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ABSTRACTThe Caenorhabditis elegans natural microbiota isolates Pseudomonas lurida MYb11 and Pseudomonas fluorescens MYb115 protect the host against pathogens through distinct mechanisms. While P. lurida produces an antimicrobial compound and directly inhibits pathogen growth, P. fluorescens MYb115 protects the host without affecting pathogen growth. It is unknown how these two protective microbes affect host biological processes. We used a proteomics approach to elucidate the C. elegans response to MYb11 and MYb115. We found that both Pseudomonas isolates increase vitellogenin protein production in young adults, which confirms previous findings on the effect of microbiota on C. elegans reproductive timing. Moreover, the C. elegans responses to MYb11 and MYb115 exhibit common signatures with the response to other vitamin B12-producing bacteria, emphasizing the importance of vitamin B12 in C. elegans-microbe metabolic interactions. We further analyzed signatures in the C. elegans response specific to MYb11 or MYb115. We provide evidence for distinct modifications in lipid metabolism by both symbiotic microbes. We could identify the activation of host-pathogen defense responses as an MYb11-specific proteome signature and provide evidence that the intermediate filament protein IFB-2 is required for MYb115-mediated protection. These results indicate that MYb11 not only produces an antimicrobial compound but also activates host antimicrobial defenses, which together might increase resistance to infection. In contrast, MYb115 affects host processes such as lipid metabolism and cytoskeleton dynamics, which might increase host tolerance to infection. Overall, this study pinpoints proteins of interest that form the basis for additional exploration into the mechanisms underlying C. elegans microbiota-mediated protection from pathogen infection and other microbiota-mediated traits.IMPORTANCESymbiotic bacteria can defend their host against pathogen infection. While some protective symbionts directly interact with pathogenic bacteria, other protective symbionts elicit a response in the host that improves its own pathogen defenses. To better understand how a host responds to protective symbionts, we examined which host proteins are affected by two protective Pseudomonas bacteria in the model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. We found that the C. elegans response to its protective symbionts is manifold, which was reflected in changes in proteins that are involved in metabolism, the immune system, and cell structure. This study provides a foundation for exploring the contribution of the host response to symbiont-mediated protection from pathogen infection.

This research expected to understand the effect of corporate risk as measured by the standard deviation of EBITDA divided by total assets, executive compensation, executive characteristics as proxied by age and executive education and government share ownership on tax avoidance (ETR). The research sample of state-owned enterprises found on the official website bumn.go.id, was selected using the purposive sampling method, and 31 state-owned enterprises were obtained as observation data that met the sample criteria. The analysis to examine the effect of each independent variable on the dependent uses Multiple Regression. The results of the study state that corporate risk has a significant influence on tax avoidance, however, the results of this research are different when the researcher tries to exclude state-owned companies that are subject to final income tax from the research sample. From the results of this study, it was found that corporate risk has no effect on tax avoidance. executive compensation, executive characteristics of government share ownership have no effect on tax avoidance. Further research can use financial ratios, company age or other proxies that may affect tax avoidance. In addition, future researchers are expected to use private companies as a comparison of tax avoidance practices.

Assessing student teachers' ability to pose mathematical reasoning problems within their experiences in teacher education is essential due to their increasing challenges in preparing for 21st-century learning. This study investigates the quality of mathematical reasoning problems posed by student teachers. Thirty-four student teachers at a public university in Surabaya, Indonesia, who attended an assessment lecture posed mathematical problems, where four aspects (suitability of indicators which refers to cognitive behaviour expected from the problems posed, the plausibility of the solution of the problems poses, the correctness of the solution, and language readability) were used to assess the problems posed. The results indicate that more than 70% of the student-teacher participants were successful in posing reasoning problems (either objective or subjective questions) indicated by those which are in accordance with the established criteria. However, most of the posed problems are categorised as 'analyse' problems instead of 'evaluate' or 'create' problems.

