Search

Zadatak ovog rada je automatska kalibracija mobilnog robota koja se obavlja tako da se robot upravljan pomoću ROS-a (engl. Robot Operating System – ROS), u kojem će se pomoći čvora generirati i slati kvadratna putanja veličine 4x4 m. Nakon toga, pomoću vizijskog sustava OptiTrack će se bilježiti stvarna putanja robota te usporediti s referentnom putanjom. Idući korak je primjena čvora u ROS-u koji korištenjem početne i krajnje lokacije bilježene pomoću OptiTrack-a izračunava kalibracijske parametre robota po UMBMark metodi kalibracije te njihova implementacija radi ispravljanja greški odstupanja od referentne putanje. Na kraju, pomoću grafičkog prikaza se uspoređuje praćenje putanje prije i nakon kalibracije mobilnog robota. The task of this final paper is the automatic calibration of a mobile robot, which is performed by controlling the robot using ROS (Robot Operating System - ROS), in which a node will be used to generate and send a 4x4 m square path. After that, the actual path of the robot will be recorded by OptiTrack vision system and compared to the reference path. The next step is using a node in ROS that uses the initial and final location recorded by OptiTrack and calculates the calibration parameters of the robot according to the UMBMark calibration method and their implementation in order to correct errors of deviation from the reference path. At the end, the tracking of the trajectories before and after the calibration of the mobile robot is compared using a graphical display.

Introduction:Even though regular physical activity is known to reduce oxidative stress level, strenuous exercise and overtraining increases oxidative stress level in competitive athletes. Thus, proper nutrition which maintains proper oxidative balance is very important in athlete’s performance and attaining high level achievements. Analyses of dietary habits in various athletes’ groups found that a substantial proportion of the studied populations did not reach the dietary goals for many 725726macro-and micronutrients, including those with antioxidant properties. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effect of antioxidant nutrient supplementation in a form of functional food on measurable biomarkers of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity in competitive athletes.Methods:Thirty- one young healthy competitive athletes (all men) were instructed toeat three hard boiled hen eggs per day during study protocol that lasted for 21 days (total of 63 eggs). Subjects were divided in experimental NUTRI4 group (14 subjects) which consumed n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), selenium, vitamin E and lutein enriched hen eggs (1050 mg of n-3 PUFA/day, 0.06 mg of selenium/day, 3.29 mg of vitamin E/day, and 1.85 mg of lutein/per day), and in control group (17 subjects) which consumed regular hen eggs produced on the same farm (249 mg of n-3 PUFA per day, 0.05 mg of selenium/day, 1.79 mg of vitamin E/day, and 0.33 mg of lutein/per day). Serum protein concentration of 8- iso prostaglandin F2α (8-iso-PGF2α) and hydrogen peroxide and peroxynitrite (DCF-DA) formation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were measured as a markers of oxidative stress level, while serum enzyme activity of antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured as markers of enzymatic antioxidant defense, before and after respective diet protocol.Results8-iso-PGF2α serum protein concentration significantly decreased in the NUTRI4 group, while the control group remained unchanged following the respective diet protocol. Similarly, formation of hydrogen peroxide and peroxynitrite (DCF-DA) in PBMCs significantly decreased in the NUTRI4 group, and remained unchanged in controls. Serum activity of CAT, GPX and SOD did not significantly change after the diet protocol neither in control nor Nutri4 group.Conclusion:Three-week antioxidants supplementation in a form of functional food (n-3 PUFAs, selenium, vitamin E and lutein enriched hen eggs) significantly reduced oxidative stress level in competitive athletes potentially by modifying non-enzymatic (or other enzymatic, beside measured) endogenous antioxidant pathways.

