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We communicate the finding of a subcutaneous neoplasia in a female specimen of the toad Melanophryniscus montevidensis (Bufonidae) from Uruguay. The lesion extended from the cephalic to the abdominal region, and both gross and microscopic features were typical of lipomas. This is to our knowledge the fourth case reported in amphibians., Asociación Herpetológica Argentina

Hyla uruguaya es una especie poco conocida y con relaciones taxonómicas discutidas. Su hallazgo en Uruguay ha sido esporádico. En el presente trabajo se describen su morfología larval, aspectos sobre su biología reproductiva, geonemia y ecología en Uruguay. La larva tiene cuerpo de tipo robusto y elíptico, con ojos laterales, aletas altas con dorsal expandida, espiráculo izquierdo, tubo proctodeal dextrógiro y corto, y fórmula de queratodontes [(1)(1-1)/(1-1)(2)], con una fila simple de papilas orales con claro rostral y varias papilas intramarginales subangulares. Una puesta obtenida en el laboratorio consistió de 398 huevos de 1,3 mm de diámetro. El canto de anuncio consta de una sucesión de notas multipulsadas de 22 ms de duración, con una frecuencia dominante promedio de 4146 Hz, emitidas a una frecuencia de 4,2 - 4,8 notas/s. El tren de notas puede durar hasta 13 minutos. Su canto fue registrado en la naturaleza desde fines de agosto y sus larvas se encontraron hasta fines de febrero en charcos de áreas abiertas en paisajes serranos del NE, E y SE del Uruguay. Los resultados obtenidos permitirían reconsiderar el estado de conservación de la especie en Uruguay. Sugerimos su afinidad taxonómica con las especies de Scinax del clado ruber sobre la base de caracteres larvales y discutimos su relación con la especie críptica Hyla pinima., Hyla uruguaya is a poorly known species with controversial taxonomic status. Its finding in Uruguay has been sporadic. In the present work larval morphology, some aspects of reproductive biology, geographical distribution and ecology in Uruguay are addressed. The tadpole has a robust and elliptic body, lateral eyes, high fins, left spiracle, vent tube short and dextral, labial tooth row formula of [(1)(1-1)/(1-1)(2)], a single row of oral papillae with a dorsal gap and some submarginal subangular papillae. A spawn of 398 eggs of 1,3 mm diameter was obtained in the laboratory. The advertisement call, which can be sustained up to 13 min., consists of a series of multipulsed notes of 22 ms long, with a mean dominant frequency of 4146 Hz and a note repetition rate of 4,2 - 4,8 notes/s. The call was heard in the wild since late August, and tadpoles were found up to late February in ponds of open areas in hilly landscapes of NE, E y SE Uruguay. The results allow a reconsideration of the conservation status of the species in Uruguay. The relationship with the cryptic species Hyla pinima is discussed and based on larval characters taxonomic affinities with species of the ruber clade of Scinax are suggested., Asociación Herpetológica Argentina (AHA)

We present a comprehensive review of larval morphology in the Neotropical toad genus Melanophryniscus. The taxa studied included 23 species with representatives of recognized phenetic groups and different larval ecomorphological guilds: pond, stream, and phytotelm-dwelling tadpoles. Their external morphology variation is congruent with current phenetic arrangement based on adult features, but also reflects the habitat where larvae develop. Lotic tadpoles (i.e. M.tumifrons group and M.krauczuki) in general exhibit a more depressed body, a longer tail with lower fins, and larger oral discs than lentic forms (i.e. M.stelzneri group, M.moreirae, M.sanmartini, and M.langonei). Despite their peculiar, confined microhabitat, phytotelm larvae do not diverge markedly from non-arboreal species. The distinctive features of all species are the presence of a pineal end organ and the placement of the intestinal reversal point at the left of the abdomen in typical larval stages. The buccal cavity and musculoskeletal anatomy are quite conserved between species, yet some characteristics differ from those of other bufonids. The presence of one pair of subhyoid muscles is apparently an exclusive trait of Melanophryniscus among Bufonidae. Fil: Baldo, Juan Diego. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas; Argentina Fil: Vera Candioti, María Florencia. Fundación Miguel Lillo. Dirección de Zoología. Instituto de Herpetología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Haad, María Belén. Fundación Miguel Lillo. Dirección de Zoología. Instituto de Herpetología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Kolenc, Francisco. Museo Nacional de Historia Natural; Uruguay Fil: Borteiro, Claudio. Museo Nacional de Historia Natural; Uruguay Fil: Pereyra, Martín Oscar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”; Argentina Fil: Zank, Caroline. No especifíca; Fil: Colombo, Patrick. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte; Brasil Fil: Bornschein, Marcos R.. Universidade Federal do Paraná; Brasil Fil: Netto Sisa, Flavia. Instituto de Investigación Biológica del Paraguay; Paraguay Fil: Brusquetti, Francisco. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; Brasil Fil: Conte, Carlos E.. Universidade Federal do Paraná; Brasil Fil: Nogueira Costa, Paulo. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: Almeida Santos, Patricia. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: Pie, Marcio R.. Universidade Federal do Paraná; Brasil

We report the finding of a juvenile specimen of Phrynops williamsi in central Uruguay (MNHN 9487). It measured 40 mm of carapace length and was collected in February 2013 by Tiago Delpino in a streamlet tributary of the Negro River. This new record suggests that P. williamsi is widely distributed over the Negro River basin, at the southern boundaries of the species geographic range., Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo

We describe the external morphology, buccal cavity, chondrocranium, hyobranchial skeleton and musculature of the tadpole of R. achavali, along with its karyotype. Tadpoles were found in a permanent streamlet, showing schooling behavior. External larval morphology seems to be much conserved in Rhinella, not helping in the characterization of the proposed species groups. Buccal cavity morphology confirms the distinctiveness of the R. veraguensis group with respect to other known Rhinella. Musculoskeletal characters show most features shared with other Bufonidae, except for some typical of the basal genus Melanophryniscus. Karyotype is composed of 22 biarmed chromosomes, with secondary constrictions in pair 7, like the other species in the R. marina group. Fil: Kolenc, Francisco. Museo Nacional de Historia Natural. Sección Herpetología; Uruguay Fil: Borteiro, Claudio. Museo Nacional de Historia Natural. Sección Herpetología; Uruguay Fil: Cotichelli, Leonardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas; Argentina Fil: Baldo, Juan Diego. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas; Argentina Fil: Martinez Debat, Claudio. Universidad de la Republica; Uruguay Fil: Vera Candioti, María Florencia. Fundación Miguel Lillo; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Tucumán; Argentina

Amphisbaena is a species-rich genus widely distributed in the Neotropics, from Middle America to central-eastern Argentina and Uruguay (Gans, 2005). The natural history of these fossorial Squamata has been scarcely studied, although several species are common in varied biomes. One of these poorly known forms is Amphisbaena darwinii Duméril & Bibron 1839 although being widely distributed in southern and central Uruguay (Gans, 1966). This species is a common inhabitant of urban and suburban areas in this country, including gardens and backyards where it can be easily found under rocks, rotten logs, and a varied kind of human-made refuges (pers. obs.). We present herein observations on A. darwinii made from 2008 to 2011 as part of herpetofaunal inventories in southern Uruguay., Asociación Herpetológica Argentina

