenith angle to the receiver plane. Additionally, examine the contour of the source field and the SLVGB intensity. To investigate various parameters such as source size, mode, scintillation index, topological charge, and others that are associated with the beam of super Lorentz vortex Gaussian are entirely understood, the outcomes were examined, and obtained other references to build the beam of slant path propagation in turbulent; the form constants are especially in comparison and matching. Our graphical findings indicate that the parameters happened randomly in the scintillation index and intensity of the SLVGB, resulting in a novel beam technical configuration. To summarize, this article is advantageous for remote sensing and uses an optical communications system and laser applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study intends to describe the diachronic changes of linguistic complexity (i.e., overall, morphological, and syntactic complexity) in scientific writing based on Kolmogorov complexity, an information-theoretic approach. We have chosen the entire data (i.e., all the 24 text types including articles, letters, news, etc.) and two individual registers (i.e., the full texts and abstracts of articles) of Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, the world's oldest scientific writing journal. The Mann–Kendall trend tests were used to capture diachronic changes in linguistic complexity at three complexity levels, and the Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated to investigate the relationships between the three complexity metrics. Results showed that the overall and morphological complexity of both the entire data and full texts increased from 1821 to 1920, indicating a massive lexical expansion during this 100-year period, as evidenced by more and more word form variants in scientific writing. In contrast, the syntactic complexity of the entire data and full texts declined, suggesting a gradual shift towards grammatical simplification in the evolution of scientific writing, particularly in word order rules and syntactic patterns. A trade-off effect has also been found between syntactic and morphological complexity in the entire data. In addition, concerning abstracts, the overall and morphological complexity decreased while the syntactic complexity increased. Drawing from these results, researchers can better understand the changing linguistic complexity styles in scientific writing, thus making adjustments in their writing accordingly to garner greater attention in academia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study the fluctuating loads of the control gate in the experimental model of the bottom outlet of a dam was evaluated. The production, transportation, and dissipation of turbulent flow eddies based on Kolmogorov theory were investigated by image processing of the flow under the control gate, time series of velocity and static pressure fluctuations. According to the results: 1- the flow turbulence at 10% opening of the control gate can be related to large eddies of middle and lower half streamlines of the upstream conduit. 2- The flow turbulence at 30% opening of the control gate can be related to large eddies of lower half streamlines of the upstream conduit. 3- The flow turned turbulent at 50% and 70% opening of the control gate can be related to large eddies of upper half streamlines of the upstream conduit. It can be concluded that the middle and lower streamlines of the upstream conduit play a major role in eddies production and flow turbulence at smaller openings of the control gate. In contrast, the upper streamlines of the upstream conduit play a major role in eddies production and flow turbulence at larger openings of the control gate. Large eddies are produced by shear layers created by velocity gradient at the guide slots of gate. The large eddies are transported by side guide slots toward the gate create strong secondary flows. After the collision of strong secondary flows with the main flow, the resulting turbulence leads to fluctuating static pressures. These fluctuations lead to the fluctuating loads on the control gate. Wavelet analysis of the time series provides the magnitude and frequency of pressure waves. Then, wavelet analysis and imaging of the gate flow reveal the causes of the turbulent flow formation process. The size and frequency of these large eddies range from 7.5 mm to 25 mm and 0.1 Hz to 2 Hz, respectively.

