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Background Transurethral resection of bladder tumour (TURBT) is associated with a perioperative morbidity of 5-10% which can lead to unplanned readmissions. In this study, we aim to identify factors that lead to an increased risk of unplanned readmissions within 30 days of primary TURBT. Methods A retrospective study was conducted to identify patients who had their primary TURBT at our institute from 2011-2019. The clinico-demographic factors, history of smoking, intake of anti-platelet drugs, co-morbidities, tumour size (< 3 cm or > 3cm), multifocality and histopathological type were abstracted. The patients who had a readmission were identified and reasons for admission were recorded. Results A total of 435 patients were identified. The median age was 66 years. There were 378 (86.9%) males, 110 (25.3%) had history of smoking and 37 (8.5%) had history of intake of an anti-platelet agent. In the cohort 166 (38.2%) were diabetic, 239 (54.9%) were hypertensive, 72 (16.6%) had COPD, 78 (7.9%) had hypothyroidism. A total of 206 (47.4%) had a tumour of >3cm, multifocality was seen in 140 (32.2%) while muscle invasive tumour was present in 161 (37%) patients. A total of 22 (5.06%) had re-admissions within 30 days with hematuria being the commonest etiology. On the univariate and multivariate analysis, history of smoking ( p=0.006 and 0.008, respectively) or intake of anti-platelet agents (p

Gender-based violence (GBV) has been addressed as a policy issue in Nepal since the mid 1990s, yet it was only in 2010 that Nepal developed a legal and policy framework to combat GBV. This article draws on the concepts of agenda setting and framing to analyse the historical processes by which GBV became legitimized as a health policy issue in Nepal and explored factors that facilitated and constrained the opening and closing of windows of opportunity. The results presented are based on a document analysis of the policy and regulatory framework around GBV in Nepal. A content analysis was undertaken. Agenda setting for GBV policies in Nepal evolved over many years and was characterized by the interplay of political context factors, actors and multiple frames. The way the issue was depicted at different times and by different actors played a key role in the delay in bringing health onto the policy agenda. Women's groups and less powerful Ministries developed gender equity and development frames, but it was only when the more powerful human rights frame was promoted by the country's new Constitution and the Office of the Prime Minister that legislation on GBV was achieved and a domestic violence bill was adopted, followed by a National Plan of Action. This eventually enabled the health frame to converge around the development of implementation policies that incorporated health service responses. Our explicit incorporation of framing within the Kindgon model has illustrated how important it is for understanding the emergence of policy issues, and the subsequent debates about their resolution. The framing of a policy problem by certain policy actors, affects the development of each of the three policy streams, and may facilitate or constrain their convergence. The concept of framing therefore lends an additional depth of understanding to the Kindgon agenda setting model.

The objective of the present study was to find out WHR and WC as predictor of Type 2 DM in the population of Kavre district of Nepal. Sixty-five "known type 2 diabetic" and Thirty-five "self-reported non-diabetic" subjects above thirty years of age were included in the present study. Height, Weight, Waist Circumference and Hip Circumference were recorded for every subject. BMI and WHR were calculated by the standard formula. The data was analyzed using SPSS Evaluation Version 15.0 and STATA Special Edition Version 8.2. Our results showed that the optimal cut-off values for WHR, WC. BMI and age in female are 0.87, 0.85 cms, 21.40 kg/m2 and 40 years respectively and for male the respective values are 0.96, 0.87 cms, 23.63 kg/m2 and 44 years. In female, age (82.9%) is the strongest predictor followed by WHR (78.1%), WC (70.2%) and least for BMI (55.0%) whereas for male WC (87.0%) is the strongest followed by WHR (81.6%), BMI (68.5%) and least: for age (6.4.6%) using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves. Optimum sensitivity and specificity obtained from the ROC curves corresponded to these cutoff values and area under curve for their predictive ability. The current study showed that the WC and WHR are the best predictors of type 2 DM in both male and female population of Kavre district.