Nutrition facts are the details on food packaging that describe its nutritional value, including serving size, calories, macronutrients like carbohydrates, protein, and fat, and micronutrients such as vitamins and minerals. These facts have mathematical concepts that can be utilized as a context for prospective teachers to create mathematical problems. By leveraging this real-world data, educators can contribute to multiple Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-being), by promoting nutritional awareness, and SDG 4 (Quality Education) by enhancing student engagement and understanding through relatable examples. This study examines the profile of mathematical tasks created by prospective mathematics teachers using nutrition facts as a context that meets numeracy task criteria. Data were collected from 62 mathematical tasks created by 31 prospective teachers attending a realistic mathematics education course on numeracy based on a problem-posing task at a public university in Surabaya, Indonesia. The posed tasks were categorized into solvable or unsolvable tasks and the domains of the level of context use and the level of cognitive processes. Results revealed that the level of context use in the posed tasks varied from zero to second order. Surprisingly, most of the tasks were in the first-order level context. Most posed tasks reached the application level, with only a few identified as reasoning tasks. Interestingly, some tasks coded as second-order context were classified as reasoning tasks. The study provides implications for designing numeracy tasks using nutrition facts and interventions in teacher education related to numeracy task design.

This research aims to find out the effect of good corporate governance mechanism proxied on managerial share ownership, independent commissioners and independent audit committee toward firm value which is intervining earning quality and financial performance on manufactured company which recorded in Indonesia Stock Exchange. Be sided, it observed 39 companies in a year, furthermore there were 117 observed companies during 2015-2017. With using path analysis, it’s found that Good Corporate Governance is advantageous on profit quality, financial performance and firm value. However, earning quality has no significant effect on firm value while financial performance has on effect on firm value. indirect impact, earning quality and financial performance is not intervining between the influence of good corporate governance mechanism (managerial ownership, Independent commisioneees board and independent audit committee) toward the company value.

The Caenorhabditis elegans natural microbiota was described only recently. Thus, our understanding of its effects on nematode physiology is still in its infancy. We previously showed that the C. elegans natural microbiota isolates Pseudomonas lurida MYb11 and P. fluorescens MYb115 protect the worm against pathogens such as Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). However, the overall effects of the protective microbiota on worm physiology are incompletely understood. Here, we investigated how MYb11 and MYb115 affect C. elegans lifespan, fertility, and intestinal colonization. We further studied the capacity of MYb11 and MYb115 to protect the worm against purified Bt toxins. We show that while MYb115 and MYb11 affect reproductive timing and increase early reproduction only MYb11 reduces worm lifespan. Moreover, MYb11 aggravates killing upon toxin exposure. We conclude that MYb11 has a pathogenic potential in some contexts. This work thus highlights that certain C. elegans microbiota members can be beneficial and costly to the host in a context-dependent manner, blurring the line between good and bad.

Ecoenzyme is a potential sustainable waste management solution that could make waste management more beneficial. This study seeks to analyze the evolution of ecoenzyme-related research publication topic trends over the past decade, then visualize them and identify potential ecoenzyme-related research topics for future study. Using Publish or Perish software with Google Scholar database sources and VOSviewer software, this research method employs a literature review and bibliometric analysis. The investigation and search produced a collection of published document metadata regarding ecoenzymes that included up to 666 documents from 2013 to 2023. During that time, ecoenzyme-related research publications covered a variety of topics, including composition, training, and product development. N. Ginting and T. Wikaningrum are the authors who have contributed the most to the publication of the ecoenzyme topic, with a total of 12 publication documents. Further research can be conducted on the development of ecoenzymes, such as the investigation of the efficacy and effectiveness of using ecoenzymes and the investigation of other ecoenzyme research involving various other scientific disciplines. This study has limitations due to its reliance on data obtained through Google Scholar and its lack of a rigorous screening process. Therefore, it is recommended that future research take additional measures to filter more collected data.