The rattlesnake Crotalus durissus terrificus (Laurenti, 1768; Serpentes, Viperidae) is a rare species in Uruguay, where it reaches the southern boundaries of its distribution. The most recent distribution map available for this species in Uruguay is based on a few specimens that were collected during the 1950s and 1960s. Herein, we make a comprehensive account of rattlesnake records in this country obtained from herpetological literature and other bibliographic sources, specimens accessioned in herpetological and non-specialized local collections, and new information gathered during field surveys., Asociación Herpetológica Argentina (AHA)

The main goal of this manuscript is the reevaluation of the taxonomic status of the teiid lizard Contomastix charrua,known only from Cabo Polonio, a small coastal rocky outcrop in southeastern Uruguay. This species was erected on the basis of the presence of a second pair of ceratobranchials and longer cornua in the hyoid bone, in addition to a reduced expression of the pattern of coloration as compared with C. lacertoides. Nevertheless, we found that both species have indistinguishable hyoid morphology, bearing C. lacertoides a noticeable second pair of ceratobranchials. Besides, we realized that the pattern of coloration in this species is more variable than previously considered. As a result of the present work, C. charrua is included in the synonymy of C. lacertoides. In addition, we provide some observations on the holotype of Cnemidophorus grandensis, a junior synonym of C. lacertoides Fil: Borteiro, Claudio. Museo Nacional de Historia Natural; Uruguay Fil: Kolenc, Francisco. Museo Nacional de Historia Natural; Uruguay Fil: Prigioni, Carlos. Museo Nacional de Historia Natural; Uruguay Fil: Lucio Lyra, Mariana. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; Brasil Fil: Baldo, Juan Diego. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas; Argentina

