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To examine whether reasonable detection rate of endoscopically diagnosed lesions as adenoma ("endoscopic" adenoma detection rate [ADR]) could be calculated with a database generated from colonoscopy reports and whether it could be used as a surrogate colonoscopy quality indicator of "pathological" ADR.A lesion-by-lesion database of colonoscopies performed between 2010 and 2020 at eight Japanese endoscopy centers and corresponding pathology database were integrated. Differences in numbers of detected polyps, "endoscopic" and "pathological" adenomas, and what these differences could be attributed to were examined. Polyp detection rate (PDR), "endoscopic" and "pathological" ADRs, and correlation coefficients between "pathological" ADR and PDR or "endoscopic" ADR by each endoscopist were calculated.Overall, 129,065 colonoscopy reports were analyzed. Among a total of 146,854 polyps, more "endoscopic" adenomas (117,359) were observed than "pathological" adenomas (70,076), primarily because adenomas were not resected on site, rather than because of a misdiagnosis. In all patients analyzed, PDR, "endoscopic" and "pathological" ADRs were 56.4% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 56.2-56.7), 48.0% (95% CI: 47.7-48.3), and 32.7% (95% CI: 32.5-33.0), respectively. "Endoscopic" and "pathological" ADRs from each endoscopist showed a high correlation in hospitals where adenomas were usually resected at the time of examination.By appropriately describing endoscopically diagnosed lesions as "adenomas" in endoscopy reports, "endoscopic" ADR might be used as a surrogate colonoscopy quality indicator of "pathological" ADR (UMIN000040690).

Even though microbial photosensitive proteins have been used for optogenetics, their use should be optimized to precisely control second messengersin vivo. We exploitedGtCCR4andKnChR, cation channelrhodopsins from algae,BeGC1, a guanylyl cyclase rhodopsin from a fungus, and photoactivated adenylyl cyclases (PACs) from cyanobacteria (OαPAC) or bacteria (bPAC), to control cell functions in zebrafish. Optical activation ofGtCCR4 andKnChR in the hindbrain reticulospinal V2a neurons, which are involved in locomotion, immediately induced swimming behavior, whereas activation ofBeGC1 or PACs was achieved at a short latency.KnChR had the highest locomotioninducing activity of all the channelrhodopsins examined. Activation ofGtCCR4 andKnChR in cardiomyocytes induced cardiac arrest, whereas activation ofbPAC gradually induced bradycardia.KnChR activation led to an increase in intracellular Ca2+in the heart, suggesting that depolarization caused cardiac arrest. These data suggest that these optogenetic tools can be used to reveal the roles of second messengers in various cell types in vertebrates.Impact statementWe identified efficient and useful microbial channelrhodopsin, guanylyl cyclase rhodopsin, and photoactivated adenylyl cyclase that regulate neural activity and cardiac function in zebrafish.Major subject areasNeuroscience, Cell biologyResearch organismZebrafish (Danio rerio)

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) transmit extracellular signals into the cell depending on the type of G protein. To analyze the functions of GPCR signaling, we developed optogenetic tools using animal G protein-coupled bistable rhodopsins that can be controlled into active and inactive states by light irradiation. We expressed Gq- and Gi/o-coupled bistable rhodopsins in hindbrain reticulospinal V2a neurons, which are involved in locomotion, or in cardiomyocytes of zebrafish. Light stimulation of the reticulospinal V2a neurons expressing Gq-coupled spider Rh1 resulted in an increase in the level of cytoplasmic Ca2+and evoked swimming behavior. Light stimulation of cardiomyocytes expressing the Gi/o-coupled mosquito Opn3, pufferfish TMT opsin, or lamprey parapinopsin induced cardiac arrest, and the effect was suppressed by treatment with pertussis toxin or barium, suggesting that Gi/o-dependent regulation of inward-rectifier K+channels controls cardiac function. These data indicate that these rhodopsins are useful for optogenetic control of GPCR-mediated signaling in neurons and cardiomyocytesin vivo.Impact statementAnimal G protein-coupled bistable rhodopsins can regulate Gq and Gi-mediated signaling in a light-dependent manner in neurons and cardiomyocytes, making them useful for analyzing roles of GPCR signalingin vivo.