Abstract Background The interplay between hosts and their associated microbiome is now recognized as a fundamental basis of the ecology, evolution, and development of both players. These interdependencies inspired a new view of multicellular organisms as “metaorganisms.” The goal of the Collaborative Research Center “Origin and Function of Metaorganisms” is to understand why and how microbial communities form long-term associations with hosts from diverse taxonomic groups, ranging from sponges to humans in addition to plants. Methods In order to optimize the choice of analysis procedures, which may differ according to the host organism and question at hand, we systematically compared the two main technical approaches for profiling microbial communities, 16S rRNA gene amplicon and metagenomic shotgun sequencing across our panel of ten host taxa. This includes two commonly used 16S rRNA gene regions and two amplification procedures, thus totaling five different microbial profiles per host sample. Conclusion While 16S rRNA gene-based analyses are subject to much skepticism, we demonstrate that many aspects of bacterial community characterization are consistent across methods. The resulting insight facilitates the selection of appropriate methods across a wide range of host taxa. Overall, we recommend single- over multi-step amplification procedures, and although exceptions and trade-offs exist, the V3 V4 over the V1 V2 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Finally, by contrasting taxonomic and functional profiles and performing phylogenetic analysis, we provide important and novel insight into broad evolutionary patterns among metaorganisms, whereby the transition of animals from an aquatic to a terrestrial habitat marks a major event in the evolution of host-associated microbial composition.

While problem-posing respecting real-world situations can be a promising approach for fostering modelling competence, research on modelling through problem posing is scant. This present paper aims to characterize the mathematical tasks designed by prospective teachers regarding the criteria of a modelling problem. Data were collected from fifty mathematical tasks posed by twenty-five preservice teachers as participants at a public university in Surabaya, Indonesia, within a summative test of an assessment course.The problem-posing task asked the participants to pose two different mathematical tasks from a given realworld situation. To analyze, the participants’ responses were coded as solvable or unsolvable tasks and then further coded regarding two aspects of modelling problem i.e., connection to reality and openness of a problem. Our analysis revealed that the participants tended to pose problems with authentic connections rather than artificial connections to reality. However, only a few of the posed problems were indicated to promote openness in terms of either various mathematical models or an unclear initial state, which is the crucial indicator of a modelling problem. Implications regarding modelling competence via problem-posing in preservice teacher education are discussed.

Abstract Background The objective of this study was to determine whether patients infected with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing organisms are colonized at multiple body sites. Methods This was a prospective cohort study at a tertiary care center in Beirut, Lebanon. Hospitalized patients with infections caused by ESBL-producing organisms were included. Cultures were obtained from the primary site of infection as well as from other sites (skin, nasopharynx, urine, rectum). Molecular analysis was performed on isolates to determine clonal relatedness. Results One hundred patients were included in the study. Only 22 patients had positive cultures from sites other than the primary site of infection. The most common ESBL gene was CTX-M-15 followed by TEM-1. In 11 of 22 patients, isolates collected from the same patient were 100% genetically related, while in the remaining patients, genomic relatedness ranged from 42.9% to 97.1%. Conclusions Colonization at sites other than the primary site of infection was not common among our patient population infected with ESBL-producing organisms. The dynamics of transmission of these bacterial strains should be studied in further prospective studies to determine the value of routine active surveillance and the need for expanded precautions in infected and colonized patients.

The data of conjecturing student errors were analyzed by focusing on possible errors of triangle area on a conservation task, while PSTs’ responses of student errors were scrutinized using four strands: mathematical focus, pedagogical action, form of address, and degree of student error use. Results revealed that while PSTs tend to identify as well as interpret the existence of mathematical errors from the conceptual aspect on triangles with the same sizes of height and base, few PSTs could evaluate student errors employing the formal structure of area conservation concept on triangles with the different sizes of height and base. Regarding PST’s responses, PSTs tend to agree with facilitating students to investigate the congruence of base and height of triangles in constructing the concept of triangle area measurement. However, they preferred to choose pedagogical action by reexplaining the main feature of the task solution instead of using student errors as a tool to probe student thinking or provide cognitive conflicts. Furthermore, most of the PST also don’t use student errors as a tool to reconstruct a whole lesson indicating learning trajectory on area conservation concepts, but as a steppingstone to correct subsequent errors.