Synonymy of Melanophryniscus pachyrhynus Atelopus pachyrhynus. ��� Miranda-Ribeiro (1920). Type locality: "S��o Louren��o, S. Paulo", Brazil. Corrected to "S��o Louren��o no Rio Grande do Sul", Brazil, by Bokermann, 1966. Given as " Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, S��o Louren��o do Sul (31 22 S; 51 59 W)" by Caramaschi and Cruz (2002). Syntypes (2 specimens): MZUSP 0752; MZUSP 0 756, designated lectotype by Caramaschi and Cruz (2002). Atelopus pachyrhinus (unjustified emendation).��� Miranda-Ribeiro (1926). Dendrophryniscus tumifrons. ���(nec Boulenger 1905) M��ller (1934, partim). Atelopus tumifrons. ���(nec Boulenger 1905). Vellard (1947, partim). Melanophryniscus tumifrons. ���(nec Boulenger 1905) Gallardo (1961, partim). Bokermann (1966). Klappenbach 1968 (partim). McDiarmid (1971, partim). Braun and Braun (1980, partim). Frost (1985, partim). Gallardo (1987, partim). Prigioni and Langone (" 1987 " 1986, partim). Garcia and Vinciprova (2003, partim). Melanophryniscus pachyrhinus (unjustified emendation).��� Lutz (1972). C��spedez and Motte (2001). Melanophryniscus sanmartini. ���(nec Klappenbach 1968) Klappenbach (1968, partim). Achaval and Olmos (1997, partim). Melanophryniscus orejasmirandai. ��� Prigioni and Langone (" 1987 " 1986), type locality: "Cerro de Animas (34 �� 46 ��� S; 53 �� 19 ��� W), 500 metros al NO. del Mirador Nacional, Departamento de Maldonado, Uruguay ". Holotype: MNHN 5476, by original designation. Kolenc (1987). Achaval (1989). Prigioni and Langone (1990). Echeverr��a (1992). Klappenbach and Langone (1992). Prigioni and Arrieta (1992). Langone (��� 1995 ��� 1994). Duellman (1993). Maneyro et al. (1995). Achaval and Olmos (1997). Lavilla and Vaira (1997). Echeverr��a (1998). Evia and Gudynas (2000). Lavilla and Cei (2001). Maneyro and Langone (2001). Caramaschi and Cruz (2002). Achaval and Olmos (2003). Cruz and Caramaschi (2003). Haas (2003). Kolenc et al. (2003 a). Kolenc et al. (2003 b). Langone (2003). Larson et al. (2003). Baldo and Basso (2004). Langone et al. (2004). Manzano et al. (2004). Naya et al. (2004). N����ez et al. (2004). Kwet et al. (2005). Di-Bernardo et al. (2006). Achaval and Olmos (2007). Kolenc et al. (2007). Vera Candioti (2007). Maneyro and Kwet (2008). Langone et al. (2008). Stuart et al. (2008). Vaz-Silva et al. (2008). Ziegler and Maneyro (2008). Baldo et al. (2010). Bernardo-Silva et al. (2010). Canavero et al. (2010). Almeida-Santos et al. (2010). Bidau et al. (2011). Caramaschi and Cruz (2011). Dos Santos et al. (2011). Haad et al. (2011). Langone (2011). Baldo et al. (in press). Melanophryniscus pachyrhynus. ��� Caramaschi and Cruz (2002). Cruz and Caramaschi (2003). Manzano et al. (2004). Borteiro et al. (2005). Kwet et al. (2005). Achaval and Olmos (2007). Kolenc et al. (2007). Colombo et al. (2007). Maneyro and Kwet (2008). Vaz-Silva et al. (2008, partim). Almeida-Santos et al. (2010). Canavero et al. (2010). Bidau et al. (2011). Caramaschi and Cruz (2011). Dos Santos et al. (2011). Haad et al. (2011). Lema and Martins (2011). Toledo et al. (2011). Diagnosis. Melanophryniscus pachyrhynus can be diagnosed as follows: medium sized Melanophryniscus species (males = 22.15���30.36; females = 24.75���35.44); with a glandular swelling on snout; skin of dorsum granular, scattered with blunt, rounded, small to medium-size glandular warts; warts tipped with one to several keratinized spicules; dorsal color of head, body, and upper surfaces of appendages range from different brown tones to gray, with scapular region and swelling on the snout lighter; ventral surface of abdominal, pectoral and gular regions dark grey with an extensive orange reticulated pattern; some specimens with a gland on metatarsus of toes IV and V. The presence of a glandular swelling on snout (putative synapomorphy of the Melanophryniscus tumifrons group, Baldo & Basso 2004), allows to easily distinguish M. pachyrhynus from all members of the M. stelzneri group: M. atroluteus (Miranda-Ribeiro), M. cupreuscapularis C��spedez & ��lvarez, M. dorsalis (Mertens), M. estebani C��spedez, M. fulvoguttatus (Mertens), M. klappenbachi Prigioni & Langone, M. krauczuki Baldo & Basso, M. montevidensis (Philippi), M. paraguayensis C��spedez & Motte, M. rubriventris (Vellard), and M. stelzneri (Weyenbergh); of the M. moreirae group: M. langonei Maneyro et al., M. moreirae (Miranda-Ribeiro), and M. sanmartini Klappenbach; and from those species unassigned to any species group, M. admirabilis Di-Bernardo et al., M. alipioi Langone et al., and M. vilavelhensis Steinbach-Padilha. The glandular dorsal skin, with small to medium-sized glandular warts, tipped with one to several keratinized spicules, allow to distinguish M. pachyrhynus from M. cambaraensis and M. macrogranulosus (dorsal skin smooth, with big rounded glandular warts, warts with very few or without keratinized spines on tip). The general dorsal color pattern ranging from different brown tones to gray with scapular region and swelling on the snout lighter, distinguish M. pachyrhynus from M. cambaraensis and M. macrogranulosus (dorsum light bright to dark green), from M. simplex and M. tumifrons (dorsum homogeneously black to dark brown), and from M. spectabilis (background dark brown to black, with a distinct marbled pattern of sinuous yellow/orange stripes and two yellow/orange spots on scapular region). The reticulated orange ventral pattern characteristic of Melanophryniscus pachyrhynus readily distinguish this species from M. cambaraensis and M. macrogranulosus (background dark green to gray, with big red spots on abdominal region, which can be extended to cover the entire ventral surface), from M. simplex and M. tumifrons (abdominal region with a large red patch that usually covers the posterior half of abdomen; anterior half of the abdomen and pectoral region dark brown to black, gular surface with three red or yellow blotches, one on the mental and two on subarticular regions), M. devincenzii (abdominal region with a big spot orange/red; pectoral and gular regions uniformly brown to black), and M. spectabilis (background dark brown with a big uniform orange spot on the abdominal region, with some small orange spots on the pectoral region, and with three yellow/orange spots on the gular surface, one on the mental and two on the subarticular regions, usually connected). Melanophryniscus pachyrhynus is most similar to the recently described M. peritus, which also apparently has a reticulated ventral pattern. The single known specimen of M. peritus is a female of 39.3 mm (Caramaschi & Cruz 2011), which is somewhat larger than known females of M. pachyrhynus, being this at present the only apparent difference between these species. The subgroups of the Melanophryniscus tumifrons group defined by Caramaschi and Cruz (2002) associated M. pachyrhynus (and M. orejasmirandai) with M. spectabilis, and one of the proposed diagnostic characters was related to the ventral pattern. This grouping was not based on a phylogenetic analysis and since the particular orange ventral pattern is to date exclusive of M. pachyrhynus (and quite different from that observed in M. spectabilis), we prefer not to recognize the subgroups for the time being. Besides, we prefer to use the term glandular warts to tubercles (as defined by Lynch & Duellman 1997) based on available histological evidence (Delfino et al. 1998; Naya et al. 2004; Mebs et al. 2005). Osteological remarks. McDiarmid (1971) indicated that the presence of nasal ornamentation would be characteristic of the genus Melanophryniscus. However, we found ornamentations (exostosis) only in species of the M. tumifrons group, including M. pachyrhynus. These ornamentations consist on small irregular ridges that underlie the frontal skin gland. Associated to this ornamentation, nasals are more convex transversally. We consider that nasal ornamentation most probably distinguishes species in the M. tumifrons group from the rest of the genus. We noticed that the posterolateral processes of the hyoid plate described by Baldo and Basso (2004), C��spedez and Motte (2007), and C��spedez (2008) for different species of the Melanophryniscus stelzneri group could be the posterior lobe of the anterolateral processes, and that the posterolateral processes would be lacking as was previously described in other species of the genus (Trewavas 1933; Badenhorst 1945; McDiarmid 1971; 1972; present work). The anterolateral processes have a wide base with two lobes distally, one anterior and another posterior, which may be misidentified as being the posterolateral processes. The wide basis of the alary process of the hyoid (as hypobranchial I) was considered as a possible synapomorphy of the genus by Cannatella (1986) and also Graybeal and Cannatella (1995). Developmental studies would help to discern if the posterolateral processes of the hyoid plate are indeed not present or if they are fused with the anterolateral processes. Geographic distribution. We reported in the present study five new localities for Melanophryniscus pachyrhynus, four of them in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (17.5 km northern from a Arroio Grande; Piratini; Viam��o, Parque Saint-Hilaire; 22 km south from Encruzilhada do Sul), and one in southern Uruguay (Abra de Castellanos, Maldonado), see Appendix I and Figure 6. The examination of the specimens ZUFSM 3210 ��� 2 from Nova Roma (Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) previously assigned to M. pachyrhynus by Vaz-Silva et al. (2008) showed that they are actually M. simplex. Melanophryniscus pachyrhynus occurs in the Uruguayan Savanna ecoregion, which is composed by extensive characteristic grasslands, palm savannas and gallery forests (Dinerstein et al. 1995). The habitat of this species consists of rocky open areas on top of hilly landscapes (Kolenc et al. 2003 a; Vaz-Silva et al. 2008; present study)., Published as part of Baldo, Diego, Borteiro, Claudio, Kolenc, Francisco, Rosset, Sergio, Prigioni, Carlos & Debat, Claudio Mart��nez, 2012, The taxonomic status of Melanophryniscus orejasmirandai Prigioni & Langone, 1987 " 1986 " (Anura: Bufonidae), pp. 45-61 in Zootaxa 3235 on pages 54-56, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.214664, {"references":["Miranda-Ribeiro, A. de (1920) Os Brachycephalideos do Museu Paulista. Revista do Museu Paulista, 12, 307 - 313.","Bokermann, W. C. A. (1966) Lista anotada das localidades tipo de anfibios brasileiros. Servico de Documentacao, Reitoria da Universidade de Sao Paulo, 183 pp.","Caramaschi, U. & Cruz, C. A. G. (2002) Taxonomic status of Atelopus pachyrhynus Miranda-Ribeiro, 1920, redescription of Melanophryniscus tumifrons (Boulenger, 1905), and descriptions of two new species of Melanophryniscus from the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil (Amphibia, Anura, Bufonidae). Arquivos do Museu Nacional, 60, 303 - 314.","Miranda-Ribeiro, A. de (1926) Notas para servirem ao estudo dos Gymnobatrachios brasileiros. Tomo I. Arquivos do Museu Nacional, 27, 1 - 227.","Boulenger, G. A. (1905) Descriptions of new tailless batrachians in the collection of the British Museum. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 7, 180 - 184.","Muller, L. (1934) Uber eine neue Rasse von Atelopus cruciger (Licht. u. Marts.) von Venezuela. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 108, 145 - 155.","Vellard, J. (1947) Un nuevo batracio del norte argentino. Acta Zoologica Lilloana, 4, 115 - 119.","Gallardo, J. M. (1961) La ubicacion sistematica y distribucion geografica de Brachycephalidae argentinos. 