Objective: Present study aimed to determine the effect of consumption n-3 PUFAs, selenium, lutein, and vitamin E enriched hen eggs on endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent vasodilatation of forearm skin microcirculation in athletes. Design and methods: Thirty-one competitive athletes participated in study, divided in Control group (N=14) who ate 3 regular hens’ eggs/daily, and Nutri4 group (N=17) who ate 3 n-3 PUFAs, selenium, lutein, and vitamin E enriched hen eggs/daily for 3 weeks. Blood pressure, serum lipids and serum concentration of functional nutrients were measured at the beginning and at the end of respective dietary protocol. Endothelium-dependent (post-occlusive reactive hyperemia, PORH ; and iontophoresis of acetylcholine, AChID) and endothelium-independent responses (iontophoresis of sodium nitroprusside, SNPID) of skin microvascular blood flow was assessed using Laser Doppler flowmetry (LDW) before and after dietary protocol. Results: Both PORH and AChID were significantly enhanced after consumption of enriched hen eggs compared to baseline measurement and compared to Control group post-dietary protocol. PORH and AChID were not altered in Control group post-dietary protocol compared to baseline in control group. SNP-induced dilation (SNPID) was not affected by dietary protocols. MAP (mean arterial pressure) was lower after 3-week protocol at NUTRI4 group, while lipid profile was unaltered by diet and similar between Control and NUTRI4 groups. Functional nutrients were higher in serum after diet in NUTRI4 group compared to Control group and pre-diet values. Conclusion: This study demonstrated enhanced microvascular reactivity in response to consumption of functionally enriched eggs.

Aim: Present study aimed to determine the effect of n-3 PUFAs enriched hen eggs consumption on microvascular vasodilation, microvascular responsiveness range to a stress challenge and markers of oxidative stress in competitive athletes. Materials and Methods: 23 competitive athletes were divided to Control group (N=9) who ate three regular hens’ eggs/daily (249 mg n-3 PUFAs/day), and n-3 PUFAs group (N=14) who ate three n-3 PUFAs enriched hen eggs/daily (1053 g n-3 PUFAs/day) for 3 weeks. Endothelium- dependent (post-occlusive reactive hyperemia, PORH ; and iontophoresis of acetylcholine, AChID) and endothelium-independent responses (iontophoresis of sodium nitroprusside, SNPID) of skin microvascular blood flow was assessed by laser Doppler flowmetry in pre- and post- acute exhausting exercise (AEE) sessions. Blood pressure (BP), body composition, body fluid status, serum lipid and free fatty acids profile, markers of oxidative stress (TBARS ; thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) and antioxidative defense (FRAP ; ferric-reducing ability of plasma and serum antioxidant enzymes activity), were measured before and after respective dietary protocol. Results: Serum n-3 PUFAs significantly increased, n-6/n-3 ratio decreased (by 27%), PORH and AChID at rest were significantly enhanced, and SNPID at rest remained unchanged in n-3 PUFAs group, while none was changed in Control group. BP, body composition and body fluid status were not changed in any group. TBARS and FRAP remained unaffected by diet protocol in both groups, while serum GPx and SOD (but not CAT) activity significantly decreased in n-3 PUFAs, and remained unaltered in Control group. PORH, AChID and SNP were significantly reduced post-AEE, in both groups compared to pre-AEE measurement, both before and after respective diet protocol. Only AChID responsiveness range to AEE (ΔAChID) significantly increased following n-3 PUFAs consumption. Conclusion: n-3 PUFAs functional food consumption contributes to enhanced microvascular endothelial function at rest, as well as to its adaptation to the AEE in competitive athletes. (Funded by the European Structural and Investment Funds grant for the Croatian National Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, University of Josip Juraj Strossmayer Osijek - grant #KK.01.1.1.01.0010).

Presentation of original research article Anti- Inflammatory Potential of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Enriched Hen Eggs Consumption in Improving Microvascular Endothelial Function of Healthy Individuals—Clinical Trial by Ana Stupin, Martina Mihalj, Nikolina Kolobarić, Petar Šušnjara, Luka Kolar, Zrinka Mihaljević, Anita Matić, Marko Stupin, Ivana Jukić, Zlata Kralik, Manuela Grčević, Gordana Kralik, Vatroslav Šerić and Ines Drenjančević. Funding: #KK.01.1.1.01.0010 European Structural and Investment Funds grant for the Croatian National Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, University of Josip Juraj Strossmayer Osijek

Objective: We have earlier reported that 7-day high-salt (HS) intake increases oxidative stress and impairs microvascular endothelium- dependent vasodilation in young healthy individuals, independently of blood pressure (BP) changes. The aim of the present study was to test whether such disturbed oxidative balance has direct adverse effect on microvascular endothelial function by functionally testing if administration of vitamins C and E during 7-day HS diet will prevent observed alterations in endothelium- dependent vasodilation of skin microcirculation in healthy individuals. Materials and Methods: 51 young healthy individuals of both sexes (26 women and 25 men, age ranged 18-24) were assigned to a 7-day low- salt diet (

