85 results on '"Koen Sandra"'
Search Results
2. 2-Methyl-pentanoyl-carnitine (2-MPC): a urine biomarker for patent Ascaris lumbricoides infection
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Ole Lagatie, Ann Verheyen, Stijn Van Asten, Maurice R. Odiere, Yenny Djuardi, Bruno Levecke, Johnny Vlaminck, Zeleke Mekonnen, Daniel Dana, Ruben T’Kindt, Koen Sandra, Rianne van Outersterp, Jos Oomens, Ronghui Lin, Lieve Dillen, Rob Vreeken, Filip Cuyckens, and Lieven J. Stuyver
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Medicine ,Science - Abstract
Abstract Infections with intestinal worms, such as Ascaris lumbricoides, affect hundreds of millions of people in all tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Through large-scale deworming programs, World Health Organization aims to reduce moderate-to-heavy intensity infections below 1%. Current diagnosis and monitoring of these control programs are solely based on the detection of worm eggs in stool. Here we describe how metabolome analysis was used to identify the A. lumbricoides-specific urine biomarker 2-methyl pentanoyl carnitine (2-MPC). This biomarker was found to be 85.7% accurate in determining infection and 90.5% accurate in determining a moderate-to-heavy infection. Our results also demonstrate that there is a correlation between 2-MPC levels in urine and A. lumbricoides DNA detected in stool. Furthermore, the levels of 2-MPC in urine were shown to rapidly and strongly decrease upon administration of a standard treatment (single oral dose of 400 mg albendazole). In an Ascaris suum infection model in pigs, it was found that, although 2-MPC levels were much lower compared to humans, there was a significant association between urinary 2-MPC levels and both worm counts (p = 0.023) and the number of eggs per gram (epg) counts (p
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- 2020
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3. Multimodal biomarker discovery for active Onchocerca volvulus infection.
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Ole Lagatie, Emmanuel Njumbe Ediage, Dirk Van Roosbroeck, Stijn Van Asten, Ann Verheyen, Linda Batsa Debrah, Alex Debrah, Maurice R Odiere, Ruben T'Kindt, Emmie Dumont, Koen Sandra, Lieve Dillen, Tom Verhaeghe, Rob Vreeken, Filip Cuyckens, and Lieven J Stuyver
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Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,RC955-962 ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
The neglected tropical disease onchocerciasis, or river blindness, is caused by infection with the filarial nematode Onchocerca volvulus. Current estimates indicate that 17 million people are infected worldwide, the majority of them living in Africa. Today there are no non-invasive tests available that can detect ongoing infection, and that can be used for effective monitoring of elimination programs. In addition, to enable pharmacodynamic studies with novel macrofilaricide drug candidates, surrogate endpoints and efficacy biomarkers are needed but are non-existent. We describe the use of a multimodal untargeted mass spectrometry-based approach (metabolomics and lipidomics) to identify onchocerciasis-associated metabolites in urine and plasma, and of specific lipid features in plasma of infected individuals (O. volvulus infected cases: 68 individuals with palpable nodules; lymphatic filariasis cases: 8 individuals; non-endemic controls: 20 individuals). This work resulted in the identification of elevated concentrations of the plasma metabolites inosine and hypoxanthine as biomarkers for filarial infection, and of the urine metabolite cis-cinnamoylglycine (CCG) as biomarker for O. volvulus. During the targeted validation study, metabolite-specific cutoffs were determined (inosine: 34.2 ng/ml; hypoxanthine: 1380 ng/ml; CCG: 29.7 ng/ml) and sensitivity and specificity profiles were established. Subsequent evaluation of these biomarkers in a non-endemic population from a different geographical region invalidated the urine metabolite CCG as biomarker for O. volvulus. The plasma metabolites inosine and hypoxanthine were confirmed as biomarkers for filarial infection. With the availability of targeted LC-MS procedures, the full potential of these 2 biomarkers in macrofilaricide clinical trials, MDA efficacy surveys, and epidemiological transmission studies can be investigated.
