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Yoghurt, a functional food, has been gained much attention on its production and consumption in the world. It is a fermented dairy product that contains lots of nutritional components. Some manufacturers have used some additives to extend the shelf life of yoghurt. Propolis could be alternative food additive instead of synthetic ones. Propolis is a resinous mixture collected by honeybees for hive protection. In this study functional yoghurt fortified with microencapsulated propolis was prepared. Ethanol extract of propolis was encapsulated by using sodium alginate, pectin and gelatin separately. The effect of microencapsulated propolis on physicochemical characteristics and microbial quality of yoghurts was tested. Especially the effect of propolis on unwanted microorganisms during storage was studied. Our results clearly showed that fortified yoghurt samples were better in terms of microbial quality during storage. It could be concluded that propolis could be a natural preservative for extending the shelf life of yoghurt.

Paenibacillus larvae (P. larvae) is a pathogenic bacterium causing American Foulbrood Disease (AFB) in honeybee larvae. It is necessary to develop alternative strategies for the control of this disease due to the serious honeybee colonies loses and the use of antibiotics. Recent studies are aimed at the investigating natural fighting agents against P. larvae. In our study, it was aimed to demonstrate potential antibacterial efficacy of ethanol extract of Anatolian Propolis (EAP) against P. larvae strains PB35 and SV35 which were isolated in Turkey. The total phenolic content (TPC) and flavonoid content (TFC) of EEAP were determined as 181.73±5.20 mg Gallic Acid Equivalents (GAE)/g, and 42.33±1.40 mg Quercetin Equivalents (QE)/g, respectively. It was found that EAP contains different amounts of ferulic, caffeic, coumaric acids, rutin, and caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE). The antibacterial activity of the EAP was determined by using agar-well diffusion, microdilution, and Bioscreen C techniques. The Minimal Inhibition Concentration (MIC) values of the EAP were determined as 74.87 μg/ml against strain PB35 and SV35 using both microdilution and Bioscreen C teqnique. In both techniques, Minimal Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) values of the EAP were evaluated as 149 and 598.4 μg/ml against strain PB35 and SV35, respectively. The fact that EAP shows low concentrations of bacteriostatic (MIC) and bactericide (MBC) activity values against P. larvae strains, spore-forming bacilli, which are agents of AFB disease, suggests that it may be a potential source in AFB disease control., Paenibacillus larvae (P. larvae), bal arısı larvalarında Amerikan Yavru Çürüklüğü hastalığına (AYÇ) neden olan patojenik bir bakteridir. P. Larvae tedavisinde kullanılan antibiyotikler bal arısı kolonilerinin ciddi kaybına neden olmakta ve bu nedenle antibiyotik kullanımına bağlı olarak bu hastalığın kontrolü için alternatif stratejiler geliştirmek gerekmektedir. Son çalışmalar, P. larvae’ya karşı doğal mücadele ajanlarını araştırmaya yöneliktir. Çalışmamızda Anadolu propolisi etanolik ekstresinin (EAP) Türkiye'de izole edilen P. larvae suşları PB35 ve SV35'e karşı potansiyel antimikrobiyal etkinliğinin ortaya konması amaçlanmıştır. EAP, toplam fenolik madde (TPC), flavonoid madde miktarları (TFC) ve bazı fenolik bileşikler açısından karakterize edilmiştir. Analizlere göre, EAP'nin total fenolik madde miktarı ve flavonoid madde miktarları sırasıyla 181,73±5,20 mg Gallik Asit Eşdeğeri (GAE)/g TFC olarak 42,33±1,40 mg Kuersetin Eşdeğeri (QE)/g ve farklı miktarlarda ferulik, kafeik, kumarik asitler, rutin ve kafeik asit fenetil ester (CAPE) içerdiği bulundu. EAP'nin antimikrobiyal aktivitesi, agar kuyu difüzyon, mikrodilüsyon ve Bioscreen C teknikleri kullanılarak belirlendi. EAP'nin Minimal İnhibisyon Konsantrasyon (MIC) değerleri, hem mikrodilüsyon hem de Bioscreen C tekniği kullanılarak PB35 ve SV35 suşuna karşı 74,87 μg/ml olarak belirlendi. Her iki teknikte de PB35 ve SV35 suşlarına karşı EAP'nin minimal bakterisidal konsantrasyon (MBC) değerleri sırasıyla 149 ve 598,4 μg/ml olarak belirlendi.