Objectives The Japan Endoscopy Database Project was initiated to develop the world's largest endoscopy data repository. This study describes the first phase of the colonoscopy project in Japan. Methods Data were aggregated offline by integrating information from the endoscopy database software from January 2015 through March 2017. The study population included all patients who underwent colonoscopy at eight centers. Results A total of 31,395 patients who underwent 38,497 colonoscopy procedures were registered. The majority of procedures were performed for screening (n = 14,156), followed by fecal immunochemical test positivity (n = 3960), abdominal symptoms (n = 3864), post-colorectal surgery surveillance (n = 3431), post-endoscopic treatment surveillance (n = 3757), thorough pre-treatment examination (n = 2822), and therapeutic purposes (n = 6507). In the screening group, advanced cancers, early cancers, and adenomas were diagnosed endoscopically in 2.1%, 1.3%, and 28.7% of cases, respectively, while in the fecal immunochemical test-positive group, they were diagnosed in 2.5%, 1.9%, and 41.6% of cases, respectively. The incidence of complications was 0.177% and 0.152% in the screening and fecal immunochemical test-positive groups, respectively. The therapeutic procedures included 1446 cold forceps polypectomy procedures, 4770 cold snare polypectomy procedures, 368 hot biopsies, 2998 hot snare polypectomy procedures, 9775 endoscopic or piecemeal endoscopic mucosal resections, and 1660 endoscopic submucosal dissections. A total of 173 procedure-related complications (0.82%) occurred in 21,017 therapeutic procedures performed in 15,744 patients. Conclusions The first phase of the Japan Endoscopy Database Project established the proportions of the diagnostic and therapeutic colonoscopy procedures, and complication rates in real-world settings.

Introduction and aimsThis international survey was performed to evaluate the cumulative incidence of nosocomial novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) among healthcare professionals during endoscopic procedures.MethodsWe performed an international web-based self-reported questionnaire survey. Participants completed the questionnaires every week for 12 weeks. The questionnaire elicited responses regarding the development of COVID-19 and details of the PPE used.ResultsAll 483 participants were included in the analysis. Participants had a mean age of 42.3 years and comprised 68.3% males. The geographic distribution of the study population was Asia (89.2%), Europe (2.9%), North and South America (4.8%), Oceania (0.6%), and Africa (1.5%). The most common endoscopy-related role of the participants was endoscopist (78.7%), and 74.5% had > 10 years of experience. Fourteen participants had performed 83 endoscopic procedures in patients positive for COVID-19. During the mean follow-up period of 4.95 weeks, there were no cases of COVID-19 when treating COVID-19 positive patients. The most common PPE used by participants treating patients with COVID-19 was a surgical mask plus N95 mask plus face shield, goggles, cap, long-sleeved isolation gown, and single pair of gloves. The most common PPE used by participants treating patients without COVID-19 was a surgical mask, no face shield but goggles, cap, long-sleeved isolation gown, and single pair of gloves during all endoscopic procedures.ConclusionsThe risk of COVID-19 transmission during any endoscopic procedure was low in clinical practice.

Background & Aims: Despite the significant advances made in the diagnosis and treatment of Barrett's esophagus (BE), there is still a need for standardized definitions, appropriate recognition of endoscopic landmarks, and consistent use of classification systems. Current controversies in basic definitions of BE and the relative lack of anatomic knowledge are significant barriers to uniform documentation. We aimed to provide consensus-driven recommendations for uniform reporting and global application. Methods: The World Endoscopy Organization Barrett's Esophagus Committee appointed leaders to develop an evidence-based Delphi study. A working group of 6 members identified and formulated 23 statements, and 30 internationally recognized experts from 18 countries participated in 3 rounds of voting. We defined consensus as agreement by ≥80% of experts for each statement and used the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE) tool to assess the quality of evidence and the strength of recommendations. Results: After 3 rounds of voting, experts achieved consensus on 6 endoscopic landmarks (palisade vessels, gastroesophageal junction, squamocolumnar junction, lesion location, extraluminal compressions, and quadrant orientation), 13 definitions (BE, hiatus hernia, squamous islands, columnar islands, Barrett's endoscopic therapy, endoscopic resection, endoscopic ablation, systematic inspection, complete eradication of intestinal metaplasia, complete eradication of dysplasia, residual disease, recurrent disease, and failure of endoscopic therapy), and 4 classification systems (Prague, Los Angeles, Paris, and Barrett's International NBI Group). In round 1, 18 statements (78%) reached consensus, with 12 (67%) receiving strong agreement from more than half of the experts. In round 2, 4 of the remaining statements (80%) reached consensus, with 1 statement receiving strong agreement from 50% of the experts. In the third round, a consensus was reached on the remaining statement. Conclusions: We developed evidence-based, consensus-driven statements on endoscopic landmarks, definitions, and classifications of BE. These recommendations may facilitate global uniform reporting in BE.