In this work, the oxygen transport and hydrodynamic flow of the PBS Vertical-Wheel MINI™ 0.1 bioreactor were characterized using experimental data and computational fluid dynamics simulations. Data acquired from spectroscopy-based oxygenation measurements was compared with data obtained from 3D simulations with a rigid-lid approximation and LES-WALE turbulence modeling, using the open-source software OpenFOAM-8. The mass transfer coefficients were determined for a range of stirring speeds between 10 and 100 rpm and for working volumes between 60 and 100 mL. Additionally, boundary condition, mesh refinement, and temperature variation studies were performed. Lastly, cell size, energy dissipation rate, and shear stress fields were calculated to determine optimal hydrodynamic conditions for culture. The experimental results demonstrate that the k L can be predicted using S h = 1.68 R e 0.551 S c 1 3 G 1.18 , with a mean absolute error of 2.08%. Using the simulations and a correction factor of 0.473, the expression can be correlated to provide equally valid results. To directly obtain them from simulations, a partial slip boundary condition can be tuned, ensuring better near-surface velocity profiles or, alternatively, by deeply refining the mesh. Temperature variation studies support the use of this correlation for temperatures up to 37 °C by using a Schmidt exponent of 1/3. Finally, the flow was characterized as transitional with diverse mixing mechanisms that ensure homogeneity and suspension quality, and the results obtained are in agreement with previous studies that employed RANS models. Overall, this work provides new data regarding oxygen mass transfer and hydrodynamics in the Vertical-Wheel bioreactor, as well as new insights for air-water mass transfer modeling in systems with low interface deformation, and a computational model that can be used for further studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rainfall trend is an important climatic factor that influences agricultural products, groundwater production, drainage planning, commercial and industrial activities. The research aims to determine the trends and variability of monthly, seasonal, and annual rainfall for 30 years (from 1980 to 2010) in Sokoto (13.0059° N, 5.2476° E) and Maiduguri (11. 8333° N, 13.1500° E) using archives data obtained from the Nigeria Meteorological Agency (NiMet), Oshodi Lagos Nigeria. Statistical models were used to analyze the data. The results reveal that the maximum rainfall recorded was 371.60 mm at Maiduguri station and 374.90 mm at Sokoto station which shows a higher rainfall peak in Sokoto than Maiduguri. The coefficient of variation in the Sokoto station (126.39%) was higher than that of Maiduguri station (61.78%) which indicates that there was more rainfall variability in Sokoto than in Maiduguri. Seasonally, the average rainfall recorded in both stations was 61.78% and 126.39% respectively. No rainfall was recorded in January, February, and November for Maiduguri station, more so, no rainfall was recorded in January, November, and December for Sokoto station. According to Man-Kendal trend analysis, significant trends (p

The general construction of the Cauchy problem solution for the one-dimensional nonlocal population Fisher–KPP equation is briefly described in terms of semiclassical asymptotics based on the complex WKB-Maslov method. For the particular case of the equation under consideration, a family of leading terms of the semiclassical asymptotics is constructed in an explicit form, and their qualitative behavior is investigated. The behavior of the asymptotic solutions and of the corresponding numerical solutions constructed using the software package Comsol Multiphysics is compared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genetics in the Soviet Union (USSR) achieved state-of-the-art results and had reached a peak of development by the mid-1930s due to the efforts of the scientific schools of several major figures, including Sergei Navashin, Nikolai Koltsov, Grigorii Levitsky, Yuri Filipchenko, Nikolai Vavilov, and Solomon Levit. Unfortunately, the Soviet government distrusted intellectually independent science and this led to state support for a fraudulent pseudoscientific concept widely known as Lysenkoism, which hugely damaged biology as a whole. Decades of dominance of the Lysenkoism had ruinous effects and the revival of biology in the USSR in the late 1950s-early 1960s was very difficult. In fact, this was realized to be a problem for Soviet science as a whole, and many mathematicians, physicists, chemists, and other scientists made efforts to rehabilitate genetics and to transfer biology to the "jurisdiction" of science from that of politics. The key events in the history of these attempts to pushback against state interference in science, and to promote the development of genetics and molecular biology, are described in this paper. These efforts included supportive letters to the authorities (e.g., the famous "Letter of three hundred"), (re)publishing articles and giving lectures on "forbidden" science, and organizing laboratories and departments for research in genetics and molecular biology under the cover of nuclear physics or of other projects respected by the government and Communist party leaders. The result was that major figures in the hard sciences played a major part in the revival of genetics and biology in the USSR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We extend Kolmogorov's Superpositions to approximating arbitrary continuous functions with a noniterative approach that can be used by any neural network that uses these superpositions. Our approximation algorithm uses a modified dimension reducing function that allows for an increased number of summands to achieve an error bound commensurate with