Functional food is a food of natural origin that contains ingredients beneficial for human health when consumed in normal daily amounts. Potential beneficial effects of dietary daily intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) on various cardiovascular parameters are currently intensively investigated, particularly their role in vasoreactivity in macrocirculation and hemorrheological characteristic of the blood (for possible antithrombotic and atherosclerotic effects) and microcirculation (such as coronary and systemic microcirculation), investigating molecular targets related to endothelial function, e.g. endothelial or vascular smooth muscle cell ion channels, components of cellular and systemic oxidative stress/antioxidative system and the vasoactive effects of eicosanoids-metabolites of n-3 PUFAs and arachidonic acid. Inflammation underlies all cardiometabolic diseases. It has been suggested that n-3 PUFAs dietary intake can significantly attenuate inflammatory processes, contributing to maintaining healthy vascular function. Integrating the knowledge on molecular and physiological mechanisms potentially involved in vascular function is important for understanding etiopathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases and translation of research to clinical settings, to obtain medical treatment based on evidences. Hereby, the recent data on the effects of dietary n-3 PUFAs intake in form of enriched eggs on vascular function and immune system in healthy persons and cardiovascular patients is going to be presented. Acknowledgement: supported by European Structural and Investment Funds, grant for the Croatian National Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, University Josip Juraj Strossmayer Osijek #KK.01.1.1.01.0010.

Objectives: We aimed to assess whether a 7-day high-salt (HS) diet affects endothelium- dependent and/or endothelium-independent microvascular function in the absence of changes in arterial blood pressure, and to determine whether such microvascular changes are associated with changes in body composition and fluid status in healthy young humans. Materials and Methods: Fifty-three young healthy individuals (twenty-eight women and twenty-five men) were assigned to a 7-day low- salt (LS) diet (

Introduction: High-salt (HS) intake, high levels of angiotensin II and increased sympathetic (SNS) activity are all injurious to the cardiovascular (CV) system, and play a role in a multitude of CV diseases. In recent years it became evident that HS dietary intake affects vascular and particularly endothelial functions even in the absence of changes in blood pressure (BP) in healthy individuals. HS intake suppress renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in healthy individuals, but it is still not elucidated how HS intake affects SNS activity in healthy population in the absence of BP changes (does it inhibit or potentiate SNS activity). The aim of our project is to assess SNS/parasympathetic (PSNS) activity by measurement of heart rate variability (HRV), and level of catecholamines and their metabolites in 24h urine sample before and after HS diet protocol in young healthy individuals. Methods: 10 young healthy men were assigned to 7-days low salt (LS) diet (

Inflammation and oxidative stress are now recognized as major factors involved in the pathogenesis of different diseases, like cardiovascular diseases or overweight/obesity. Increased consumption of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) is associated with decreased level of oxidative stress and anti- inflammatory effects possibly due to reduced arachidonic acid (AA)-derived eicosanoids reduced triglyceride levels, and inhibition of platelet aggregation. Most studies on the effect of n-3 PUFAs were performed on chronic patients and with the use of n-3 PUFAs in the form of supplements (capsules). The relationship between human health and food and the way in which food can affect the maintenance and improvement of human health is increasingly in the focus of the researchers. Currently, Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care Osijek investigates the influence of n-3 PUFA enriched eggs on the endothelial function of the blood vessels and the change of the level of oxidative stress in cardiovascular patients and in healthy, young people and athletes. These studies have so far shown that n-3 PUFAs lowers the level of oxidative stress in healthy young people and have a positive effect on the microcirculation even in people with normal endothelial function, suggesting their protective effects in cardiovascular diseases.