Some situations may require endoscopy during the COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) pandemic. Here, we describe the necessary precautions in the form of clinical questions and answers (Q&A) regarding the safe deployment of gastrointestinal endoscopy in such situations while protecting endoscopy staff and patients from infection. Non-urgent endoscopy should be postponed. The risk of infection in patients should be evaluated in advance by questionnaire and body temperature. The health of staff must be checked every day. Decisions to employ endoscopy should be based on the institutional conditions and aims of endoscopy. All endoscopic staff need to wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE). The endoscope and other devices should be cleaned and disinfected after procedures in accordance with the relevant guidelines. Optimal management of the endoscopy unit is required. Endoscopy for infected patients or those with suspected infection demands exceptional caution. When a patient who undergoes endoscopy is later found to have COVID-19, the members of staff involved are considered exposed to the virus and must not work for at least 14 days if their PPE is considered insufficient. When PPE resources are limited, some equipment may be used continuously throughout a shift as long as it is not contaminated. Details of the aforementioned protective measures are described.

The Muara Laboh geothermal system is a liquid-dominated, fracture-controlled reservoir showing some characteristics of both intrusion-related and fault circulation systems. The developed reservoir has moderate to high-temperature (230–310 °C) with a long NNW outflow (160–230 °C) extending to the Sapan Malulong boiling chloride springs. Reservoir fluids generally have low salinity (∼400-1600 ppm Cl) with benign chemistry and low non-condensable gas (NCG) content (∼0.5 to 2 wt% in steam). The proven reservoir is divided into distinct SW and NE sectors. The principal deep upflow zone (270 to 310 °C) is located in the SW and is associated with Patah Sembilan volcano and satellite vents (Anak Patah Sembilan). The SW upflow is characterized by relatively low salinity (∼400-600 ppm Cl), whereas fluids in the NE emerge from a second upflow along faults and fractures at 240–250 °C (1200–1600 ppm Cl) and ascend to an initial-state steam cap near the Idung Mancung fumarole. The shallow NE part of the geothermal system is hosted mainly by Quaternary to Miocene Age andesitic to rhyolitic rocks, whereas the deeper SW part of the system occurs in a Mesozoic to Cenozoic Age plutonic complex and its host rocks that are cut by younger dikes. Rock porosity and permeability trends can be related to reservoir age, volcanic deposit type, and alteration history. Fracture permeability is high, whereas matrix porosity ( Permeable fracture patterns and their origins differ somewhat between the deep SW and the shallow NE reservoir. In the deep SW reservoir, fluids ascend along fractured margins of stock and dike intrusions. Steeply dipping intrusions and open fractures strike from WNW to NNW, subparallel to the main Great Sumatra Fault trend, with a secondary set of N to NE fractures and intrusions parallel with the inferred maximum horizontal stress direction (SHMax). In the shallower NE steam cap and outflow, N to NE steeply dipping fractures dominate, with bounding N to NNW faults. Bulk rock alteration includes shallow argillic and transitional clay zones overlying phyllic and propylitic zones. High-T propylitic alteration (secondary amphibole) and rare potassic alteration (secondary biotite) are associated with intrusion. Vein paragenesis in the SW reservoir indicates that portions of the initially permeable propylitic zone have been sealed by calcite and quartz ± prehnite. Late calcite veins suggest ingress of steam-heated bicarbonate waters contributed to resealing of the system. These relationships suggest that the SW system underwent extensive boiling, fluid loss, and inflow of dilute bicarbonate waters, possibly related to sector collapse and partial excavation of the topseal of the system (now Patah Sembilan crater).