that of r iterations for any r. This new variant of Kolmogorov's Superpositions improves upon the original parallelism inherent in them by performing highly distributed parallel computations without synchronization. We note that this approach makes implementation much easier and more efficient on networks of modern parallel hardware, and thus makes it a more practical tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper contributes to a recent research program that extends arguments supporting elementary conditionalization to arguments supporting conditionalization with general, measure-theoretic conditional probabilities. I begin by suggesting an amendment to the framework that Rescorla (2018) has used to characterize regular conditional probabilities in terms of avoiding Dutch book. If we wish to model learning scenarios in which an agent gains complete membership knowledge about some subcollection of the events of interest to her, then we should focus on updating policies that are what I shall call proper. I go on to characterize regular conditional probabilities in proper learning scenarios using what van Fraassen (1999) calls The General Reflection Principle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The physical meaning of propagation characteristics of an (SLVGB) Super Lorentz vortex Gauss beam in a turbulent atmosphere is studied and analyzed. To use the method of Huygens-Fresnel integral. Likewise, to apply the ITU-R turbulence structure constant model and calculate the mean intensity of SLVGB in slant path beam propagation with different speared distances, and then used a random phase screen method to analyzing the scintillation index and investigated the turbulent in receiver plane, furthermore, the impact of the source size, and beam order factors of an SLVGB beam are checked into atmospheric blustery. The distribution belongings of an SLVGB beam via atmospheric turbulence are arithmetically computed and investigated. Additionally, the Kolmogorov atmospheric turbulence power spectrum model is used to find the propagation distance of an SLVGB beam in the turbulent atmosphere. To sum up, to set a value of normalized intensity is increased gradually in the turbulent atmosphere and finally, this work is creating a new beam propagation and its epitomized original article.

This article utilises an innovative, information-theoretic metric to assess complexity variation across written and spoken registers of British English. This is novel because previous research on language complexity mainly analysed complexity variation in typological data, single language case studies or geographical varieties of the same language. The measure boils down to Kolmogorov complexity which can be conveniently approximated with off-the-shelf compression programs. Essentially, text samples that can be compressed more efficiently count as linguistically simple. The dataset covers a wide range of traditional written and spoken registers (e.g. broadsheet newspapers, courtroom debate or face-to-face conversation), as sampled in the British National Corpus. It turns out that Kolmogorov-based register variation coincides with register formality such that informal registers are overall and morphologically less complex than more formal registers, but more complex in regard to syntax (defined here as rigid word order). Generally, the results show that written and spoken registers vary along a continuum, and significantly trade-off morphological against syntactic complexity (and vice versa). Finally, the findings support proposals to view language as a complex adaptive system and demonstrate how language adapts to the situational context of language production and functional-communicative needs of its users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A suitable technique for monitoring the gas-solid flows in fluidized beds can ensure the quality and efficiency of many industrial processes. Gaseous fluidization of solid particles is a complex phenomenon, which generates electrical charges due to particle-particle and particle-wall interactions. In this work, a ring-type electrical charge sensor was used for generating signals from an air-silica sand fluidized bed in a Plexiglas pipe riser of 34 mm ID operating at laboratory temperature. Firstly, a flow signature of each typical fluidization regime from static to turbulent was chosen by calculations of the Kolmogorov complexity. Then, data sets from time-series, Probability Density Function (PDF), and Power Spectrum Density (PSD) were used for the characterization of such flows. Further, similar data sets from other distinct fluidization conditions were also calculated, and the normalized cross-correlation between such data was shown as a robust parameter for the correct identification of the gas-solid fluidization regime. Unlabelled Image • A ring-type electrical charge sensor was used on a cold gas-solid fluidized bed. • Signals from electrical charges and pressure fluctuation at plenum were acquired. • Probability density and power spectrum allowed evaluating the flow characteristics. • Six test points under distinct fluidization regimes were taken as flow signatures. • Cross-correlation was applied for determining the level of similarity of flows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years two different axiomatic characterizations of the intuitive concept of effective calculability have been proposed, one by Sieg and the other by Dershowitz and Gurevich. Analyzing them from the perspective of Carnapian explication, I argue that these two characterizations explicate the intuitive notion of effective calculability in two different ways. I will trace back these two ways to Turing’s and Kolmogorov’s informal analyses of the intuitive notion of calculability and to their respective outputs: the