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Published as a Joint Venture of Allen Press, Inc. and The Association Systematics Collections Lawrence, Kansas, 732 pp.","Gallardo, J. M. (1987) Anfibios Argentinos. Guia para su identificacion. Libreria Agropecauria, Biblioteca Mosaico, Buenos Aires, 98 pp.","Prigioni, C. M. & Langone, J. A. (1987 \" 1986 \") Melanophryniscus orejasmirandai n. sp. un nuevo Bufonidae (Amphibia, Anura) de Uruguay, con una clave para las especies del grupo tumifrons. Comunicaciones Zoologicas del Museo de Historia Natural de Montevideo, 159, 1 - 11.","Garcia, P. C. A. & Vinciprova, G. (2003) Anfibios. In: Fontana, C. S., Bencke, G. A. & Reis, R. E. (Eds.), Livro vermelho da fauna ameacada de extincao no Rio Grande do Sul. EDIPUCRS, Porto Alegre, pp. 147 - 164.","Lutz, B. (1972) Geographical and ecological notes on cisandine to platine frogs. Journal of Herpetology, 6, 83 - 100.","Cespedez, J. A. & Motte, M. (2001) Distribucion de sapos del genero Melanophryniscus (Gallardo, 1961) en Argentina y Paraguay (Anura: Bufonidae). Boletin de la Asociacion de Herpetologia Espanola, 12, 71 - 76.","Achaval, F. & Olmos, A. (1997) Anfibios y Reptiles del Uruguay. Barreiro y Ramos, Montevideo, 128 pp.","Kolenc, F. (1987) Anuros del genero Melanophryniscus en la Republica Oriental del Uruguay. Aquamar, 5, 16 - 21.","Achaval, F. (1989) Lista de especies de vertebrados del Uruguay. Parte 2. Anfibios, reptiles, aves y mamiferos. Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, 41 pp.","Prigioni, C. M. & Langone, J. A. (1990) Descripcion de la larva de Melanophryniscus orejasmirandai Prigioni & Langone 1986 (Amphibia, Anura, Bufonidae). Comunicaciones Zoologicas del Museo de Historia Natural de Montevideo, 173, 1 - 9.","Echeverria, D. D. (1992) Microscopia electronica de barrido del aparato bucal de las larvas de Melanophryniscus stelzneri (Weyemberg, 1875) (Anura, Bufonidae). Alytes, 10, 137 - 143.","Klappenbach, M. A. & Langone, J. A. (1992) Lista sistematica y sinonimica de los anfibios del Uruguay con comentarios y notas sobre su distribucion. Anales del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Montevideo, 8, 163 - 222.","Prigioni, C. M. & Arrieta, D. (1992) Descripcion de la larva de Melanophryniscus sanmartini Klappenbach, 1968 (Amphibia, Anura, Bufonidae). Boletin de la Sociedad Zoologica del Uruguay, 7, 57 - 58.","Duellman, W. E. (1993) Amphibian Species of the World: additions and corrections. University of Kansas Museum of Natural History, Special Publication, No. 21.","Maneyro, R., Forni, F. & Santos, M. (1995) Anfibios del Departamento de Rocha. PROBIDES, Serie Divulgacion Tecnica, 1, 1 - 24.","Lavilla, E. O. & Vaira, M. (1997) La larva de Melanophryniscus rubriventris rubriventris (Vellard, 1947) (Anura, Bufonidae). Alytes, 15, 19 - 25.","Echeverria, D. D. (1998) Aspectos de la reproduccion in-vitro y del desarrollo larval de Melanophryniscus stelzneri (WEYEN- BERGH, 1875) (Anura, Bufonidae) con comentarios acerca del organo de Bidder. Alytes, 15, 158 - 170.","Evia, G. & Gudynas, E. (2000) Ecologia del Paisaje en Uruguay. Aportes para la Conservacion de la Diversidad Biologica, MVOTMA, AECI, Junta de Andalucia, Sevilla, 173 pp.","Lavilla, E. O. & Cei, J. M. (2001) Amphibians of Argentina. A second update, 1987 - 2000. Monografie Museo Regionali di Scienze Naturali, Torino, 28, 1 - 175.","Maneyro, R. & Langone, J. A. (2001) Categorizacion de los anfibios del Uruguay. Cuadernos de Herpetologia, 15, 107 - 118.","Achaval, F. & Olmos, A. (2003) Anfibios y Reptiles del Uruguay. 2 nd Ed. Graphis, Montevideo, 136 pp.","Cruz, C. A. G. & Caramaschi, U. (2003) Taxonomic status of Melanophryniscus stelzneri dorsalis (MERTENS, 1933) and Melanophryniscus stelzneri fulvoguttatus (MERTENS, 1937) (Amphibia, Anura, Bufonidae). Boletim do Museu Nacional, 500, 1 - 11.","Haas, A. (2003) Phylogeny of frogs as inferred from primarily larval characters (Amphibia: Anura). Cladistics, 19, 23 - 89.","Kolenc, F., Borteiro, C., Tedros, M., Nieto, M., Gutierrez, F. & Prigioni, C. (2003 a) Primer hallazgo de Melanophryniscus orejasmirandai Prigioni & Langone, 1986 (Anura: Bufonidae) fuera de su localidad tipica y algunos comentarios sobre su biologia. Boletin de la Sociedad Zoologica del Uruguay (2 a epoca), 14, 29 - 31.","Kolenc, F., Borteiro, C. & Tedros, M. (2003 b) La larva de Hyla uruguaya Schmidt, 1944 (Anura: Hylidae), con comentarios sobre su biologia en Uruguay y su status taxonomico. Cuadernos de Herpetologia, 17, 87 - 100.","Langone, J. A. (2003) Diversidad de la Biota Uruguaya. Amphibia. Anales del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural y Antropologia, 10, 1 - 12.","Larson, P. M., de Sa, R. O. & Arrieta, D. (2003) Chondrocranial, hyobranchial and internal oral morphology in larvae of the basal bufonid genus Melanophryniscus (Amphibia: Anura). Acta Zoologica, 84, 145 - 154.","Baldo, D. & Basso, N. G. (2004) A new species of Melanophryniscus Gallardo, 1961 (Anura: Bufonidae), with comments on the species of the genus reported for Misiones, Northeastern Argentina. Journal of Herpetology, 38, 393 - 403.","Manzano, A. S., Baldo, D. & Barg, M. (2004) Anfibios del Litoral Argentino. Temas de la Biodiversidad del Litoral fluvial argentino. INSUGEO, Miscelanea, 12, 5 - 12.","Naya, D., Langone, J. A. & de Sa, R. O. (2004) Caracteristicas histologicas de la tumefaccion frontal de Melanophryniscus (Amphibia: Anura: Bufonidae). Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, 77, 593 - 598.","Nunez, D., Maneyro, R., Langone, J. A. & de Sa, R. O. (2004) Distribucion geografica de la fauna de anfibios del Uruguay. Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service, 134, 1 - 34.","Di-Bernardo, M., Maneyro, R. & Grillo, H. (2006) New species of Melanophryniscus (Anura: Bufonidae) from Rio Grande do Sul, Southern Brazil. Journal of Herpetology, 40, 261 - 266.","Achaval, F. & Olmos, A. (2007) Anfibios y Reptiles del Uruguay. 3 rd Ed. Biophoto, Montevideo, 160 pp.","Kolenc, F., Borteiro, C., Tedros, M. & Prigioni, C. (2007) The tadpole of Scinax aromothyella (Anura: Hylidae) from Uruguay. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 42, 175 - 180.","Vera Candioti, M. F. (2007) Anatomy of anuran tadpoles from lentic water bodies: Systematic relevance and correlation with feeding habits. Zootaxa, 1600, 1 - 175.","Maneyro, R. & Kwet, A. (2008) Amphibians in the border region between Uruguay and Brazil: Updated species list with comments on taxonomy and natural history (Part I: Bufonidae). Stuttgarter Beitrage zur Naturkunde A (Neue Serie), 1, 95 - 121.","Langone, J. A., Segalla, M. V., Bornschein, M. & de Sa, R. O. (2008) A new reproductive mode in the genus Melanophryniscus Gallardo, 1961 (Anura: Bufonidae) with description of a new species from the state of Parana, Brazil. South American Journal of Herpetology, 3, 1 - 9.","Stuart, S. N., Hoffmann, M., Chanson, J. S., Cox, N. A., Berridge, R. J., Ramani, P. & Young, B. E. (2008) Threatened Amphibians of the World. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona; IUCN, Gland; and Conservation International, Arlington, Virginia, 758 pp.","Vaz-Silva, W., Balestrin, R. L. & Di-Bernardo, M. (2008) Rediscovery of Melanophryniscus pachyrhynus (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1920) (Amphibia: Anura: Bufonidae) in southern Brazil, with addenda to species redescription. South American Journal of Herpetology, 3, 36 - 42.","Ziegler, L. & Maneyro, R. (2008) Clave para la identificacion de los Anfibios de Uruguay (Chordata: Amphibia). Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, 72 pp.","Baldo, D., Maneyro, R. & Laufer, G. (2010) The tadpole of Melanophryniscus atroluteus (Miranda Ribeiro, 1902) (Anura: Bufonidae) from Argentina and Uruguay. Zootaxa, 2615, 66 - 68.","Bernardo-Silva, J. S., Rocha Dos Santos, R. & Both, C. (2010) The tadpole of Melanophryniscus cambaraensis Braun & Braun, 1979 (Anura: Bufonidae). Zootaxa, 2569, 67 - 68.","Canavero, A., Carreira, S., Langone, J. A., Achaval, F., Borteiro, C., Camargo, A., da Rosa, I., Estrades, A., Fallabrino, A., Kolenc, F., Lopez-Mendilaharsu, M. M., Maneyro, R., Meneghel, M., Nunez, D., Prigioni, C. M. & Ziegler, L. (2010) Conservation status assessment of the amphibians and reptiles of Uruguay. Iheringia (Serie Zoologia), 100, 5 - 12.","Almeida-Santos, P., Nascimento D. S. D., Abrunhosa, P. A. & Sluys, M. B. (2010) Melanophryniscus moreirae (Maldonado Redbellied Toad). Defensive behavior. Herpetological Review, 41, 200 - 201.","Bidau, C. J., Marti, D. A. & Baldo, D. (2011) Inter- and intraspecific geographic variation of body size in south american redbelly toads of the genus Melanophryniscus Gallardo, 1961 (Anura: Bufonidae). Journal of Herpetology, 45, 66 - 74.","Caramaschi, U. & Cruz, C. A. G. (2011) A new possibly threatened species of Melanophryniscus Gallardo, 1961 from the state of Minas Gerais, southeastern Bazil, (Amphibia, Anura, Bufonidae). Boletim do Museu Nacional, 528, 1 - 9.","Dos Santos, T. G., Maneyro, R., Cechin, S. Z. & Haddad, C, F. B. (2011) Breeding habitat and natural history notes of the toad Melanophryniscus pachyrhynus (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1920) (Anura: Bufonidae) in Southern Brazil. Herpetological Bulletin, 116, 15 - 18.","Haad, M. B., Vera Candioti, M. F. & Baldo, D. (2011) Shape variation in lentic and lotic tadpoles of Melanophryniscus (Anura: Bufonidae). Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment. 46, 91 - 99.","Langone, J. A. (2011) Threats to Uruguayan Amphibians. In: Heatwole, H., Barrio-Amoros, C. L. & Wilkinson, J. W. (Eds.), Amphibian Biology. Volume 9. Status of decline of Amphibians: Western Hemisphere. Part 2. Uruguay, Brazil, Ecuador and Colombia. Surrey Beatty & Sons, Sydney, pp. 79 - 84.","Borteiro, C., Kolenc, F., Tedros, M. & Gutierrez, F. (2005) Geographic distribution: Melanophryniscus pachyrhynus. Herpetological Review, 36, 199 - 200.","Colombo, P., Zank, C, Schmidt, L. E. C., Goncalves, G. & Marinho, J. R. (2007) Amphibia, Anura, Bufonidae, Melanophryniscus simplex: Distribution extension. Check List, 3, 305 - 307.","Lema, T. D. & Martins, L. A. (2011) Anfibios do Rio Grande do Sul. Catalogo, Diagnoses, Distribuicao, Iconografia. EDIPU- CRS, Porto Alegre, 196 pp.","Toledo, L. F., Sazima, I. & Haddad, C. F. B. (2011) Behavioural defences of anurans: An overview. Ethology Ecology & Evolution, 23, 1 - 25.","Lynch, J. D. & Duellman, W. E. (1997) Frogs of the genus Eleutherodactylus in western Ecuador. Systematics, ecology and biogeography. Special Publications, Natural History Museum, University of Kansas, 23, 1 - 236.","Delfino, G., Brizzi, R., Kracke-Berndorff, R. & Alvarez, B. (1998) Serous gland dimorphism in the skin of Melanophryniscus stelzneri (Anura: Bufonidae). Journal of Morphology, 237, 19 - 32.","Cespedez, J. A. & Motte, M. (2007) Una nueva especie de Melanophryniscus Gallardo, 1961 de Paraguay (Amphibia: Anura: Bufonidae). Facena, 23, 31 - 42.","Cespedez, J. A. (2008) Una nueva especie de Melanophryniscus Gallardo, 1961 de Argentina (Amphibia: Anura: Bufonidae). Facena, 24, 35 - 48.","Trewavas, E. (1933) The hyoid and larynx of the anura. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London, B, 222, 401 - 527.","Badenhorst, C. E. (1945) Die skedelmorfologie van die neotropiese anure Atelopus moreirae de Miranda-Ribeiro. Annals of The University of Stellenbosch, 23, Section A, 1 - 19.","McDiarmid, R. W. (1972) La posicion sistematica de la rana Atelopus rubriventris Vellard. Physis, 31,15 - 21.","Cannatella, D. C. (1986) A new genus of bufonid (Anura) from South America and phylogenetic relationships of the Neotropical genera. Herpetologica, 42, 197 - 205.","Graybeal, A. & Cannatella, D. C. (1995) A new taxon of Bufonidae from Peru, with descriptions of two new species and a review of phylogenetic status of supraspecific bufonid taxa. Herpetologica, 51, 105 - 131.","Dinerstein, E., Olson, D. M., Graham, D. J., Webster, A. L., Primm, S. A., Bookbinder, M. P. & Ledec, G. (1995) A Conservation Assessment of the Terrestrial Ecoregions of Latin America and the Caribbean. The World Bank and World Wildlife Fundation, Washington, 129 pp."]}