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- 2021
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- View/download PDF
4. Determination of variability due to biological and technical variation in urinary extracellular vesicles as a crucial step in biomarker discovery studies
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Eline Oeyen, Hanny Willems, Ruben ’T Kindt, Koen Sandra, Kurt Boonen, Lucien Hoekx, Stefan De Wachter, Filip Ameye, and Inge Mertens
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extracellular vesicles ,urine ,variation ,size exclusion chromatography ,proteomics ,lipidomics ,lc-ms/ms ,power analysis ,sample size calculation ,biomarker discovery ,Cytology ,QH573-671 - Abstract
Urinary extracellular vesicles (EVs) are an attractive source of biomarkers for urological diseases. A crucial step in biomarker discovery studies is the determination of the variation parameters to perform a sample size calculation. In this way, a biomarker discovery study with sufficient statistical power can be performed to obtain biologically significant biomarkers. Here, a variation study was performed on both the protein and lipid content of urinary EVs of healthy individuals, aged between 52 and 69 years. Ultrafiltration (UF) in combination with size exclusion chromatography (SEC) was used to isolate the EVs from urine. Different experimental variation set-ups were used in this variation study. The calculated standard deviations (SDs) of the 90% least variable peptides and lipids did not exceed 2 and 1.2, respectively. These parameters can be used in a sample size calculation for a well-designed biomarker discovery study at the cargo of EVs.
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- 2019
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5. Quantitative N-Glycan Profiling of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies Performed by Middle-Up Level HILIC-HRMS Analysis
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Bastiaan L. Duivelshof, Steffy Denorme, Koen Sandra, Xiaoxiao Liu, Alain Beck, Matthew A. Lauber, Davy Guillarme, and Valentina D’Atri
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glycan profiling ,quantitative analysis ,HILIC-MS ,protein subunits ,monoclonal antibodies ,Pharmacy and materia medica ,RS1-441 - Abstract
The identification and accurate quantitation of the various glycoforms contained in therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is one of the main analytical needs in the biopharmaceutical industry, and glycosylation represents a crucial critical quality attribute (CQA) that needs to be addressed. Currently, the reference method for performing such identification/quantitation consists of the release of the N-glycan moieties from the mAb, their labelling with a specific dye (e.g., 2-AB or RFMS) and their analysis by HILIC-FLD or HILIC-MS. In this contribution, the potential of a new cost- and time-effective analytical approach performed at the protein subunit level (middle-up) was investigated for quantitative purposes and compared with the reference methods. The robustness of the approach was first demonstrated by performing the relative quantification of the glycoforms related to a well characterized mAb, namely adalimumab. Then, the workflow was applied to various glyco-engineered mAb products (i.e., obinutuzumab, benralizumab and atezolizumab). Finally, the glycosylation pattern of infliximab (Remicade®) was assessed and compared to two of its commercially available biosimilars (Remsima® and Inflectra®). The middle-up analysis proved to provide accurate quantitation results and has the added potential to be used as multi-attribute monitoring method.
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- 2021
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6. An integrated educational and multimodal approach to achieving an opioid-free postoperative course after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair
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Sabesan, Vani J., Chatha, Kiran, Koen, Sandra, Echeverry, Nikolas, Borroto, Wilfredo J., Khoury, Laila H., Stephens, B. Joshua, and Gilot, Gregory
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- 2021
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7. What do patients think about opioids? a survey of patient perceptions regarding pain control after shoulder surgery
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Sabesan, Vani, Dawoud, Mirelle, Chatha, Kiran, Koen, Sandra, and Khoury, Laila
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- 2021
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8. Innovative patient education and pain management protocols to achieve opioid-free shoulder arthroplasty
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Sabesan, Vani J., Chatha, Kiran, Koen, Sandra, Dawoud, Mirelle, and Gilot, Gregory
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- 2020
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9. Reliability of Ultrasound Image–Based Measurements of the Vastus Medialis Oblique Muscle Structure and Function
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Koen, Sandra M., Sutherlin, Mark A., Saliba, Susan A., and Hart, Joe M.
