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This study was conducted in Côte d’Ivoire to determine the respective prevalence of Candida species and to study their susceptibility profile to antifungal agents to identify the emergence of resistance.This retrospective study was conducted from 2017 to 2019 at the Institute Pasteur of Côte d’Ivoire on patients with fungal disease. The yeasts isolated and identified in Côte d’Ivoire were subcultured on a chromogenic medium and identified with MALDI-TOF-MS. Sensitivity tests were performed using the CLSI method and evaluated by the M27. In total, 227 Candida spp. were isolated from 1941 patients. Most of the samples were vaginal swabs (120/228). Using the conventional method, C. albicans was prevalent (52.6%). There were mixtures of 2 to 4 species in 36.8% of the samples. Thus MALDI-TOF-MS identified in 315 isolates 13 distinct species, C. tropicalis was prevalent at 35.2%, and the species in both C. albicans and C. parapsilosis complexes were differentiated. This study highlights the hurdle of correct yeast identification in developing countries. The transition from conventional to modern MALDI-TOF based identification of these life-threatening opportunistic pathogens is mandatory and should be emphasised as a public health priority.

The objectives of this study were to investigate the trend in monthly and annual precipitation, minimum and maximum air temperature using the Mann-Kendall test and Sen’s slope estimator and to evaluate the impact of precipitation and temperature variability on crop yields in southern Togo using multiple regression analysis. Monthly precipitation and temperature for four weather stations were collected from 1970 to 2014. A non-significant increasing trend in annual precipitation (P>0.05) was noticed in Atakpame, Lome and Tabligbo, while Kouma-konda revealed a non-significant decreasing trend (P>0.05). During the growing season, July had the highest precipitation (208.7 mm) in Atakpame, June had the highest precipitation in Lome (198.5 mm) and Tabligbo (158.7 mm). Amongst the locations, Kouma-konda has the highest monthly precipitation (226.2 mm) obtained in June. There was a significant increasing trend (P

Many different types of intestinal helminthes and protozoa infect man worldwide. Because of inadequate sanitary conditions, enteroparasitic infections constitute a serious public health problem in Cote d’Ivoire where infants are most concerned. Low-income populations, such girls or maids of households, which combine an important illiteracy rate, are especially vulnerable. Objective: This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites among maids in Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire. Materials and methods: A cross sectional community study was conducted among 88 households in a residential area of Abidjan, the main city of Cote d'Ivoire. Data from maids were collected by the use of a questionnaire. Stool of these workers were collected and examined for intestinal parasites by using simple smear and Ritchie’s technical method. Results: The overall prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections was 19.3%. Protozoa (14.7%) were more commonly found than Helminthes (4.5%). The maids were mainly infected with the fecal-oral transmitted parasites, with Entamoeba coli (13.6%). Necator americanus (2.3%) were the soil-transmitted helminthes frequently encountered. No multiple infections were noted. Conclusion: These results challenge the authorities on the necessity to improve the poor sanitary conditions of the maids, revealed by the importance of their infestations.

Excessive phosphorus (P) levels in freshwater aquaculture effluents are a major environmental problem in certain receiving water bodies. This study aimed to test an approach alternating that alternating feeding P deficient and P sufficient diets and measure P loading from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) culture. Three experimental practical diets consisting of P-deficient (0.4% P, P04), optimum level of P (0.6% P, P06) and P-sufficient as control diet (0.8% P, P08) were formulated. Six different feeding regimes of P-sufficient diet continuously (P08), P-deficient diet continuously (P04), optimum dietary level of P (P06) continuously, one week P-deficient/one week optimum level of P diet (P04/P06.1), 2 weeks P-deficient/2 weeks optimum level of P diet (P04/P06.2) and 4 weeks P-deficient/ 4 weeks optimum level of P diet (P04/P06.4) were tested. Fish were fed twice daily to apparent satiation level 16 weeks. Fish fed all alternating regimes showed growth rate (weight and length) comparable to those of continuous feeding with P08 and P06 diet. The feed conversion ratios (FCR) for all alternating regimes were comparable to that of the P08 and P06 continuous feeding regime. Neither the thermal unit growth coefficient (TGC) nor condition factor (K) significantly influenced by feeding regimes. Vertebrae P, ash and whole body ash content did not differ among regimes. Except fish fed continuous P04 diet, the ash and P content in opercula and whole body total P content were not significantly different among each other in a continuous feeding and alternating feeding schedule. Fish fed all alternating regimes showed significantly lower P consumption than those fed continuously fed with P08 and P06. Different feeding regimes had no effect P retention. Significantly higher P loading (solid and dissolved) was noted in fish fed continuously with P08 diet, in contrast P loading values were lower for all alternating feeding regimes. The study demonstrated that growth and tissue mineralization of fish maintained on alternating feeding regimes with P04 and P06 diet were comparable to those continuously fed with diet of P08. These results demonstrate that it is possible to reduce P intake by 34% and reduce P loading 52% by adopting alternating feeding regimes compared to P08 diet. This study provides evidence that alternating feeding of P deficient and optimum dietary levels using practical ingredients can be adopted as a means of reducing P loading from rainbow trout culture without compromising growth.