For its potential positive effect on sport performance, N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), are one of often used nutritional supplements of athletes. Beyond its potential beneficial effects on muscles, fatigue and VO2 max consumption, n-3 PUFAs effect on vascular function is widely investigated, particularly on macrocirculation. Even though majority of performed studies reported an increase in post- occlusive reactive hyperemia of brachial artery in healthy subjects after consumption of n-3 PUFAs measured by flow mediated dilation, some studies reported inconsistent results probably due to its heterogeneous design related to the amount and length of n-3 PUFAs intake, as well as type of supplementation. Limited number of studies investigated the effect of n-3 PUFAs consumption on microvascular function, and result of these studies are even more unclear. Recently we have shown significantly enhanced post-occlusive reactive hyperemia of skin microcirculation in young sedentary healthy population who consumed n-3 PUFAs enriched eggs for three weeks. But still, there is a paucity of data on the effect of n-3 PUFAs consumption on microvascular reactivity and endothelial function in particular in athletes. Since we also showed beneficial effects of n-3 PUFAs on inflammation and oxidative stress in sedentary subjects which is one of the possible causes of enhanced microvascular reactivity, it is reasonable to believe it would have similar effect in athletes since acute exercise session leads to incensement of oxidative stress and inflammation. Moreover, new concept of n-3 PUFAs intake in the form of functional food (e.g. n-3 PUFAs enriched hen’s eggs) raises interest, especially since hen’s eggs are indispensable part of sports diet. While there are strong evidences that n-3 PUFA-s consumption can reverse endothelium-dependent vasodilation in cardiovascular diseases, it still remains to elucidate whether they can improve already “healthy” endothelium in athletes and investigate what would be potential mechanisms mediating such effect.

Microcirculation is a highly regulated part of the circulatory system and various dietary factors could affect its function, exerting positive or negative effects. For example, high salt (NaCl) dietary intake is a well known risk factor for the development of hypertension, while microvascular dysfunction develops even without changes in arterial blood pressure. Ultimately, that leads to organ damage and increases the risk of cardiovascular events. Potential mechanisms include decreased NO bioavailability as well as changes in balance of vasoactive eicosanoids, such as metabolites of arachidonic acid, all due to impaired vascular antioxidative mechanisms. On the other hand, new studies demonstrate potentialy protective effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) food intake, as counter-balancing protective arm of vasoactive metabolites potentially alleviating oxidative stress. Animal models and isolated organs studies enable an insight into potential molecular mechanisms and cross talks involved, while in situ human studies provide integrated information on body function and might have clinical implications. Hereby, some recent findings in the vascular tone regulation mechanisms, from assessment of vascular reactivity in response to high salt as a foe, or increased dietary n-3 PUFAs intake (in the form of n-3 PUFAs enriched eggs) as a beneficiary nutrients will be presented. Acknowledgement: This work was supported by European Structural and Investment Funds, grant for the Croatian National Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, University Josip Juraj Strossmayer Osijek, #KK.01.1.1.01.0010. and partially by Croatian Science Foundation grant #IP-2016-06-8744 (RAS-AdrenOX) and Croatian Science Foundation grant #IP-09-2014-6380 (V-ELI Athero).

CILJ ISTRAŽIVANJA: Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je procijeniti aktivnost simpatikusa i parasimpatikusa mjerenjem varijabilnosti srčanog ritma i razine katekolamina te njihovih metabolita u uzorku 24 satnog urina prije i poslije dijete s velikim udjelom kuhinjske soli (HS) u mladih zdravih muškaraca. NACRT STUDIJE: Nerandomizirani kontrolirani klinički pokus. ISPITANICI I METODE: U studiji je sudjelovalo 10 mladih zdravih muškaraca. Ispitanici su bili uključeni u specifični dijetni protokol u trajanju od 14 dana, a koji se sastojao od 7 dana niskoslane dijete (~3, 5 g soli/dan), i potom 7 dana visokoslane dijete (~14 g soli/dan). Aktivnost adrenergičkog sustava mjerena je prije i nakon dijetnih protokola petominutnim testom varijabilnosti srčanog ritma uz pomoć uređaja Heart Rhythm Scanner (Biocom) te određivanjem koncentracije epinefrina, metanefrina, norepinefrina, normetanefrina, dopamina, vanilmandelična kiseline i homovanilična kiseline u uzorku 24 satnog urina. REZULTATI: 7 dana dijete s velikim udjelom soli uzrokovao je sniženje koncentracije epinefrina i metanefrina u uzorku 24 satnog urina. Analiza vremenske i frekvencijske domene nije pokazala statistički značajne promjene u varijabilnosti srčanog ritma nakon HS protokola kod mladih zdravih muškaraca. ZAKLJUČAK: Iako snižena koncentracije epinefrina i metanefrina u uzorku 24 satnog urina može ukazati na sniženje u aktivnosti simpatikusa zbog HS prehrane, mjerenja varijabilnosti srčanog ritma nisu pokazala značajnu promjenu u aktivnosti simpatikusa ni parasimpatikusa. Ipak, konačan zaključak o utjecaju velikog unosa soli u organizam na aktivnost adrenergičkog sustava će biti donesen nakon uključivanja mladih zdravih žena te povećanja broja ispitanika u studiju.