Physical distancing, which is widely practiced limiting the spread of COVID-19, is recognized to contain mathematical thoughts that can be harnessed as a context for prospective teachers' practices of mathematical problem posing. The goal of this study is to investigate the profile of mathematical tasks posed by prospective mathematics teachers using the context of physical distancing that meets the criteria of numeracy tasks. Data were collected from 66 mathematical tasks posed by thirty-three prospective teachers at a public university in Surabaya, Indonesia, attending an assessment course of numeracy based on a problem-posing task. To analyze, the posed tasks were first identified as solvable or unsolvable tasks and then further categorized into the domains of the level of context use and the level of cognitive processes. Results show that the level of context use embedded in the posed tasks varies from zero to first order, with only a few of the posed tasks being coded as having second-order context. Regarding the levels of cognitive processes, most of the posed tasks reach the level of understanding, with only a small number of reasoning tasks identified. Interestingly, all the tasks coded to contain second-order context are classified as reasoning tasks. Some implications regarding designing numeracy tasks using physical distancing and interventions in teacher education related to numeracy task design are discussed.

How dyslexia students solve number operations is still challenging to unravel. This study aimed at revealing the types of errors conveyed by a dyslexic student in performing fractional operations on mathematical tasks that combined non-verbal text (symbols and pictures) and verbal text. The data were collected using a task-based interview with a 13- year-old dyslexic student that was recorded and focused on the types of errors on fractional operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division). Results depicted that the student overgeneralized whole number operations when adding two fractions with different denominators although she successfully converted the area model of fraction into a correct fraction operation, identified a common denominator but failed to change the fractions into equivalent form when subtracting two mixed fractions, failed to interpret a multiplication word problem into subtraction operation, and applied only part of the "invert and multiply" algorithm on a word problem. The assumption of the phonological disturbances that was found in the student participant's performance was not found consistently in all the given word problem.

Monotherapeutic options for carbapenem resistant infections are limited. Studies suggest that combination therapy may be associated with better outcomes than monotherapies. However, this is still controversial. This study assessed, the efficacy of combination therapy against carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae harboring singly various ESBL or carbapenemase encoding genes. Thus, four isolates harboring either blaCTXM-15, blaCTXM-15 and blaOXA-48, blaNDM-1, or blaKPC-2 genes were selected for testing. Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was determined by broth dilution method. Gene transcript levels on single and combined treatments were done in vitro and in vivo by q RT-PCR. Assessment of treatments was done in BALB/c mice according to a specific protocol. As such, the qRT-PCR revealed a significant decrease of transcript levels in all isolates upon using rifampicin or tigecycline, singly or in combination with colistin. However, variable levels were obtained using colistin singly or in combination with meropenem or fosfomycin. In vivo assessment showed that all combinations used were effective against isolates harboring blaCTXM-15, blaOXA-48, and blaNDM-1. Conversely, the most significant combination against the isolate harboring blaKPC-2 gene was colistin with carbapenem, fosfomycin, or kanamycin. As a conclusion, combination therapy selected based on the type of carbapenemase produced, appeared to be non-toxic and might be effective in BALB/c mice. Therefore, the use of a rationally optimized combination therapy might lead to better results than monotherapy, however, clinical trials are needed for human consumption.

The emerging of formal mathematical proof is an essential component in advanced undergraduate mathematics courses. Several colleges have transformed mathematics courses by facilitating undergraduate students to understand formal mathematical language and axiomatic structure. Nevertheless, college students face difficulties when they transition to proof construction in mathematics courses. Therefore, this descriptive-explorative study explores prospective teachers' mathematical proof in the second semester of their studies. There were 240 pre-service mathematics teachers at a state university in Surabaya, Indonesia, determined using the conventional method. Their responses were analyzed using a combination of Miyazaki and Moore methods. This method classified reasoning types (i.e., deductive and inductive) and types of difficulties experienced during the proving. The results conveyed that 62.5% of prospective teachers tended to prefer deductive reasoning, while the rest used inductive reasoning. Only 15.83% of the responses were identified as correct answers, while the other answers included errors on a proof construction. Another result portrayed that most prospective teachers (27.5%) experienced difficulties in using definitions for constructing proofs. This study suggested that the analytical framework of the Miyazaki-Moore method can be employed as a tool to help teachers identify students' proof reasoning types and difficulties in constructing the mathematical proof.