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From the beginning of the Mongol invasion of the territory of Sultan Mohammad Khawrazmshah, several proposals were made to counter and repel the attack. One of the most critical proposals came from "King Nasreddin Hazarasb", the Atabak of Lor. He proposed the famous and strategic "Takow"[1] (Takab) strait near Behbahan - between Behbahan and Dehdasht Kohgiluyeh - to prevent and confront the Mongols. This important strait, more than five kilometers long, was important in various spatial and material aspects. Also, according to Atabak, they could muster tens of thousands of fighting forces from different ethnic groups, such as Lor, Shool, and Fars, to fight and resist in the mentioned strait. Of course, the Sultan did not accept Atabak's offer and left everything to fate. All the reports were collected and evaluated from first-hand sources by adopting the historical research methodology and a descriptive-analytical approach in this article. The author seeks to answer the following questions by criticizing current researchers: How is it possible to explain the geographic and strategic location of the strait? And why Sultan Mohammad did not accept Atabak's offer? The results showed that this strait is full of running waters and stagnant springs, impregnable peaks and impassable ridges, large caves, and caverns for food storage and precipices in terms of location and material advantages. Furthermore, Sultan Mohammad، who was perplexed and had no strong will to make a decisive decision, was aware of the disputes and contradictions between Atabak of Lor and Atabak of Fars in the region and did not accept the offer.[1] . Takow

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The Safflower capsule fly (SCF), Acanthiophilus helianthi Rossi (Diptera: Tephritidae) is the most destructive insect pest attacking the Safflower Carthamus tinctorius L. plant which are cultivated as an oil crop. It is mainly controlled through application of broad-spectrum insecticides, which can adversely affect safflower farms ecosystem and consequently human health. Since a first step in setting up an integrated pest management program is to assess the biological control agents within the ecosystem. Therefore, in this research work the pupal parasitoids of Safflower capsule fly a main insect pest attacking Safflower plants were identified. The impact of these parasitoids against this pest was evaluated on the varying pest generations and within different locations in Kohgiluyeh province during 2008-2009 seasons. Pupal parasitoid adults of SCF were recorded from fieldreared pupae, which had been collected from heavily infested small flower heads of the first generation as well from large flower heads of the second and third generations. Rate of parasitism on A. helianthi pupae was estimated as the number of parasitoids over the total count of parasitoids and flies. Ten hymenopterous species belonging to different families parasitizing insect pupae were screened as follows: Bracon hebetor (Spinola, 1808) and Bracon luteator (Spinola, 1808) (Braconidae); Isocolus tinctorious (Melika and Gharaei, 2006) (Cynipidae); Pronotalia carlinarum (Szelenyi and Erdos, 1951) (Eulophidae); Eurytoma acroptilae (Zerova, 1986) (Eurytomidae); Ormyrus orientalis (Walker, 1871) (Ormyridae); Colotrechnus viridis (Masi, 1921) and Pteromalus sp. (Walker, 1976) (Pteromalidae); and Antistrophoplex conthurnatus (Zerova, 2000) and Microdontomenus annulatus (Masi, 1899) (Torymidae). The average parasitization rate was 23±1 as revealed through the present study. The highest parasitization rate occurred during the first generation in all localities tested, as well as in years. Statistical analysis revealed that there were significant differences between parasitization rates by pupal parasitoids within various host generations and localities.

The Safflower capsule fly (SCF), Acanthiophilus helianthi Rossi (Diptera: Tephritidae) is the most destructive insect pest attacking the Safflower Carthamus tinctorius L. plant which are cultivated as an oil crop. It is mainly controlled through application of broad-spectrum insecticides, which can adversely affect safflower farms ecosystem and consequently human health. Since a first step in setting up an integrated pest management program is to assess the biological control agents within the ecosystem. Therefore, in this research work the pupal parasitoids of Safflower capsule fly a main insect pest attacking Safflower plants were identified. The impact of these parasitoids against this pest was evaluated on the varying pest generations and within different locations in Kohgiluyeh province during 2008-2009 seasons. Pupal parasitoid adults of SCF were recorded from fieldreared pupae, which had been collected from heavily infested small flower heads of the first generation as well from large flower heads of the second and third generations. Rate of parasitism on A. helianthi pupae was estimated as the number of parasitoids over the total count of parasitoids and flies. Ten hymenopterous species belonging to different families parasitizing insect pupae were screened as follows: Bracon hebetor (Spinola, 1808) and Bracon luteator (Spinola, 1808) (Braconidae); Isocolus tinctorious (Melika and Gharaei, 2006) (Cynipidae); Pronotalia carlinarum (Szelenyi and Erdos, 1951) (Eulophidae); Eurytoma acroptilae (Zerova, 1986) (Eurytomidae); Ormyrus orientalis (Walker, 1871) (Ormyridae); Colotrechnus viridis (Masi, 1921) and Pteromalus sp. (Walker, 1976) (Pteromalidae); and Antistrophoplex conthurnatus (Zerova, 2000) and Microdontomenus annulatus (Masi, 1899) (Torymidae). The average parasitization rate was 23±1 as revealed through the present study. The highest parasitization rate occurred during the first generation in all localities tested, as well as in years. Statistical analysis revealed that there were significant differences between parasiti-zation rates by pupal parasitoids within various host generations and localities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]