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This paper focuses on investigating the threats affecting Grebouo 1 forest grove (GFG) and their socio-anthropological drivers. Sociological surveys consist of semi-structured interviews and individual discussions among communities’ elders and households in four nearest villages surrounding GFG. The taboos implied a ban on damaging or disrespecting the area. Disrespecting the area included burning, hunting, cutting, and polluting the area through defecating, urinating, or sexual activities. Natives are the community that mostly (88%) collect plant resources inside GFG compared to Ivorian and West African migrants (5 and 11% respectively). For all the respondents, GFG is a place of supply (92% of the respondents) and secondly is a holy place (5% of the respondents). The rarefaction of forest resources in GFG region poses threats to the grove since the traditional beliefs ruling its management is no longer respected. The preservation of this grove necessitates the reconciliation between traditional beliefs, economic needs, and nature conservation.

Perineal hernia (PH) is the protrusion into the perineum of intraperitoneal or extraperitoneal contents through a congenital or acquired defect of the pelvic diaphragm [1]. They are classified as primary and secondary (postoperative) [2]. Primary PH can be congenital or acquired. PH are very rare conditions and even more so within paediatric population. The treatment of PH is surgical [3,4]. Many approaches and techniques of treatment were described in the literature. Among the cases described in the literature a few cases of children has been reported. In this report, we present a case of PH in a male child first described in Cote d’Ivoire.

The success of the initial closure of the complex bladder-exstrophy remains a challenge in pediatric surgery. This study describes a personal experience of the causes of failure of the initial closure and operative morbidity during the surgical treatment of bladder-exstrophy complex. From April 2000 to March 2014, four patients aged 16 days to 7 years and 5 months underwent complex exstrophy-epispadias repair with pelvic osteotomies. There were three males and one female. Three of them had posterior pelvic osteotomy, one had anterior innominate osteotomy. Bladder Closure: Bladder closure was performed in three layers. Our first patient had initial bladder closure with polyglactin 4/0 (Vicryl ® 4/0), concerning the last three patients, initial bladder closure was performed with polydioxanone 4/0 (PDS ® 4/0). The bladder was repaired leaving the urethral stent and ureteral stents for full urinary drainage for three patients. In one case, only urethral stent was left, ureteral drainage was not possible, because stents sizes were more important than the ureteral diameter. Out of a total of four patients, initial bladder closure was completely achieved for three patients. At the immediate postoperative follow-up, two patients presented a complete disunion of the abdominal wall and bladder despite an appropriate postoperative care. The absorbable braided silk (polyglactin) used for the bladder closure was considered as the main factor in the failure of the bladder closure. The second cause of failure of the initial bladder closure was the incomplete urine drainage, ureteral catheterisation was not possible because the catheters sizes were too large compared with the diameters of the ureters. The failure of the initial bladder-exstrophy closure may be reduced by a closure with an absorbable monofilament silk and efficient urine drainage via ureteral catheterisation.

A satellite orbit is mainly influenced by central body gravitational forces. For a satellite in LEO (Low Earth Orbit), MEO (Medium Earth Orbit) or GEO (Geosynchronous Earth Orbit) the Earth´s gravity distribution and other perturbations determine the position and velocity changes in function of time. If the motion is around a spherical body with homogenous mass distribution and without perturbative forces, the orbit must be cyclic like the Two Body Problem (TBP) or Keplerian Orbit. Different numerical methods can be applied for solving the Ordinary Differential Equations (ODE´s). In this work a fourth-orderfixed step-size Runge-Kutta numerical integrator (RK4) was implemented. With satellite´s position and velocity in inertial reference frame at zero time (orbit initial conditions) and solving the ODE´s with RK4 it is possible to know the satellite position and velocity at any time, with a certain level of accuracy. When the integration time is equal to the orbit period time, in a Keplerian orbit, the initial and final orbit data are compared to obtain the integration error in position and velocity. To better accuracy it is recommended to change theODE´s from a Newtonian system by a time transformation to a stable Liapunov system and finally to Kunstaanheimo-Stiefel (KS) transformed system. In this paper the results obtained by applying the KS transformation to the orbit ODE´s, its accuracy and error analysis for different step-sizes of integration in a satellite orbit propagation are presented. Additionally, the orbits propagated are compared in terms of performance, CPU time and degradation of accuracy. Finally conclusions are drawn showing the beneficial aspects of using the KS transformation as an efficient technique for precise orbit integration of Earth satellites. Keywords: Satellite Orbit, Numerical Integration, Time Transformation, KS transformation.