Baldo, Diego, Borteiro, Claudio, Kolenc, Francisco, Rosset, Sergio, Prigioni, Carlos, Debat, Claudio Martínez (2012): The taxonomic status of Melanophryniscus orejasmirandai Prigioni & Langone, 1987 " 1986 " (Anura: Bufonidae). Zootaxa 3235: 45-61, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.214664

We compare the advertisement calls of Scinax aromothyella and S. berthae, two closely related Neotropical hylid frogs of the S. catharinae group. We studied several individuals from different localities in Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay. The call parameters analyzed did not allow the discrimination between the two species. Like in other species of the S. catharinae group, the advertisement calls are complex, consisting of short notes with overlapping pulses; an additional trilled note is frequently present, interspersed between the short ones. This complex call structure is common in the S. catharinae group, and was exceptionally reported in other taxa of the S. perpusillus group and the S. ruber clade. The advertisement call in this group is a candidate target for future studies addressing social and environmental factors affecting call structure. Fil: Pereyra, Martín Oscar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”; Argentina Fil: Borteiro, Claudio. Museo Nacional de Historia Natural; Uruguay Fil: Baldo, Juan Diego. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Químicas y Naturales; Argentina Fil: Kolenc, Francisco. Museo Nacional de Historia Natural; Uruguay Fil: Conte, Carlos Eduardo. Universidade Federal do Paraná; Brasil