A growing body of evidence indicate that high- salt (HS) intake is highly detrimental to vascular and endothelial function, even in the absence of changes in arterial blood pressure (BP) level. Studies in healthy individuals have unambiguously demonstrated that HS diet impairs flow-mediated dilation of brachial artery, independently of BP changes in healthy individuals. Recent studies that were more focused on microvascular function yielded consistent results by reporting impaired post- occlusive reactive hyperemia (marker of general microvascular reactivity), acetylcholine- induced dilation (endothelium-dependent dilation) and local heating-induced vasodilation (considered NO-mediated response) of forearm skin microcirculation following 7- days HS loading in healthy individuals. Several potential mechanisms were suggested to mediate such BP-independent HS diet-induced impairment of vascular and endothelial function e.g. suppression of renin-angiotensin system (RAS), increased oxidative stress level, changes in sympathetic activity, inflammation and endothelial-leukocyte activation, fluid retention, osmotically inactive sodium storage, endothelial glycocalyx alterations etc. Our recent study that investigated interaction of HS loading, RAS suppression and possible fluid retention in healthy individuals demonstrated that observed microvascular reactivity impairment due to 7-days HS loading was independent of BP changes, body composition or fluid status changes, but associated with increased salt intake and suppressed RAS. An increasing number of studies in animal model indicate that increased oxidative stress plays a central role in HS diet-induced vascular damage. On the other hand, human studies did not contribute much to the understanding of the role of oxidative stress in mediating adverse effect of HS intake on vascular/endothelial function. Thus, the next key step in understanding interaction between HS loading and endothelium in healthy individuals is to investigate the direct influence of short-term HS intake on measurable parameters of oxidative stress level, and to examine whether potentially increased oxidative stress level is directly functionally associated with altered microvascular and endothelial function. (HRZZ #IP-2016-06-8744).

Metoda SCITE lahko rekonstruira potek razvoja rakavih obolenj v celicah iz podatkov o njihovih mutacijah. Potek razvoja predstavi z mutacijskim drevesom, ki je sorodno filogenetskemu drevesu. V diplomski nalogi implementiramo del funkcionalnosti metode v programskem jeziku Python in zagotovimo primerljivo hitrost delovanja. Osredotočimo se na pridobitev aposteriornih porazdelitev mutacijskih dreves ter verjetnosti nezaznanih mutacij v celicah. Metodo izboljšamo z delnim ocenjevanjem mutacijskih dreves, ki omogoča hitrejše ocenjevanje. Poleg obstoječih premikov mutacijskih dreves predlagamo nov premik in na več podatkovnih množicah utemeljimo njegovo uporabnost. Nazadnje uporabniku omogočimo izračun efektivnega števila vzorcev, s katerim lahko bolje ovrednoti rezultate izvajanja algoritma. SCITE method can reconstruct the course of development of cancer in cells from data on their mutations. The course of development is represented with a mutation tree, which is similar to a phylogenetic tree. In the thesis, we implement some functionalities of the SCITE method with the Python programming language and ensure comparable execution time. We focus on the posterior distributions of mutation trees and the probabilities of overlooked mutations in cells. The method is improved with the introduction of partial mutation tree scoring which speeds up the scoring process. Along the existing tree moves we propose a new tree move and prove its usefulness on multiple datasets. Lastly, we enable the user to compute the effective sample size of posterior samples and thus enable better assessment of the results of the algorithm.

SCITE method can reconstruct the course of development of cancer in cells from data on their mutations. The course of development is represented with a mutation tree, which is similar to a phylogenetic tree. In the thesis, we implement some functionalities of the SCITE method with the Python programming language and ensure comparable execution time. We focus on the posterior distributions of mutation trees and the probabilities of overlooked mutations in cells. The method is improved with the introduction of partial mutation tree scoring which speeds up the scoring process. Along the existing tree moves we propose a new tree move and prove its usefulness on multiple datasets. Lastly, we enable the user to compute the effective sample size of posterior samples and thus enable better assessment of the results of the algorithm.

