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Analogues of the classical omitting types theorems of frst-order logic are proved for propositional logic. For an infnite cardinal κ, a suficient criterion is given for the omission of κ-many types in a propositional language with κ propositional variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Standard operating procedures for laboratory processing and reporting of margins of cutaneous pigmented lesions do not exist. We conducted a survey of 94 dermatopathologists to evaluate these practices., Objectives: We sought to: (1) identify dominant practices among dermatopathologists; (2) determine the impact of the procedure, intent to excise, and histologic diagnosis on the process of margin evaluation; and (3) propose guidelines based on these findings., Methods: The survey consisted of 44 questions focused on the impact of procedure (punch, shave, or ellipse), intent (excision or biopsy), and histologic diagnosis (common nevus, congenital nevus, atypical nevus, melanoma) on processing and margin reporting., Results: For ellipses, or specimens indicated as excisions, the majority practice (76%-98%) was to ink the specimens. Although more than 90% of observers report the margins on all melanomas and atypical nevi, fewer than 50% of respondents report margins on all nonatypical nevi., Limitations: The study consists of a survey sample of dermatopathologists and does not represent the practices of those who did not respond to the survey., Conclusions: Based on the results of this survey we have arrived at the following recommendations: (1) ink all specimens that are ellipses or designated as excisions; (2) tips should be evaluated separately if the specimen is an ellipse; (3) obtain levels in cases with tumor in the tip but not at ink if the specimen is an ellipse or excision and the diagnosis is atypical nevus or melanoma; and (4) report margins on all atypical nevi and melanomas., (Copyright © 2009 American Academy of Dermatology, Inc. Published by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Astrocytes express increased levels of neurotrophic factors in response to pathological conditions in the CNS such as injury and inflammation. We have examined the effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and inflammatory cytokines on the expression of GDNF by mouse astrocytes and by C6 glial cells. LPS and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) induced an increase in level of glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) mRNA in both cell types. Similarly, the synthesis of GDNF protein was increased by both treatments. Interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) induced similar effects on GDNF production, whereas IL-2 and IL-6 had no significant effects. These results indicate that the expression of GDNF in astrocytes is regulated by inflammatory stimuli and therefore may provide neurotrophic support to injured neurons in inflammatory conditions in the CNS.