The oral apparatus of anuran tadpoles is a unique structure composed of soft and keratinized parts surrounding the mouth. Among the many variations, a common oral apparatus involves a dorsal gap in the marginal papillae, keratinized jaw sheaths, and two upper and three lower rows of labial teeth. In Leiuperidae, besides this generalized morphology, four configurations are distinguished by the arrangement of the lower marginal papillae and the number of lower tooth rows. Study of the early oral ontogeny in 12 species representing these five configurations shows variations in the development of the lower marginal papillae and the third lower labial tooth row. Similar configurations may result from similar pathways (e.g. Physalaemus cuvieri group and Pseudopaludicola falcipes) or different pathways (e.g. generalized oral discs of Pleurodema and Physalaemus). Different oral configurations may result from overlapping trajectories ending at different stages (e.g. Physalaemus riograndensis and Ph.biligonigerus) or different trajectories (e.g. Ph.henselii and Ph.gracilis). Further studies are needed to interpret the role that heterochrony has played in evolutionary change within this family. The unsuspected variation occurring in this transient structure highlights its evolutionary potential and might be insightful in studies of anuran phylogenies that are largely based on adult characters. Fil: Vera Candioti, María Florencia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico - Tucumán. Unidad Ejecutora Lillo; Argentina. Fundación Miguel Lillo. Dirección de Zoología. Instituto de Herpetología; Argentina Fil: Haad, María Belén. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico - Tucumán. Unidad Ejecutora Lillo; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico - Tucumán. Unidad Ejecutora Lillo; Argentina Fil: Baldo, Juan Diego. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Fundación Miguel Lillo. Dirección de Zoología. Instituto de Herpetología; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales. Departamento de Genética. Laboratorio de Genética Evolutiva y Molecular; Argentina Fil: Kolenc, Francisco. Museo de Historia Natural. Sección Herpetología; Uruguay Fil: Borteiro, Claudio. Museo de Historia Natural. Sección Herpetología; Uruguay Fil: Altig, Ronald. Mississippi State University. Department of Biological Sciences; Estados Unidos

Pleurodema bibroni Tschudi (Fig. 2 A, 2 B) At stages 33���36 mean total length is 35.4 �� 3.1 mm, the body is globose, slightly depressed (mean BMH / BMW = 0.94 �� 0.05). The body length is about 40 % of total length (mean BL/TL = 0.42 �� 0.05), body shape is oval in dorsal view with a constriction behind the cephalic region, and the maximum width is placed at the posterior portion of the head or sometimes at the abdominal region. The ventral contour is slightly convex in lateral view; the dorsal contour slopes from the anterior edge of the oral disc to the posterior border of the eyes, and straight from the eyes to the origin of the dorsal fin. The snout is rounded in dorsal view and truncated in lateral view. The nostrils are rounded and placed in a depression; they are dorsolaterally positioned (mean EN/BWN = 0.38 �� 0.04), slightly closer to the eyes than to the tip of snout (mean FN/ END = 1.12 �� 0.15) and more visible dorsally than laterally. Their openings are directed dorsally and slightly to the front and present a slightly elevated marginal fleshy rim. The eyes are small (mean E/BWE = 0.18 �� 0.02), dorsally located (mean IOD/BWE = 0.61 �� 0.04), dorsolaterally oriented, and not visible in ventral view. The pineal end organ is visible as a less pigmented spot between the anterior edges of the eyes. The spiracle is single, lateral, sinistral, short, posterodorsally directed, and placed in the second third of the body (mean RSD/BL = 0.58 �� 0.06). The spiracle inner wall is fused to body wall except for the very distal end which folds to delimit the spiracle opening. Spiracle opening is oval, placed below body midline, being its diameter smaller than the tube diameter; it is visible laterally and sometimes also ventrally. The intestinal ansa was observed displaced to the left behind the spiracle opening in most specimens, or approximately at the center of the abdominal ventral surface in the others. The vent tube is medial; it starts at midline but opens to the left in 70 % of the examined specimens or to the right in the others, due to a variable folding of the ventral fin at its origin. A medium sized saccular structure underlies the limb buds and encloses the vent tube. The tail is medium-sized (mean TAL/TL = 0.58 �� 0.05), and both fins are as high as the body height (mean MTH/ BMH = 0.99 �� 0.10). The dorsal fin originates on the body-tail junction and its free margin is regularly curved, convex, with the maximum height at the middle length of the tail. It is slightly higher than the ventral fin (mean DFH/VFH = 1.1 �� 0.1). Ventral fin originates from the saccular structure and presents a smoothly convex free margin. The tail axis is straight, and the tail smoothly stretches towards the tip in it last half, ending bluntly rounded. The tail musculature does not reach the end of the tail, and myomeres are more visible in the proximal half. Neuromasts are very small and hardly visible, even with the help of magnification and after staining the tegument with methylene blue. The oral disc (Fig. 3 A) is anteroventral, medium sized (mean OD/BMW = 0.43 �� 0.01), laterally emarginated, and has a large dorsal gap (DG/OD = 0.63 �� 0.04). Marginal papillae are arranged in a single alternated or double row, except in the ventral region in which the row is single for approximately the length of P 3. Papillae are simple, small and longer than wide, sub-conical. Sub-marginal papillae are usually absent, but one specimen presents one papilla in the supra-angular region. Jaw sheaths very robust, finely serrated, heavily pigmented distally for about 2 / 3 to 1 / 2 their length. The free margin of the upper jaw sheath is widely arch shaped, whereas that of the lower jaw sheath is V-shaped. Labial tooth row formula (LTRF) is 2 (2)/ 3 (1). The gap in A 2 is wide, almost one third the length of the row, and the anterior edge of the upper jaw sheath is placed within it. The gap in P 1 is narrow. The length of P 3 is about half the length of the other rows. In two specimens there is a small non medial gap in P 2; another specimen presents P 2 with a branch fused to P 3. The tadpole of P. bibroni belongs to the benthic ecomorphological guild (section II: A: 1) of McDiarmid and Altig (1999) as revised from Altig and Johnston (1989). In tadpoles of P. bibroni the developing lumbar gland can be observed up from stage 41 as a small dark spot (Fig. 5 C). Measurements (in mm): Mean and Standard Deviation (range given in parentheses): TL = 35.4 �� 3.1 (30.0��� 40.2); BL = 14.8 �� 1.8 (12.6���19.3); TAL = 20.5 �� 3.0 (14.5���24.4); MTH = 8.6 �� 0.6 (7.6���9.4); TMH = 3.1 �� 0.3 (2.7���3.6); TMW = 2.9 �� 0.5 (2.3���3.8); IND = 1.3 �� 0.1 (1.3���1.5); IOD = 4.9 �� 0.3 (4.2���5.8); BMW = 9.3 �� 0.7 (7.9���10.5); BWN = 5.6 �� 0.7 (4.4���6.7); BWE = 8.0 �� 0.7 (6.8���9.2); BMH = 8.7 �� 0.7 (7.6���9.8); RSD = 8.6 �� 0.6 (7.9 ���10.0); FN = 1.7 �� 0.3 (1.3���2.1); END = 1.5 �� 0.1 (1.3���1.7); N = 0.3 �� 0.1 (0.2���0.5); E = 1.4 �� 0.1 (1.3���1.6); EN= 2.1 �� 0.1 (1.9���2.2); IO = 2.7 �� 0.2 (2.3 ���3.0); OD = 4.0 �� 0.2 (3.5���4.3); DG = 2.5 �� 0.2 (2.3���2.8); DFH = 2.1 �� 0.1 (1.9���2.3); VFH = 2.0 �� 0.2 (1.6���2.2). Coloration in life: The body, cephalic region and snout are brownish in dorsal view, with a more intensely pigmented area around the nostrils and a less pigmented one around the eyes. Green and yellowish shines are noticeable with magnification. The pineal end organ is visible between the anterior edges of the orbits as a less pigmented spot. The cephalic region, body and upper half of the abdomen are brownish in lateral view, also with green and yellowish shines. The ventral region is silver with copper shines, the gut is not visible. The gular and branchial regions are transparent, allowing the visualization of the branchial apparatus, heart and head musculature. The dorsal surface of the caudal musculature is brownish along its first third but fades distally; the rest of the tail is light brown with scarce small blotches of melanophores; the caudal musculature in ventral view is pale. Fins are almost transparent, with a fine dark reticulation. Abdominal saccular structure transparent. Coloration in preservative: Body dark brown in dorsal view, with some less pigmented regions around the eyes. Perinasal regions heavily pigmented. Pineal end organ visible. In lateral view, body dark brown, with the abdomen almost black. Gular and branchial regions and saccular structure transparent. Caudal musculature dark brown, less pigmented at midline for the proximal third. Fins irregularly pigmented, except close to the insertion in the caudal musculature. Caudal blood vessels dark., Published as part of Kolenc, Francisco, Borteiro, Claudio, Baldo, Diego & Ferraro, Daiana P., 2009, The tadpoles and advertisement calls of Pleurodema bibroni Tschudi and Pleurodema kriegi (M��ller), with notes on their geographic distribution and conservation status (Amphibia, Anura, Leiuperidae), pp. 1-35 in Zootaxa 1969 on pages 5-8, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.185006, {"references":["Altig, R. & Johnston, G. F. (1989) Guilds of anuran larvae: Relationships among developmental modes, morphologies, and habitats. Herpetological Monographs, 3, 81 - 109."]}