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Purpose:To assess test–retest reliability of vastus medialis oblique (VMO) pennation angle, muscle thickness, and changes in muscle thickness across different knee flexion angles in healthy participants across two sessions.Methods:Intraclass correlation coefficients between days for VMO muscle thickness and pennation angle and changes in muscle thickness and pennation angle while seated with the knee at 0°, 30°, 60°, and 90° flexion, standing, and during a 30° squat.Results:Twenty-three of 33 individual muscle thickness intraclass correlation coefficient values showed good reliability. Six of 33 individual pennation angle intraclass correlation coefficient values showed good reliability.Conclusions:Assessing muscle thickness during voluntary isometric knee extension may be a non-invasive way to assess VMO muscle function in individuals with patellofemoral pain syndrome.[[Athletic Training & Sports Health Care. 2018;10(5):217–226.]
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- 2024
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10. Minimizing the Risk of Missing Critical Sample Information by Using Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography
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Gerd Vanhoenacker, Pat Sandra, and Koen Sandra
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Analytical Chemistry - Abstract
Analytical requirements in the biopharmaceutical, pharmaceutical, and food industries, among several others, are more demanding than ever. Chromatographic techniques are great tools to acquire detailed information on a vast number of molecules and sample types. The present challenge in research and development (R&D), as well as in quality control (QC) laboratories, is to collect as much sample information as possible. However, even with the current one-dimensional (1D) analytical portfolio, it is not possible to fully ensure that all the relevant information from a sample has been captured. This article illustrates the power of an online two-dimensional liquid chromatographic (2D-LC) setup to unravel the complexity of biopharmaceutical and pharmaceutical samples. This technology tremendously increases the resolving power in all areas where LC is applied and drastically reduces the risk of missing information about the sample.
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- 2022
11. On the Contemporary Analysis of Protein Biopharmaceuticals
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Koen Sandra and Pat Sandra
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Analytical Chemistry - Abstract
In this extended special feature to celebrate the 35th anniversary edition of LCGC Europe, leading figures from the separation science community explore contemporary trends in separation science and identify possible future developments.
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- 2022
12. 3D-LC-MS with 2D Multimethod Option for Fully Automated Assessment of Multiple Attributes of Monoclonal Antibodies Directly from Cell Culture Supernatants
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Liesa Verscheure, Gerd Vanhoenacker, Sonja Schneider, Tom Merchiers, Julie Storms, Pat Sandra, Frederic Lynen, and Koen Sandra
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Analytical Chemistry - Published
- 2022
13. Glycoproteomics of a single protein: revealing hundreds of thousands of Myozyme® glycoforms by hybrid HPLC-MS approaches
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Fiammetta Di Marco, Constantin Blöchl, Wolfgang Esser-Skala, Veronika Schäpertöns, Tao Zhang, Manfred Wuhrer, Koen Sandra, Therese Wohlschlager, and Christian G. Huber
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Characterisation of highly glycosylated biopharmaceuticals by mass spectrometry is challenging because of the huge chemical space of co-existent glycoforms, i.e. heterogenous glycoprotein variants. Here, we report the use of an array of HPLC-MS-based approaches at different structural levels of released glycan, glycopeptide, and hitherto unexplored intact glycoforms to scrutinize the biopharmaceutical Myozyme®, containing the highly complex lysosomal enzyme recombinant acid α-glucosidase. The intrinsic heterogeneity of recombinant acid α-glucosidase glycoforms was unraveled using a novel strong anion-exchange (SAX)-HPLC-MS approach involving a pH gradient of volatile buffers to facilitate chromatographic separation of glycoforms based on their degree of sialylation followed by the acquisition of native mass spectra in an Orbitrap mass spectrometer. The large set of interdepend data acquired at different structural levels was integrated using a set of bioinformatics tools and allowed the annotation of intact glycoforms unraveling more than 1,000,000 different intact glycoform structures. Finally, for the first time, we sought to validate the intact glycoform annotations by integrating experimental data on the enzymatically dissected proteoforms revealing the strengths but also intrinsic limitations of this approach for fully characterising such highly complex glycoproteins by mass spectrometry.