BACKGROUND: Morbidity control of schistosomiasis relies on a single drug, praziquantel. The antimalarial drug mefloquine possesses interesting antischistosomal properties, yet no clinical studies have been performed. METHODS: We conducted a randomized, exploratory open-label trial to assess the efficacy and safety of mefloquine (25 mg/kg), artesunate (3 doses of 4 mg/kg), mefloquine-artesunate (3 doses of 100 mg artesunate plus 250 mg mefloquine), and praziquantel (40 mg/kg) against Schistosoma haematobium. The effects on Schistosoma mansoni, malaria parasitemia, soil-transmitted helminths, and intestinal protozoa were also determined. RESULTS: A total of 83 S. haematobium-infected schoolchildren were included in the study. Cure rates of mefloquine, artesunate, mefloquine-artesunate, and praziquantel against S. haematobium at day 26 after treatment were 21%, 25%, 61%, and 88%, respectively. Both mefloquine-artesunate and praziquantel resulted in egg reduction rates

International audience; L'objectif de cet article est de décrire les actes illocutionnaires de reproche et de remerciement, et ipso facto les représentations sémantiques des verbes et nominaux qui les désignent dans différents espaces de la francophonie : métropole, Québec, Maroc, Côte d'Ivoire, Nouvelle Calédonie, Madagascar.

An up-to-date review on human paragonimiasis in Africa was carried out to determine the current geographical distribution of human cases and analyze the animal reservoir, snails and crustaceans which intervene in the local life cycle of Paragonimus species. Two countries, i.e., Cameroon and Nigeria, were mainly affected by this disease, while the distribution of human cases in the other eight states of the intertropical zone was scattered. Infected patients were currently few in number and two Paragonimus species: P. africanus and P. uterobilateralis, were found. The animal reservoir is mainly constituted by crab-eating mammals. The identity of the host snail remains doubtful and was either a prosobranch, or a land snail. Seven crab species belonging to Callinectes, Liberonautes and Sudanonautes genera are able to harbour paragonimid metacercariae. Due to the current low prevalence of human paragonimiasis recorded in Africa and the high cost of wide-scale screenings for this disease, training of technicians in anti-tuberculosis centers would be the most realistic attitude to detect mycobacteria and/or Paragonimus eggs during the same sputum examination.

Phosphorus (P)-responsive genes and how they regulate renal adaptation to phosphorous-deficient diets in animals, including fish, are not well understood. RNA abundance profiling using cDNA microarrays is an efficient approach to study nutrient-gene interactions and identify these dietary P-responsive genes. To test the hypothesis that dietary P-responsive genes are differentially expressed in fish fed varying P levels, rainbow trout were fed a practical high-P diet (R20: 0.96% P) or a low-P diet (R0: 0.38% P) for 7 weeks. The differentially-expressed genes between dietary groups were identified and compared from the kidney by combining suppressive subtractive hybridization (SSH) with cDNA microarray analysis. A number of genes were confirmed by real-time PCR, and correlated with plasma and bone P concentrations. Approximately 54 genes were identified as potential dietary P-responsive after 7 weeks on a diet deficient in P according to cDNA microarray analysis. Of 18 selected genes, 13 genes were confirmed to be P-responsive at 7 weeks by real-time PCR analysis, including: iNOS, cytochrome b, cytochrome c oxidase subunit II , alpha-globin I, beta-globin, ATP synthase, hyperosmotic protein 21, COL1A3, Nkef, NDPK, glucose phosphate isomerase 1, Na+/H+ exchange protein and GDP dissociation inhibitor 2. Many of these dietary P-responsive genes responded in a moderate way (R0/R20 ratio:2-3 or0.5) and in a transient manner to dietary P limitation. In summary, renal adaptation to dietary P deficiency in trout involves changes in the expression of several genes, suggesting a profile of metabolic stress, since many of these differentially-expressed candidates are associated with the cellular adaptative responses.

Introduction La prevalence de l'hypertension arterielle (HTA) est plus elevee dans la population diabetique que dans la population generale. Cette association HTA-diabete a des effets deleteres, entrainant un developpement plus precoce et plus severe des complications degeneratives du diabete. Objectif Analyser le profil epidemiologique et la repartition des complications degeneratives retrouvees chez les diabetiques hypertendus suivis au Service d'Endocrinologie Diabetologie du CHU de Yopougon en Cote d'Ivoire Materiels et methodes Il s'agit d'une etude retrospective portant sur l'analyse de 230 dossiers de patients diabetiques suivis en consultation d'Endocrinologie-Diabetologie a Abidjan entre 1986 et 2012. Resultats L'âge moyen des patients etait de 50,44±12,71 (20–85) ans, repartis en 91,8 % de diabete de type 2 ; 6,5 % de diabete de type 1 et 1,7 % de diabete secondaire, avec un sex-ratio de 1,44. La duree moyenne d'evolution du diabete etait de 20,88±6,68 (0–47) ans et celle du suivi de 5,81±5,67 (0–30) ans. Le niveau moyen de pression arterielle pour l'ensemble de la population etait de 152,18±24,55 (80–230) mmHg pour la systolique et 104,12±95,79 (65–91) mmHg pour la diastolique, le BMI moyen etait de 24,90±4,93kg/m 2 . Les complications retrouvees etaient : la polyneuropathie 59,7 % (138/231), la retinopathie diabetique 20,3 % (47/231), la dysfonction erectile 14,7 % (34/231), la cardiopathie ischemique 12,1 % (28/231), la nephropathie diabetique 9,5 % (22/231), le pied diabetique 7,7 % (18/231) et l'accident ischemique cerebral 1,7 % (4/231). Conclusion L'equilibre du diabete associe a la prise en charge des autres facteurs de risque cardiovasculaire tels que l'hypertension arterielle permet de limiter les complications degeneratives du diabete et ses consequences.