Background and aim Few studies have reported on a national, population-based endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) database. Hence, in 2015, we established a multicenter ERCP database registry, the Japan Endoscopic Database (JED) Project in preparation for a nationwide endoscopic database. The objective the present study was to evaluate this registry before the establishment of a nationwide endoscopic database. Methods From 1 January 2015 to 31 March 2017, we collected and analyzed the ERCP data of all patients who underwent ERCP in four participating centers in the JED Project based on the JED protocol. Results Four centers carried out 4104 ERCP on 2173 patients. Data entry of ERCP information (age, 100%; gender, 100%; American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status Classification System, 74.5%; scope, 92.7%; time to ERCP, 100%; antithrombotic drug information, 55.0%; primary selective common bile duct [CBD] cannulation methods, 73.0%; number of attempts at primary selective CBD cannulation, 67.6%; overall selective CBD cannulation methods, 68.9%; ERCP procedure time, 66.3%; fluoroscopy time, 65.1%; adverse events, 74.9%; serum amylase levels 1 day post-ERCP, 36.5%) was accurately extracted from the four centers. Success rate of CBD cannulation by level of ERCP difficulty was 98.5%, 99.0%, and 96.4% in grades 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Complication rate by overall selective CBD cannulation method was 5.6%, 7.6%, and 10.5% in the contrast-assisted technique, guidewire-assisted technique, and cross-over method, respectively. Conclusion Data from this evaluation of the JED Project, a multicenter ERCP database registry, suggest the feasibility of establishing a nationwide ERCP database and its challenges.

Animals’ self-motion generates a drifting movement of the visual scene in the entire field of view called optic flow. Animals use the sensation of optic flow to estimate their own movements and accordingly adjust their body posture and position and stabilize the direction of gaze. In zebrafish and other vertebrates, optic flow typically drives the optokinetic response (OKR) and optomotor response (OMR). Recent functional imaging studies in larval zebrafish have identified the pretectum as a primary center for optic flow processing. In contrast to the view that the pretectum acts as a relay station of direction-selective retinal inputs, pretectal neurons respond to much more complex visual features relevant to behavior, such as spatially and temporally integrated optic flow information. Furthermore, optic flow signals, as well as motor signals, are represented in the cerebellum in a region-specific manner. Here we review recent findings on the circuit organization that underlies the optic flow processing driving OKR and OMR.

Background/purpose There is no evidence regarding the optimal balloon dilation time during endoscopic papillary large balloon dilation (EPLBD). The study aim was to evaluate the efficacy of 2-minute extended balloon dilation for EPLBD. Methods Two hundred and five patients who underwent EPLBD during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) for bile duct stones at three tertiary centers were included in the analysis. Clinical outcomes and the adverse events were compared between the 0-minute group (n = 94, balloon deflated immediately after waist disappearance) and the 2-minute group (n = 111, balloon dilation maintained for 2 minutes after waist disappearance). The risk factors of post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP) after EPLBD were assessed. Results There were no significant differences in the stone removal rates and hospitalization periods between the two groups. However, the total ERCP procedure time was significantly shorter in the 2-minute group (40.6 vs 48.9 min, P = .03). The incidence of PEP was 7.4% in the 0-minute group and significantly lower at 0.9% in the 2-minute group (P = .04). Multivariate analysis identified without 2-minute extended EPLBD as a significant risk factor of PEP (OR: 9.9, P = .045). Conclusions Extension of EPLBD for 2 minutes helped prevent PEP and shortened the procedure time.

The aim was to investigate the current status of esophageal endoscopy, including the evaluation of smoking and alcohol consumption, in Japan. A total of 47,441 patients who underwent 69,748 sessions of esophageal endoscopy were registered in the Japan Endoscopy Database between January 2015 and March 2017. The study variables were as follows: (1) methods for monitoring the esophagus and the time required for monitoring and (2) the status of smoking and alcohol consumption in patients with esophageal cancer and head and neck cancer. Image-enhanced endoscopy was performed in 10.6%, Lugol chromoendoscopy in 4.1%, and magnifying endoscopy in 3.2%. The mean time required for gastrointestinal endoscopy was 10 min 58 s. The mean examination times in patients with or without monitoring of the head and neck were 10 min 51 s and 11 min 13 s, respectively. In 57.0% of the patients with esophageal cancer, the head and neck were monitored at the time of gastrointestinal endoscopy. The proportion of current smokers (esophageal cancer: 16.8–4.7%; head and neck cancer: 24.3–9.3%) and addicted drinkers (esophageal cancer: 52.3–40.8%; head and neck cancer: 50.2–47.3%) were lower at the second or subsequent endoscopy than at the initial endoscopy. The new strategy for esophageal endoscopy has led to an evolutionary change in Japan. The patients with esophageal cancer and head and neck cancer who underwent a second or subsequent endoscopy had lower incidences of smoking and alcohol consumption, although the incidences remained high.