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- 2022
14. Multimodal biomarker discovery for active Onchocerca volvulus infection
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Ann Verheyen, Emmie Dumont, Emmanuel Njumbe Ediage, Dirk Van Roosbroeck, Maurice R. Odiere, Lieven J. Stuyver, Ole Lagatie, Alexander Yaw Debrah, Filip Cuyckens, Lieve Dillen, Ruben T'Kindt, Tom Verhaeghe, Koen Sandra, Linda Batsa Debrah, Stijn Van Asten, and Rob J. Vreeken
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Male ,Nematoda ,Physiology ,Metabolite ,RC955-962 ,Glycobiology ,Urine ,Onchocerciasis ,Biochemistry ,Mass Spectrometry ,Plasma ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Medical Conditions ,Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,Medicine and Health Sciences ,Metabolites ,Biomarker discovery ,Lymphatic filariasis ,education.field_of_study ,biology ,Eukaryota ,Nucleosides ,Lipids ,Glycosylamines ,Body Fluids ,Infectious Diseases ,Helminth Infections ,Biomarker (medicine) ,Female ,Onchocerca ,Anatomy ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 ,Research Article ,Neglected Tropical Diseases ,Population ,Macrofilaricide ,Helminths ,Parasitic Diseases ,medicine ,Animals ,Metabolomics ,Humans ,education ,business.industry ,Organisms ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Biology and Life Sciences ,Tropical Diseases ,Lipid Metabolism ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease ,Invertebrates ,Onchocerca volvulus ,Inosine ,Metabolism ,chemistry ,Immunology ,business ,Zoology ,Biomarkers ,Chromatography, Liquid - Abstract
The neglected tropical disease onchocerciasis, or river blindness, is caused by infection with the filarial nematode Onchocerca volvulus. Current estimates indicate that 17 million people are infected worldwide, the majority of them living in Africa. Today there are no non-invasive tests available that can detect ongoing infection, and that can be used for effective monitoring of elimination programs. In addition, to enable pharmacodynamic studies with novel macrofilaricide drug candidates, surrogate endpoints and efficacy biomarkers are needed but are non-existent. We describe the use of a multimodal untargeted mass spectrometry-based approach (metabolomics and lipidomics) to identify onchocerciasis-associated metabolites in urine and plasma, and of specific lipid features in plasma of infected individuals (O. volvulus infected cases: 68 individuals with palpable nodules; lymphatic filariasis cases: 8 individuals; non-endemic controls: 20 individuals). This work resulted in the identification of elevated concentrations of the plasma metabolites inosine and hypoxanthine as biomarkers for filarial infection, and of the urine metabolite cis-cinnamoylglycine (CCG) as biomarker for O. volvulus. During the targeted validation study, metabolite-specific cutoffs were determined (inosine: 34.2 ng/ml; hypoxanthine: 1380 ng/ml; CCG: 29.7 ng/ml) and sensitivity and specificity profiles were established. Subsequent evaluation of these biomarkers in a non-endemic population from a different geographical region invalidated the urine metabolite CCG as biomarker for O. volvulus. The plasma metabolites inosine and hypoxanthine were confirmed as biomarkers for filarial infection. With the availability of targeted LC-MS procedures, the full potential of these 2 biomarkers in macrofilaricide clinical trials, MDA efficacy surveys, and epidemiological transmission studies can be investigated., Author summary Today’s diagnosis of infection with the filarial parasite Onchocerca volvulus mainly depends on the microscopic analysis of skin biopsies and serological testing. The work presented here describes the use of multiple mass spectrometry-based screening methods (metabolomics and lipidomics) to search for biomarkers indicative of infection with Onchocerca volvulus. This resulted in the identification of elevated concentrations of the plasma metabolites inosine and hypoxanthine as biomarkers for filarial infection, and of the urine metabolite cis-cinnamoylglycine as biomarker for O. volvulus. Further evaluation of these biomarkers in a geographically distinct non-endemic population however invalidated the use of urine cis-cinnamoylglycine. These findings are of utmost importance as it not only opens new avenues in the development of non-invasive diagnostic tools for filarial infections, but also emphasizes the need for evaluation and validation of newly discovered biomarkers in different populations from different geographies.