Kolenc, Francisco, Borteiro, Claudio, Baldo, Diego, Ferraro, Daiana P. (2009): The tadpoles and advertisement calls of Pleurodema bibroni Tschudi and Pleurodema kriegi (Müller), with notes on their geographic distribution and conservation status (Amphibia, Anura, Leiuperidae). Zootaxa 1969: 1-35, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.185006

Pleurodema kriegi (M��ller) (Fig. 2 C, 2 D) At stage 36 mean total length is 36.4 �� 1.3 mm, body is globose, depressed (mean BMH /BMW = 0.85 �� 0.04). The body length is about 40 % of total length (mean BL/TL = 0.42 �� 0.01), body shape is oval in dorsal view with a constriction behind the cephalic region and the maximum width is placed at the posterior portion of the head, behind the eyes. Ventral contour is slightly convex in lateral view and dorsal contour is rounded, uniformly convex from the anterior edge of the oral disc to the eyes, and then slightly convex to the beginning of the dorsal fin. The snout is truncated, trapezoidal in dorsal view, and rounded in lateral view. The nostrils are rounded and placed in a depression; they are dorsolaterally located (mean EN/BWN = 0.33 �� 0.02), slightly closer to the eyes than to the tip of the snout (mean FN/ END = 1.03 �� 0.07), more visible dorsally than laterally. Their openings are directed dorsally and slightly to the front and present a slightly elevated marginal fleshy rim. The eyes are small (E/BWE = 0.17 �� 0.01) and dorsally located (mean IOD/BWE = 0.56 �� 0.03), dorsolaterally oriented, and not visible in ventral view. The pineal end organ is visible as a less pigmented spot between the anterior edges of the eyes. The spiracle is single, lateral, sinistral, short, posterodorsally directed, and placed in the second third of the body (mean RSD/BL = 0.61 �� 0.05). The spiracle inner wall is fused to the body wall except for the very distal end, which folds to delimit the spiracle opening. Spiracle opening is oval, placed below body midline, being its diameter smaller than the tube diameter; it is visible laterally and ventrally. The intestinal ansa was observed approximately at the center of the abdominal ventral surface or displaced to the left behind the spiracle opening. The vent tube is medial; it starts at midline but opens to the right in 60 % of the examined specimens or to the left in the others, due to a variable folding of the ventral fin at its origin. A medium-sized saccular structure underlies the limb buds and encloses the vent tube. The tail is medium-sized (mean TAL/TL = 0.58 �� 0.01), and both fins are slightly shallower than body height (mean MTH/ BMH = 0.94 �� 0.06). The dorsal fin originates on the body-tail junction and its free margin is regularly curved, convex, with the maximum height at the middle length of the tail. It is as high as the ventral fin (mean DFH/VFH = 1.0 �� 0.05), which originates from the saccular structure, and presents a smoothly convex free margin. The tail axis is straight, and the tail smoothly stretches towards the tip in it last half, ending bluntly rounded. The tail musculature does not reach the tail end, and myomeres are more visible in the proximal half. Neuromasts are very small and hardly visible, even with the help of magnification and after staining the tegument with methylene blue. The oral disc (Fig. 3 B) is anteroventral, medium-sized (mean OD/BMW = 0.41 �� 0.02), laterally emarginated, and has a large dorsal gap (mean DG/OD = 0.56 �� 0.04). Marginal papillae are arranged in a single alternated or double row, except in the ventral region in which the row is single for approximately the length of P 3. Papillae are simple, small and longer than wide, sub-conical. Sub-marginal papillae are absent. Jaw sheaths very robust, finely serrated, heavily pigmented distally for about 2 / 3 to 1 / 2 their length. The free margin of the upper jaw sheath is widely arch shaped, whereas that of the lower jaw sheath is V-shaped. Labial tooth row formula is 2 (2)/ 3 (1). The gap in A 2 is wide, almost one third the length of the row, and the anterior edge of the upper jaw sheath is placed within it. The gap in P 1 is narrow. The length of P 3 is about half the length of the other rows. The tadpole of P. k r i e g i belongs to the benthic ecomorphological guild (section II: A: 1) of McDiarmid and Altig (1999) as revised from Altig and Johnston (1989). Variation: Four additional specimens from the same lot, stages 30���31, showed no remarkable variation. The vent tube opened to the left or to the right in equal numbers. One specimen at stage 30 showed a very small ventral gap in the marginal row of papillae. Tadpoles from lot MLP A. 4729 (stages 32���38) differed from those of MLP DB 5059 by having a more rounded snout in dorsal view and by lacking an evident pinealend organ. The vent tube opens to the right in seven specimens, while it opens to the left and medially in one specimen each. LTRF 2 (2)/ 3 (1) in eight specimens (four of them show non-medial small gaps in P 2 and P 3) and 2 (2)/ 3 in one specimen at stage 34. Measurements (in mm): Mean and Standard Deviation (range given in parentheses): TL = 36.4 �� 1.3 (35.4���38.2); BL = 15.1 �� 0.5 (14.6���15.8); TAL = 21.3 �� 1.1 (20.0��� 22.4); MTH = 8.0 �� 0.4 (7.6���8.5); TMH = 3.2 �� 0.1 (3.0��� 3.3); TMW = 2.8 �� 0.1 (2.6���2.9); IND = 1.2 �� 0.1 (1.2���1.3); IOD = 4.9 �� 0.1 (4.7 ���5.0); BMW = 10.0 �� 0.3 (9.6���10.5); BWN = 6.2 �� 0.2 (5.9���6.4); BWE = 8.7 �� 0.3 (8.2���9.1); BMH = 8.5 �� 0.5 (7.9���9.2); RSD = 9.2 �� 0.5 (8.6���9.7); FN = 1.8 �� 0.2 (1.5 ���2.0); END = 1.7 �� 0.2 (1.5 ���2.0); N = 0.3 �� 0.1 (0.2���0.3); E = 1.5 �� 0.1 (1.4���1.5); EN = 2.0 �� 0.1 (1.9���2.2); IO = 2.6 �� 0.1 (2.6���2.7); OD = 4.1 �� 0.1 (4.0��� 4.3); DG = 2.3 �� 0.1 (2.2���2.5); DFH = 1.7 �� 0.2 (1.4���1.9); VFH = 1.7 �� 0.2 (1.5���1.9). Coloration in preservative: Body dark brown in dorsal view, with some less pigmented regions around the eyes. Perinasal regions heavily pigmented. In lateral view, body dark brown and abdomen almost black. Branchial region almost transparent. Gular region and saccular structure transparent. Caudal musculature is dark brown and fins are finely reticulated, except for the region of ventral fin insertion at caudal musculature. Caudal blood vessels dark., Published as part of Kolenc, Francisco, Borteiro, Claudio, Baldo, Diego & Ferraro, Daiana P., 2009, The tadpoles and advertisement calls of Pleurodema bibroni Tschudi and Pleurodema kriegi (M��ller), with notes on their geographic distribution and conservation status (Amphibia, Anura, Leiuperidae), pp. 1-35 in Zootaxa 1969 on pages 8-9, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.185006, {"references":["Altig, R. & Johnston, G. F. (1989) Guilds of anuran larvae: Relationships among developmental modes, morphologies, and habitats. Herpetological Monographs, 3, 81 - 109."]}