notion of computorability and the notion of algorithmability. I will then argue that, in order to adequately capture the conceptual differences between these two notions, the classical two-step picture of explication is not enough. I will present a more fine-grained three-step version of Carnapian explication, showing how with its help the difference between these two notions can be better understood and explained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper solves partially a question suggested by Fontbona and Mèlèard. The issue is to obtain rigorously cross-diffusion systems =a la Shigesada{Kawasaki{Teramoto as the limit of relaxed systems in which the cross-diffusion and reaction coefficients are nonlocal. We start from the existence result established by Fontbona and Mèlèard for a general class of nonlocal systems and study the corresponding asymptotic as the convolution kernels tend to Dirac masses, but only in the case of (strictly) triangular systems with bounded coefficients. Our approach is based on a new result of compactness for the Kolmogorov equation, which is reminiscent of the celebrated duality lemma of Michel Pierre. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comprehensive summary and update is given of Brouwers’ statistical model that was developed during the previous decade. The presented recapitulated model is valid for general inhomogeneous anisotropic velocity statistics that are typical of turbulence. It succeeds and improves the semiempirical and heuristic models developed during the previous century. The model is based on a Langevin and diffusion equation of which the derivation involves (i) the application of general principles of physics and stochastic theory; (ii) the application of the theory of turbulence at large Reynolds numbers, including the Lagrangian versions of the Kolmogorov limits; and (iii) the systematic expansion in powers of the inverse of the universal Lagrangian Kolmogorov constant C0, C0 about 6. The model is unique in the collected Langevin and diffusion models of physics and chemistry. Presented results include generally applicable expressions for turbulent diffusion coefficients that can be directly implemented in numerical codes of computational fluid mechanics used in environmental and industrial engineering praxis. This facilitates the more accurate and reliable prediction of the distribution of the mean concentration of passive or almost passive admixture such as smoke, aerosols, bacteria, and viruses in turbulent flow, which are all issues of great societal interest.

We present a proof-of-concept study that sketches the use of compression algorithms to assess Kolmogorov complexity, which is a text-based, quantitative, holistic, and global measure of structural surface redundancy. Kolmogorov complexity has been used to explore cross-linguistic complexity variation in linguistic typology research, but we are the first to apply it to naturalistic second language acquisition (SLA) data. We specifically investigate the relationship between the complexity of second language (L2) English essays and the amount of instruction the essay writers have received. Analysis shows that increased L2 instructional exposure predicts increased overall complexity and increased morphological complexity, but decreased syntactic complexity (defined here as less rigid word order). While the relationship between L2 instructional exposure and complexity is robust across a number of first language (L1) backgrounds, L1 background does predict overall complexity levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical cues and signals mediate resource acquisition, mate finding, and the assessment of predation risk in marine plankton. Here, we use the chemical properties of the first identified chemical cues from zooplankton together with in situ measurements of turbulent dissipation rates to calculate the effect of turbulence on the distribution of cues behind swimmers as well as steady state background concentrations in surrounding water. We further show that common zooplankton (copepods) appears to optimize mate finding by aggregating at the surface in calm conditions when turbulence do not prevent trail following. This near surface environment is characterized by anisotropic turbulence and we show, using direct numerical simulations, that chemical cues distribute more in the horizontal plane than vertically in these conditions. Zooplankton may consequently benefit from adopting specific search strategies near the surface as well as in strong stratification where similar flow fields develop. Steady state concentrations, where exudation is balanced by degradation develops in a time scale of ~5 h. We conclude that the trails behind millimeter-sized copepods can be detected in naturally occurring turbulence below the wind mixed surface layer or in the absence of strong wind. The trails, however, shorten dramatically at high turbulent dissipation rates, above ~10−3 cm2 s−3 (10−7 W kg−1)

In the paper an approximate model of time-varying linear systems using a sequence of time-invariant systems is suggested. The conditions for validity of the approximation are proven with a theorem. Examples comparing the numerical solution of the original system and the analytical solution of the model are given. For the system under the consideration a new criterion giving sufficient conditions for robust Lagrange stability is suggested. The criterion is proven with a theorem. Examples are given showing stable and non stable solutions of a time-varying system and the results are compared with the numerical Runge-Kutta solution of the system. In the paper an important application of the described method of solution of linear systems with time-varying coefficients, namely analytical solution of the Kolmogorov equations is shown.