Little is known about the risk of sudden death related to exercise in young athletes, and whether there are more benefits than damage from exercise. By recent studies, there is 2.5 fold increased risk of sudden death in competitive athletes than sedentary peers. There is also proved that most common causes of sudden death are silent cardiovascular diseases. A broad spectrum of cardiovascular diseases can cause sudden death, including congenitaland inherited disorders. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is implicated as the prime cause of sport-related cardiac arrest (more than one- third), and other common causes include congenital coronary artery anomaly. Myocarditis, aortic rupture, mitral valve prolapse, arrhytmogenic RV cardiomyopathy, conduction system abnormities are less common. Most of these conditions (up to 60% of sudden deaths) can be diagnosed or suspected with ECG. In addition to ECG, athlete’s history and detailed physical examination is necessary to do. Complete personal and family history is important because of genetically determinated diseases, and it is considered positive when close relative (aged

Aim: We previously reported that a single exposure to exhausting training (AE) impaired endothelium- dependent vasodilation in skin microcirculation of professional rowers. Present study aimed to test if AE affect endothelium-independent vasodilation in skin microcirculation, or if microvascular reactivity impairment is limited to endothelial dysfunction. Methods: 20 professional rowers participated in this study. Blood pressure, heart rate, body mass index, waist to hip ratio, fasting lipid panel, plasma glucose and C reactive protein (CRP) were measured in all subjects. They all underwent AE. Blood lactate levels, arterial blood gas analysis and acid base status were measured before and after AE. Cutaneous microvascular blood flow was assessed by Laser Doppler Flowmetry in response to iontophoresis of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) (endothelium-independent vasodilator) before and after AE. Results: All rowers were normotensive, lean males, with normal lipidogram, glucose and CRP blood levels. Serum lactate significantly increased and metabolic acidosis occurred after AE. Systolic blood pressure and heart rate significantly increased during AE. The SNP-induced dilation was not significantly changed after AE and was similar to pre AE measurements (SNP% increase before AE 1017±280 vs. after AE 1089±253, P=0.132). Conclusion: This study demonstrated that AE did not provoke any change in endothelium- independent dilation in rowers. Taken together with our previous finding of impaired ACh- induced dilation in AE, present data suggest that AE affects microvascular function in professional rowers through its adverse impact on endothelial function. Support: VIF2015- MEFOS-05 and Osijek-Baranja County grant 2014- 2016.

Uvod: Opće je poznato da redovito vježbanje ima povoljan učinak na kardiovaskularno zdravlje te da djeluje kao zaštitni čimbenik od nastanka i razvoja kardiovaskularnih bolesti1, 2. Ipak, u zadnjih nekoliko godina sve se više u literaturi može naći izraz „risk factors gap“ kojim se ističe da je povoljan učinak vježbanja daleko veći nego što se može objasniti utjecajem na tradicionalne čimbenike rizika (arterijski tlak, lipidi u krvi, itd.)3. Naime, velika je metaanaliza na 27 000 ispitanika pokazala da promjena čimbenika rizika poput arterijskog tlaka, lipida u krvi, glukoze natašte ili upalnih parametara može objasniti samo 59 %-tno (ili još manje) smanjenje kardiovaskularnoga rizika povezanoga s vježbanjem. Takav statistički model sugerira da se barem 40 % smanjenja rizika povezanoga s vježbanjem ne može objasniti ovim čimbenicima rizika te da je on vjerojatno vezan uz direktan učinak vježbanja na vaskularnu i endotelnu funkciju4. Ispitanici i metode: U istraživanju provedenom kod 18 mladih zdravih neaktivnih muškaraca (Sedentarni) i 20 aktivnih profesionalnih veslača (Veslači) odredili smo: a) antropometrijske parametre (indeks tjelesne mase, omjer struk-bokovi te sastav tijela metodom bioimpendancije) ; b) biokemijske parametre (krvna slika, elektroliti, željezo, transferin, glukoza natašte, visoko-osjetljiv CRP, lipidogram) ; c) hemodinamske parametre (arterijski tlak, puls, udarni volumen, minutni volumen srca i ukupni periferni otpor) ; i 4) vaskularnu reaktivnost mikrocirkulacije kože u odgovoru na vaskularnu okluziju, endotel-ovisnu i endotel-neovisnu vazodilataciju metodom iontoforeze. Rezultati: Svi su ispitanici bili vršnjaci u kojih nismo našli razliku u antropometrijskim mjerama i sastavu tijela, bazalne vrijednosti svih biokemijskih parametara osim lipidograma nisu pokazali razlike između Veslača i Sedentarnih te su svi bili normotenzivni sa sličnim sistoličkim tlakom, minutnim volumenom srca i ukupnim perifernim otporom. Veslači su imali značajno nižu razinu triglicerida, a višu razinu HDL kolesterola, značajno niži dijastolički tlak i puls, a značajno veći udarni volumen u odnosu na Sedentarne. Najvažnije, Veslači su imali značajno veću postokluzivnu mikrovaskularnu reaktivnost i endotel-ovisnu vazodilataciju mikrocirkulacije kože u odnosu na Sedentarne ispitanike. Nije nađena značajna povezanost između mikrovaskularnoga odgovora i navedenih tradicionalnih čimbenika rizika. Zaključak: Rezultati studije po prvi put su pokazali koristan učinak vježbanja na vaskularnu funkciju mikrocirkulacije kože te time potvrdili koristan učinak na vaskularnu i endotelnu funkciju, dok mehanizme kojima se odvija interakcija između vježbanja i endotela (očito neovisno o tradicionalnim čimbenicima rizika) tek predstoji razjasniti u budućim istraživanjima.