Aim: To clarify whether antithrombotic drugs affect diagnosis using the immunochemical faecal occult blood test ­(iFOBT) of colorectal neoplasia. Methods: Using the Japan Endoscopy Database from 8 centres between 2015 and 2017, we analyzed data about patients who were iFOBT positive and had received direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC), warfarin, aspirin or thienopyridine. One-to-one matching-analogue propensity score weighted analyses were performed to compare the positive predictive value (PPV) of all neoplasms, invasive and non-invasive colorectal cancers and adenomas between drug users and non-users. All neoplasms included invasive and non-invasive colorectal cancer, and adenomas. Results: We analyzed 197 DOAC users and 196 non-users, 153 warfarin users and 153 non-users, 408 aspirin users and 415 non-users, and 97 thienopyridine users and 97 non-users. No significant differences were observed in the PPV for all neoplasms (56.67 vs. 50.43%), invasive cancer (4.32 vs. 3.53%), non-invasive cancer (15.58 vs. 15.56%) or adenoma (53.13 vs. 48.09%) between the DOAC user and non-user groups. No significant differences were observed in the PPV for all neoplasia, invasive and non-invasive cancer, or adenoma between warfarin, aspirin and thienopyridine use and non-users. Conclusions: DOAC, warfarin, aspirin and thienopyridine use did not decrease the PPVs of the iFOBT used to evaluate all colorectal neoplasia.

When animals repeatedly receive a combination of neutral conditional stimulus (CS) and aversive unconditional stimulus (US), they learn the relationship between CS and US, and show conditioned fear responses after CS. They show passive responses such as freezing or panic movements (classical or Pavlovian fear conditioning), or active behavioral responses to avoid aversive stimuli (active avoidance). Previous studies suggested the roles of the cerebellum in classical fear conditioning but it remains elusive whether the cerebellum is involved in active avoidance conditioning. In this study, we analyzed the roles of cerebellar neural circuits during active avoidance in adult zebrafish,. When pairs of CS (light) and US (electric shock) were administered to wild-type zebrafish, about half of them displayed active avoidance. The expression of botulinum toxin, which inhibits the release of neurotransmitters, in cerebellar granule cells or Purkinje cells did not affect conditioning-independent swimming behaviors, but did inhibit active avoidance conditioning. Nitroreductase-mediated ablation of Purkinje cells in adult zebrafish also impaired active avoidance. Furthermore, the inhibited transmission of granule cells or Purkinje cells resulted in reduced fear-conditioned Pavlovian fear responses. Our findings suggest that the zebrafish cerebellum plays an active role in active avoidance conditioning. Significance Statement An animal can associate a neutral conditioned stimulus and an aversive unconditioned stimulus, and escape to avoid an aversive stimulus. This is called active avoidance conditioning and is essential for an animal’s survival. Although the amygdala and habenula nucleus are reportedly involved in active avoidance conditioning, the roles of other brain regions are largely unknown. We describe the roles of the cerebellum during active avoidance in adult zebrafish. The neurotoxin botulinum toxin-mediated inhibition of granule cells or Purkinje cells, or the ablation of Purkinje cells, suppressed active avoidance conditioning. Our findings indicate that the cerebellum plays a positive role in active avoidance conditioning.

Sarcopenia, an age-related reduction in skeletal muscle mass and strength, is mainly caused by chronic inflammation. Because mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have the capacity to both promote myogenic cell differentiation and suppress inflammation, they are a promising candidate for sarcopenia treatment. In this study, to achieve the long-term retention of MSCs in skeletal muscle, we prepared magnetized MSCs using magnetic anionic liposome/atelocollagen complexes that we had previously developed, and evaluated their retention efficiency and immunomodulatory effects in mouse inflamed skeletal muscle. Mouse MSCs were efficiently magnetized by incubation with magnetic anionic liposome/atelocollagen complexes for 30 min under a magnetic field. The magnetized MSCs differentiated normally into osteoblasts and adipocytes. Additionally, non-magnetized MSCs and magnetized MSCs increased IL-6 and inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA expression and decreased TNF-α and IL-1β mRNA expression in C2C12 mouse skeletal muscle myotubes through paracrine effects. Moreover, magnetized MSCs were significantly retained in cell culture plates and mouse skeletal muscle after their local injection in the presence of a magnetic field. Furthermore, magnetized MSCs significantly increased IL-6 and IL-10 mRNA expression and decreased TNF-α and IL-1β mRNA expression in inflamed skeletal muscle. These results suggest that magnetized MSCs may be useful for effective sarcopenia treatment.

All gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures have a high risk of aerosol contamination of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) to endoscopists, nurses, and healthcare assistants. Given the current pandemic situation of COVID‐19, the Japan Gastroenterological Endoscopy Society issued the recommendation for gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy based on the status of COVID‐19 as of April 9, 2020, in Japan: (i) indications for GI endoscopy in the pandemic of COVID‐19; (ii) practical protective equipment for medical personnel depending on the risk for COVID‐19; (iii) preprocedural management, such as pharyngeal local anesthesia using lidocaine spray which has a potential to generate the aerosols; (iv) ideal settings of the endoscopy room including the numbers of the staff and the patients; (v) postprocedural management, such as undressing and follow‐up of the patients, as well as the involved staff, were documented to fit the practical scenarios in GI endoscopy, with the available data in Japan and the world. We believe that certain measures will prevent further spread of COVID‐19.

The advent of electronic medical records brought image filing systems to many hospitals, as well as electronic endoscopic medical records. However, data integration among multiple different vendors has not yet been accomplished. We start the Japan Endoscopic Database (JED) Project endorsed by Japan Gastroenterological Endoscopy Society (JGES) from January 2015. The purposes of this project are as follows: (i) developing the world's largest endoscopic database generated from daily use of the reporting system; (ii) capturing the actual performance of endoscopic practice in Japan; and (iii) standardizing the terminology and fundamental items for registry of clinical studies. Moreover, the JED project has the potential to automatically collect data about adverse events, competency and evaluation of residents, and actual numbers of procedures on a nationwide scale, certification for the specialty board system, and so on. We believe that this design paper will be helpful not only for future nationwide research but also for international research (UMIN000016093).

Background and Aim The Japan Endoscopy Database (JED) Project was started to develop the world's largest endoscopic database, capture the actual performance of endoscopic practice, and standardize the terminology and fundamental items needed for a clinical and research registry. This paper presents a progress report on the first phase of this project undertaken at eight endoscopic centers in Japan. Methods The list of data items to be collected was drafted by the MSED-J (Minimal Standard Endoscopic Database) subcommittee. These items were aggregated offline by integrating data from two endoscopic filing systems between July 2015 and December 2015. The study population included all patients who underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy or colonoscopy at all eight centers, patients who underwent enteroscopy at five of the eight centers, and patients who underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) at four of the eight centers. Results Data collected in this phase included 61 070 endoscopic procedures, of which 40 475 were esophagogastroduodenoscopies, 215 were enteroscopies, 19 204 were colonoscopies, and 1176 were ERCPs. Frequencies of complications were 0.68% for esophagogastroduodenoscopy, 0% for enteroscopy, 0.43% for colonoscopy, and 13.34% for ERCP. In addition, we obtained various data including Helicobacter pylori infection status, past history of endoscopy in patients who underwent enteroscopy or colonoscopy, and degree of difficulty of ERCP, although the frequencies of reporting were sometimes low, with some items

AIM : Limited evidence exists on the relationship between colonoscopy withdrawal time and adenoma detection rate in Japan. We aimed to clarify the clinical impact of colonoscopy withdrawal time in a Japanese setting. MATERIALS AND METHODS : We recruited 6,919 consecutive patients from four Japanese endoscopic centers between April 2010 and April 2011. Colonoscopists were divided into the following groups based on the median withdrawal time of a negative colonoscopy

The structure of the neural circuitry of the cerebellum, which functions in some types of motor learning and coordination, is generally conserved among vertebrates. However, some cerebellar features are species specific. It is not clear which genes are involved in forming these conserved and species-specific structures and functions. This study uses zebrafish transgenic larvae expressing fluorescent proteins in granule cells, Purkinje cells, or other cerebellar neurons and glial cells to isolate each type of cerebellar cells by fluorescence-activated cell sorting and to profile their gene expressions by RNA sequencing and in situ hybridization. We identify genes that are upregulated in granule cells or Purkinje cells, including many genes that are also expressed in mammalian cerebella. Comparison of the transcriptomes in granule cells and Purkinje cells in zebrafish larvae reveals that more developmental genes are expressed in granule cells, whereas more neuronal-function genes are expressed in Purkinje cells. We show that some genes that are upregulated in granule cells or Purkinje cells are also expressed in the cerebellum-like structures. Our data provide a platform for understanding the development and function of the cerebellar neural circuits in zebrafish and the evolution of cerebellar circuits in vertebrates. J. Comp. Neurol. 525:1558-1585, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.