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We address the classical problem of equivalence between Kolmogorov and Bernoulli property of smooth dynamical systems. In a natural class of volume preserving partially hyperbolic diffeomorphisms homotopic to Anosov (“derived from Anosov”) on 3-torus, we prove that Kolmogorov and Bernoulli properties are equivalent. In our approach, we propose to study the conditional measures of volume along central foliation to recover fine ergodic properties for partially hyperbolic diffeomorphisms. As an important consequence we obtain that there exists an almost everywhere conjugacy between any volume preserving derived from Anosov diffeomorphism of 3-torus and its linearization. Our results also hold in higher dimensional case when central bundle is one dimensional and stable and unstable foliations are quasi-isometric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we define the fractional random variable. The concept of convergence in fractional probability, almost surely convergence and some related theorems and examples are studied with the purpose of expanding the fractional probability theory parallel to the classical one. It is shown that almost surely convergence in the fractional probability space does not lead to the convergence in fractional probability. And, some valuable features related to fractional probability theory such as Cauchy function in fractional probability are discussed. We proved that a fractional random variable converges in fractional probability if it is Cauchy in fractional probability. Finally, the well-known 0-1 Kolmogorov theorem is proved in a fractional probability space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1965, Brutsaert proposed a model that predicted mean evaporation rate [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experimental effort to understand the contribution of turbulence to the evaporation rate of fuel droplets has been performed with particular attention to conditions when the turbulence scale is smaller than the droplet diameter. N-heptane has been chosen as working fluid to give measurable evaporation rates from droplet images over relatively short experiment times. An active turbulence grid wind tunnel is built for the requirements of this experiment. A camera triggered by a pulse generator takes images of the droplets pinned on wires across the tunnel. The results show a small increase in evaporation rate with increasing turbulence intensity, and that mean flow around the droplets has more impact on evaporation than does the turbulence state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The idea of the principle of nested intervals, or the concept of convergent sequences which is equivalent to this idea, dates back to the ancient world. Archimedes calculated the unknown in excess and deficiency, approximating with two sets of values: ambient and nested values. J. Buridan came up with a concept of a point lying within a sequence of nested intervals. P. Fermat, D. Gregory, I. Newton, C. MacLaurin, C. Gauss, and J.-B. Fourier used to search for an unknown value with the help of approximation in excess and deficiency. In the 19th century, in the works of B. Bolzano, A.-L. Cauchy, J.P.G. Lejeune Dirichlet, K. Weierstrass, and G. Cantor, this logical construction turned into the analysis argumentation method. The concept of a real number was elaborated in the 1870s in works of Ch. Méray, Weierstrass, H.E. Heine, Cantor, and R. Dedekind. Cantor's elaboration was based on the notion of a limiting point and principle of nested intervals. What discuss here the development of the idea starting from the ancient times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We characterise the asymptotic upper bounds on the use of Chaitin's Ω in oracle computations of halting probabilities (i.e. c.e. reals). We show that the following two conditions are equivalent for any computable function h such that h ( n ) − n is non-decreasing: (1) h ( n ) − n is an information content measure, i.e. the series ∑ n 2 n − h ( n ) converges, (2) for every c.e. real α there exists a Turing functional via which Ω computes α with use bounded by h . We also give a similar characterisation with respect to computations of c.e. sets from Ω, by showing that the following are equivalent for any computable non-decreasing function g : (1) g is an information-content measure, (2) for every c.e. set A , Ω computes A with use bounded by g . Further results and some connections with Solovay functions (studied by a number of authors [38,3,26,11] ) are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Science often seems to issue statements about probability of some occurrence. In this paper, we will take a look at three different interpretations of probability. What all of these interpretations share is that they satisfy the Kolmogorov axioms of probability. Briefly discussing each interpretation and its problems, we will focus on the subjective or Bayesian interpretation. Many philosophers have tried to understand evidence using probability. When there is uncertainty about a scientific hypothesis, observational evidence can sometimes raise or lower the probability of the hypothesis. Bayesianism is the most available version of this idea. According to the Bayesians, a probability measures a person’s degree of confidence in the truth of some proposition relative to available evidence.