Hypsiboas pulchellus (Duméril & Bibron) Figs. 2C, 2D and 3E External morphology.— Lot ZVCB 16147, Fig. 6A and 6B. Body slightly depressed (BMH/BMW = 0.93 ± 0.07); body length little less than one third of total length (BL/TL = 0.31 ± 0.02); body oval in dorsal view, widest at middle third of body. In lateral view, ventral contour of body flat in gular and branchial regions, slightly convex in abdominal region. Dorsal contour of body smoothly convex. Snout semicircular in dorsal view, rounded in lateral view. Nostrils oval, with thin marginal rim, with a subtriangular or rounded elevated fleshy projection in medial margin; nostrils dorsolaterally located (EN/BWN = 0.59 ± 0.04), placed in a depression, closer to eyes than to the tip of snout (FN/END = 1.11 ± 0.13), more visible in dorsal than in lateral view. Eyes large (E/BWE = 0.27 ± 0.01), laterally positioned (EO/BWE = 0.87 ± 0.01), laterally directed, corneas visible in ventral view. Spiracle single, lateral and sinistral; its inner wall fused to body except for its distal end; its opening oval, elevated, with a diameter smaller than tube diameter, located in posterior third of body (RSD/BL = 0.73 ± 0.02), posterodorsally directed, visible in lateral and dorsal views. Lateral line system visible. Intestinal assa located at centre of abdominal region. Vent tube starts at midline, reaching free margin of lower fin, opening dextral. Tail large (TaL/TL = 0.69 ± 0.02), with both fins higher than body height (MTH/ BMH = 1.25 ± 0.06). Dorsal fin originates on end of body. Ventral fin origin concealed by vent tube. Tail axis straight, dorsal fin edge slightly convex and ventral fin edge almost straight, tail tapering markedly in last third, end acute; tail musculature reaching tail tip. Oral disc (Figs. 8E and 9C) anteroventral, small (OD/BMW = 0.43 ± 0.04, disc measured folded), with a well marked infraangular constriction on each side. Marginal papillae simple, longer than wide, with rounded tip. Dorsal gap present, small (DG/OD = 0.29 ± 0.06). Row of marginal papillae single except for angular regions on which it is double; some wider and shorter lateral submarginal papillae present. Upper jaw sheath widely arch shaped with a convex central portion. Lower jaw sheath with V-shaped free margin. Jaw sheaths well developed, serrated and pigmented on their distal third. Labial tooth row formula 2(2)/3(1). A1 bent with an angle directed to the front. Length of P3 about half the length of P2. Tooth of all rows spatulated and concave bearing 8–10 well-marked distal cusps (Fig. 10D). Coloration in preservative.— Body yellowish-brown in dorsal view, dark brown on head and next to inner margins of nostrils, with small dark spots on head and body. Dark brown laterally. Venter translucent. Caudal musculature yellowish tan, with irregular darker regions that in some specimens made an alternating dark and light transversal pattern in dorsal view. Fins opalescent, with dark blotches. Variation.— MLP DB 7144: LTRF 2 (2) /3(1), except for one example 2(2)/3 and another one 2(1,2)/3(1). Three specimens with labial teeth placed on lateral submarginal papillae, on a infraangular lateral flap, or on the anterior labium on both sides of the dorsal gap. MLP DB 5051: Body ovoid in dorsal view, widest on last third of body. Two specimens (stages 30 and 31) with scarcely evident supraangular constrictions on both sides of oral disc. LTRF 2 (2) /3(1). MLP DB 4257: In two specimens (stage 31) LTRF 2 (1,2) /3(1), being 2(2)/ 4(1) in another one (stage 33), which has a short and fragmented P4. Row of marginal papillae double on posterior margin of oral disc in some specimens. P2 has a medial angulation (but is not divided) in six specimens. MLP DB 5306: Row of marginal papillae single, sparse submarginal papillae laterally. LTRF 2 (2) /3(2). P3 about 1/3 the length of P2. Oral cavity morphology.— (Figs. 12A and 14A). Buccal roof: Prenarial arena with a compact group of 3 short and blunt transversely oriented pustules, not fused forming a crest. Choanae transversely oriented, with anteromedial and rounded vacuities, posterior margins forming the narial valves, and both margins undulated by the presence of small prenarial pustules, in particular the anterior one. There are about 16 pustules, and 6 short papillae on the postnarial arena. The postnarial papillae are transversely oriented between the two lateral ridge papillae. The most lateral papilla of each side is bifid. Each square-shaped lateral ridge papilla possesses 4–5 digitiform projections on the free margin, none of them predominant in size. The low, rounded and wide median ridge presents 9–11 undulations on its free margin. There are approximately 140 pustules and only 10–12 short and conical papillae on the BRA. Most of them are uniformly distributed on the central region of the arena, posterior to the median ridge and anterior to the secretory pits. However, 10 pustules and 2–3 papillae are placed in each lateral area of the arena, separated from the main group by an area without papillation. Some of the lateral papillae are bifid. The longest papillae of the arena form a V-shaped pattern on the posterior margin of the central region. Posterior area of the roof with secretory pits and dorsal velum bearing lobated margin. Buccal floor: Infralabial papillae on infrarostral cartilages absent. There are two long and digitiform infralabial papillae placed at the level of cartilago meckeli (not figured). The lingual anlage bears 2 long and conical lingual papillae and some pustules. Buccal pockets mostly transversal to the axial axis. Prepocket area scattered with 20 pustules and 16 short and conical papillae. There are 18 long and conical papillae, 4 short and conical papillae and about 100 pustules on the BFA. There is a flap (that resembles the lateral ridges of the roof) bearing 3 projections on its free end and placed posterior to the medial ridge of the pocket. The papillae are arranged in two V-shaped patterns, one anterior and other posterior. The ventral velum has a well-marked median notch, three weakly-marked projections at each side on the posterior margin and many secretory pits., Published as part of Kolenc, Francisco, Borteiro, Claudio, Alcalde, Leandro, Baldo, Diego, Cardozo, Dario & Faivovich, Julián, 2008, Advertisement call and female sexual cycle in Uruguayan populations of Physalaemus henselii (Anura, Leiuperidae), pp. 1-66 in Zootaxa 1927 (2) on pages 14-16