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The article discusses the field of geroscience, which focuses on understanding the biology of aging and developing interventions to improve health and quality of life as people age. The article highlights the goals and opportunities discussed at the Fourth Geroscience Summit, including addressing health disparities in aging, ensuring inclusion of diverse populations in research, exploring interventions for chronic disease patients and survivors, developing research models to understand multimorbidity, identifying aging-related health outcome measures, and validating predictive biomarkers of aging. The article emphasizes the need for clear communication and training in geroscience to integrate its perspectives into medical practice and improve the treatment of age-related diseases. [Extracted from the article]

Death from chronic lung disease is increasing and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease has become the third leading cause of death in the United States in the past decade. Both chronic and acute lung diseases disproportionately affect elderly individuals, making it likely that these diseases will become more frequent and severe as the worldwide population ages. Chronic lung diseases are associated with substantial morbidity, frequently resulting in exercise limiting dyspnea, immobilization, and isolation. Therefore, effective strategies to prevent or treat lung disease are likely to increase healthspan as well as life span. This review summarizes the findings of a joint workshop sponsored by the NIA and NHLBI that brought together investigators focused on aging and lung biology. These investigators encouraged the use of genetic systems and aged animals in the study of lung disease and the development of integrative systems-based platforms that can dynamically incorporate data sets that describe the genomics, transcriptomics, epigenomics, metabolomics, and proteomics of the aging lung in health and disease. Further research was recommended to integrate benchmark biological hallmarks of aging in the lung with the pathobiology of acute and chronic lung diseases with divergent pathologies for which advanced age is the most important risk factor.

Research has been conducted on the insulin receptors and other protein kinases. The activation of these receptors and kinases by intrasteric inhibition relief regulated by reversible phosphorylation has been investigated.

The degradation of proteins by the multicatalytic proteinase complex (MPC) in lysozymes from a higher animal such as a cow follows a nonprocessive mechanism, unlike the mechanism in archaebacteria. The selection of cleavage sites is determined by the amino acid sequence of the active sites, rather than the distances between them.

The enzymatic activity of receptor kinases increase after trans-phosphorylation of one or two tyrosines in the activation loop. Partial activation of the insulin receptor's kinase domain was found at dilute concentrations of kinase, indicating that there was cis-autophosphorylation. Autophosporylation during partial activation was located in the juxtamembrane tyrosines and not in activation loop tyrosines.

Experiments were undertaken with (super14C)-3,4-dichloroisocoumarin and peptidyl aldehyde inhibitors, to identify subunits required for expression of activities in multicatalytic proteinase complex (MPC) preparations from bovine pituitaries and spleen. Results suggest that the X subunit of pituitary MPC and LMP2 of the spleen MPC are required for expression of ChT-L activity.

The molecular mechanism of juxtamembrane (JM) autophosphorylation in WT and mutant CKDs was studied using reaction conditions contributing to net autophosphorylation. Results reveal that a site-directed mutagenesis provides an evidence that cis-autophosphorylation was specific to the JM subdomain. This suggests an additional and novel mechanism for the regulation of insulin receptor autophosphorylation.

Up to 85% of adult cancer survivors and 99% of adult survivors of childhood cancer live with an accumulation of chronic conditions, frailty, and/or cognitive impairments resulting from cancer and its treatment. Thus, survivors often show an accelerated development of multiple geriatric syndromes and need therapeutic interventions. To advance progress in this area, the National Cancer Institute convened the second of 2 think tanks under the auspices of the Cancer and Accelerated Aging: Advancing Research for Healthy Survivors initiative. Experts assembled to share evidence of promising strategies to prevent, slow, or reverse the aging consequences of cancer and its treatment. The meeting identified research and resource needs, including geroscience-guided clinical trials; comprehensive assessments of functional, cognitive, and psychosocial vulnerabilities to assess and predict age-related outcomes; preclinical and clinical research to determine the optimal dosing for behavioral (eg, diet, exercise) and pharmacologic (eg, senolytic) therapies; health-care delivery research to evaluate the efficacy of integrated cancer care delivery models; optimization of intervention implementation, delivery, and uptake; and patient and provider education on cancer and treatment-related late and long-term adverse effects. Addressing these needs will expand knowledge of aging-related consequences of cancer and cancer treatment and inform strategies to promote healthy aging of cancer survivors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of autophosphorylation of the insulin receptor's kinase domain on the conformational stability by guanidine hydrochloride dependent denaturation and by iodide quenching of intrinsic fluorescence were investigated. The results of denaturation experiments showed that autophosphorylation lowers the conformational free energy of the enzyme. Mutagenesis and iodide quenching results indicated that the fluorophore W1175 in the catalytic cleft is the major reporter of conformational change.