A He-Ne laser lasing at 633 nm is used as source in Mach-Zehnder and Michelson's interferometric geometries separately, for characterizing a Pseudo-Random-Phase-Plate (PRPP), which presents atmospheric turbulence like conditions to a light beam passing through it. Two methods are employed for the same. The first method involves a comparison of the retrieved phase profiles of sections of PRPP (used as object in one of the arms of Mach-Zehnder Interferometer) with those of numerically generated Kolmogorov phase screens, using statistical parameters commonly used for characterizing optically rough surfaces. The second method uses the phase profiles obtained in Mach-Zehnder (single passage through the object, PRPP) and Michelson's (double passage through the object, PRPP) interferometric geometries separately for calculating phase structure function, D ( r). Through both the methods, we try to determine whether the PRPP presents a Kolmogorov or non-Kolmogorov turbulence regime at 633 nm wavelength. A comparison of the two methods shows that the phase structure function analysis provides a better method for such a characterization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we study a model of intuitionistic higher-order logic which we call the Muchnik topos. The Muchnik topos may be defined briefly as the category of sheaves of sets over the topological space consisting of the Turing degrees, where the Turing cones form a base for the topology. We note that our Muchnik topos interpretation of intuitionistic mathematics is an extension of the well known Kolmogorov/Muchnik interpretation of intuitionistic propositional calculus via Muchnik degrees, i.e., mass problems under weak reducibility. We introduce a new sheaf representation of the intuitionistic real numbers, the Muchnik reals, which are different from the Cauchy reals and the Dedekind reals. Within the Muchnik topos we obtain a choice principle (∀x ∃yA(x, y)) ⇒ ∃w ∀xA(x,wx) and a bounding principle (∀x ∃yA(x, y)) ⇒ ∃z ∀x ∃y(y ⩽T (x, z) ∧ A(x, y)) where x, y, z range over Muchnik reals, w ranges over functions from Muchnik reals to Muchnik reals, and A(x, y) is a formula not containing w or z. For the convenience of the reader, we explain all of the essential background material on intuitionism, sheaf theory, intuitionistic higher-order logic, Turing degrees, mass problems, Muchnik degrees, and Kolmogorov's calculus of problems. In a separate document we provide an English translation of Muchnik's 1963 paper on Muchnik degrees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I argue that, according to a particular physicalist conception of information, information is both alethically neutral or non-alethic, and is intrinsically semantic. The conception of information presented is physicalist and reductionist, and is contrary to most current pluralist and non-reductionist philosophical opinion about the nature of information. The ontology assumed for this conception of information is based upon physicalist non-eliminative ontic structural realism. However, the argument of primary interest is that information so construed is intrinsically semantic on a reductionist and non-alethic basis where semantic content is constituted by indication along causal pathways. Similar arguments have been presented by philosophers with respect to representation. I suggest the conception of information that I present is correct by the lights of the best applied mathematical and scientific theories of information. If so, there is no need for any separate theory of semantic information. Thus I present a theory of intrinsically semantic information which also constitutes an informational theory of truth where truth reduces to information. In the last section I discuss weakly and strongly semantic information, and reject them in favour of alethically neutral intrinsically semantic information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this paper we translate the two higher levels of the Ergodic Hierarchy [11], the Kolmogorov level and the Bernoulli level, to quantum language. Moreover, this paper can be considered as the second part of [3]. As in [3], we consider the formalism where the states are positive functionals on the algebra of observables and we use the properties of the Wigner transform [12]. We illustrate the physical relevance of the Quantum Ergodic Hierarchy with two emblematic examples of the literature: the Casati–Prosen model [13,14] and the kicked rotator [6–8]. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]