This study reports a novel BglA9 gene of 1345 bp encoding beta-glucosidase from Anoxybacillus ayderensis A9, which was amplified and expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3): pLysS cells, purified with Ni-NTA column having molecular weight of 52.6 kDa and was used in the bioconversion of polydatin to resveratrol. The kinetic parameters values using pNPG as substrate were Km (0.28 mM), Vmax (43.8 mu mol/min/mg), kcat (38.43 s-1) and kcat/Km (135.5 s-1 mM-1). The BglA9 was active in a broad pH range and had an activity half-life around 24 h at 50 degrees C. The deglycosylation efficiency of BglA9 for polydatin was determined by estimating the amount of glucose released after enzymatic reaction by a dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) assay. The kinetic parameters of BglA9 for polydatin were 5.5 mM, 20.84 mu mol/min/mg, 18.28 s- 1and 3.27 s-1 mM-1 for Km, Vmax, kcat, and kcat/Km values, respectively. The Ki value for glucose was determined to be 1.7 M. The residues Gln19, His120, Glu355, Glu409, Glu178, Asn222 may play a crucial role in the deglycosylation as revealed by the 3D structure of enzyme docked with polydatin.

Arı sütü binlerce çiçekten özümsenen nektar ve çiçek polenleri ile bal arılarının enzimlerini de içeren, akıcı jel halinde ve kremsi-beyaz renkteki etkili bir salgıdır. Besin değeri yüksek bu ürün amino asit, peptit, protein ve minerallerden oluşur. Arı sütünün en önemli özelliği diğer arı ürünlerinde bulunmayan kısa zincirli hidroksi yağ asitlerince zengin oluşudur. Anti-bakteriyel, anti-tümoral, ve immün sistemi uyarıcı özelliğe sahip arı sütünün majör yağ asidi trans-10-hidroksi-2-dekanoik asit (10-HDA)’dır. Yapılan bu çalışma ile farklı yıllarda toplanan arı sütü örneklerinin nem ve 10-HDA miktarı tayin edildi. HPLC-UV ile ölçülen 10-HDA miktarının yıllara göre ortalama %2.1 ile %2.6 arasında değiştiği tespit edildi. Arı sütü nem içeriğinin ise ortalama %62.6 ile %66.5 arasında değiştiği tespit edildi., Royal jelly is an effective secretion of creamy-white color with flowing gel that contains nectar of thousands of flower pollen and enzymes of honey bees. Royal jelly is very rich in nutritional value. It contains a wide variety of enzymes, peptides and amino acids. There are short-chain hydroxy fatty acids found in royal jelly but not found in other foods, which are claimed to have anti-tumor, anti-bacterial, and immune regulatory activity. Trans-10-hydroxy-2-decanoic acid (10-HDA) is the major fatty acid in royal jelly and its amount in royal jelly is an important indicator. In this study, 10-HDA, in royal jelly samples collected in different years, were determined by using HPLC-UV. The moisture content of royal jelly samples was determined gravimetrically. It was found that the amount of 10-HDA varied between 2.1 and 2.6% on average per year. It was determined that the moisture content of royal jelly was between 62.6% and 66.5% on average.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, herhangi bir işlem görmemiş ve doğrudan üreticiden alınan bazı ham bal numuneleri ile ticari etiketle satılan bazı balların invertaz ve glukoz-oksidaz aktiviteleri açısından karşılaştırılması ve ham bal için ayırt edici bir analiz ve kalite parametresinin ortaya konulmasıdır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda, 2 adet monofloral kestane balı ve 4 adet multifloral çiçek balının oluşturduğu ham bal grubu ile 6 adet çam balı ve 6 adet multifloral çiçek balının oluşturduğu ticari bal etiketli grubun spektrofotometrik olarak invertaz ve glukoz-oksidaz aktiviteleri hesaplanarak karşılaştırıldı. Uygulanan deneysel yöntemlere göre ham bal numunelerinin invertaz (135,028-238,878 U/kg bal ve 18,416-32,579 IN) ve glukoz-oksidaz aktiviteleri (Tespit Edilmedi-11.207 μg H2O2/g bal.h) ticari ballara göre daha yüksek bulundu. Her iki grubun sahip olduğu değerlerin istatistiki analizi, p, The objective of this study was to compare raw honey in terms of the activity of invertase and glucose-oxidase, in order to present a distinctive analysis and quality parameters that could be used as an indicator of raw honey. Currently, this method is not being included in any commercial procedure, and it could be used on honey directly supplied from the beekeepers, or honey obtained from commercial sources. We tested the activity of invertase and glucose-oxidase on a raw honey group which consisted of 2 types of monofloral chestnut honey and 4 types of multifloral blossom honey. The commercial honey group consisted of 6 different types of pine honey and 6 different types of multifloral blossom honey. The results were analyzed spectrophotometrically. According to applied experimental methods, the invertase activity was 135.028 -238.878 U/kg honey and 18.416 - 32.579 IN. The glucose-oxidase activity was Not Detected - 11.207 H2O2/g honey.h Honey from raw sources were found to have significantly higher invertase and glucose-oxidase activity in comparison to commercial sourced honey. Statistical analysis of all values between the two groups was tested at the alpha = 0.05 significance level. Thus, invertase and glucose-oxidase activity could be potentially used as a test to identify raw honey from commercially sourced honey.