Živimo v času velike svetovne gospodarske krize, ki nas je zajela leta 2008. Najprej se je pojavila kot finančna kriza, pozneje kot gospodarska, ki je povzročila zastoj, ter prerasla v družbeno-politično krizo. Gospodarska kriza je začela vplivati na poslovno okolje podjetja in tako spreminjala segmente notranjega okolja, mikrookolja in makrookolja. V diplomskem seminarju se bomo osredotočili na ekonomsko okolje in proučili njegov vpliv na okolje delovanja podjetja oz. na interesne skupine. Predstavili bomo, kako so se posamezne interesne skupine soočile s krizo in kako reagirajo v kriznih situacijah. Predmet proučevanja v diplomskem seminarju bo podjetje Unior d. d. V teoretičnem delu bomo opredelili poslovno okolje podjetja, ekonomsko okolje in interesne skupine. Na podlagi teoretičnih izhodišč bomo teorijo povezali z empiričnim delom in se poglobili, v načinu spreminjanja interesnih skupin podjetja Unior d. d. Namen diplomskega seminarja je proučiti poslovno okolje podjetja oz. proučiti vpliv ekonomskega okolja na delovanje njegovih interesnih skupin. Pokazati želimo, da so se interesne skupine v času finančne krize spreminjale in se še spreminjajo. Cilji diplomskega seminarja se bodo nanašali na spremembe interesnih skupin v času gospodarske krize. Z raziskavo bomo ugotovili, kateri udeleženci so se najbolj in kateri najmanj spreminjali. Za podjetje Unior d. d. smo se odločili, ker deluje v bližini našega kraja in nudi možnost praktičnega usposabljanja. Ker smo v podjetju navezali stike in obdržali dobre, korektne odnose, smo mnenja, da se bomo v primeru nastalih težav pri pisanju diplomskega seminarja lahko obrnili nanje in jih prosili za pomoč in ostale podatke. We live in a world of big economic crisis, which has started in the 2008. It began as a financial crisis, became an economic crisis, which caused the standstill and furthermore developed into socio-political crisis. The economic crisis affected the business environment of the company and changed the segments of the inner environment, microenvironment and macro environment. In my thesis I focused on the economic environment and studied its influence on the environment of the company operation or the groups of interest.I presented how individual groups of interest coped with the crisis and how they reacted in crisis situations. The subject of study was Unior d. d. In the theoretical part I definied business environment of the company, economic environment and the groups of interest. I integrated theoretical basis with the empirical work and researched the altering of the groups of interest in Unior d. d. The purpose of the thesis is to study the business environment of the company or to research the impact of the economic environment on the operating of its groups of interest. I wanted to show that the groups of interest have been trasforming during the financial crisis, and that they still are. The goals of the thesis refer to changes in interest groups during the economic crisis. The survey determines which participants have changed the most and which the least. I have decided for the particular company, because it operates in the vicinity of my home town and offers the possibility of practical training. Since I have kept in contact with the company and kept good, positive relations, I was certain that in case of any difficulties with writing the thesis I could ask for their help or additional information.