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- 2021
15. Cov-MS
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Dan Lane, Sigrid Verhelst, Maarten Dhaenens, Amy C. Harms, Griet Debyser, Nicolas Drouin, Johannes P. C. Vissers, Lize Cuypers, Katleen Van Uytfanghe, Dieter Deforce, Stuart A. Oehrle, Catherine S. Lane, Jan Claereboudt, Péter Judák, Nathan Debunne, Sally Hannam, Lennart Martens, Pathmanaban Ramasamy, Robbin Bouwmeester, Andrea Bhangu-Uhlmann, N. Leigh Anderson, Laurence Van Oudenhove, Nick Morrice, Sven Degroeve, Laura Corveleyn, Marc Cherlet, Peter Van Eenoo, Morteza Razavi, Tim Van Den Bossche, Evelien Wynendaele, Ruben t’Kindt, Said El Ouadi, Emmie Dumont, Nikunj Tanna, Bart De Spiegeleer, Laura De Clerck, Katrien Lagrou, Surya Gupta, Tim Reyns, Thomas Hankemeier, Pankaj Gupta, Christophe P. Stove, Bart Van Puyvelde, Donald J. L. Jones, Florian C. Sigloch, Simon Daled, Sander Willems, Olivier Tytgat, Ralf Gabriels, Jean-Baptiste Vincendet, Laurie De Wilde, Geert A. Martens, Steve Silvester, K. Roels, Koen Sandra, Department of Bio-engineering Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Pathology/molecular and cellular medicine, and Diabetes Pathology & Therapy
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Proteomics ,Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ,Computer science ,Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) ,Chemistry, Multidisciplinary ,Economic shortage ,Spreading ,Computational biology ,Rising population density ,infectious diseases ,Protein detection ,Article ,Mass Spectrometry ,reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction ,03 medical and health sciences ,Viral Proteins ,Medicine and Health Sciences ,Global mobility ,QD1-999 ,Diagnostics ,030304 developmental biology ,Community based ,0303 health sciences ,Science & Technology ,Pandemic ,Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology(all) ,SARS-CoV-2 ,030302 biochemistry & molecular biology ,COVID-19 ,Diagnostic test ,global mobility ,QUANTIFICATION ,3. Good health ,Chemistry ,Physical Sciences ,MRM - Abstract
Rising population density and global mobility are among the reasons why pathogens such as SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, spread so rapidly across the globe. The policy response to such pandemics will always have to include accurate monitoring of the spread, as this provides one of the few alternatives to total lockdown. However, COVID-19 diagnosis is currently performed almost exclusively by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Although this is efficient, automatable, and acceptably cheap, reliance on one type of technology comes with serious caveats, as illustrated by recurring reagent and test shortages. We therefore developed an alternative diagnostic test that detects proteolytically digested SARS-CoV-2 proteins using mass spectrometry (MS). We established the Cov-MS consortium, consisting of 15 academic laboratories and several industrial partners to increase applicability, accessibility, sensitivity, and robustness of this kind of SARS-CoV-2 detection. This, in turn, gave rise to the Cov-MS Digital Incubator that allows other laboratories to join the effort, navigate, and share their optimizations and translate the assay into their clinic. As this test relies on viral proteins instead of RNA, it provides an orthogonal and complementary approach to RT-PCR using other reagents that are relatively inexpensive and widely available, as well as orthogonally skilled personnel and different instruments. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD022550. ispartof: JACS AU vol:1 issue:6 pages:750-765 ispartof: location:United States status: published
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- 2021
16. Monoclonal antibody charge variant characterization by fully automated four-dimensional liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry
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Koen Sandra, An Cerdobbel, Liesa Verscheure, Pat Sandra, and Frederic Lynen
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Chromatography ,Chemistry ,medicine.drug_class ,Organic Chemistry ,Antibodies, Monoclonal ,Charge (physics) ,General Medicine ,Mass spectrometry ,Monoclonal antibody ,Biochemistry ,Peptide Mapping ,Mass Spectrometry ,Analytical Chemistry ,Characterization (materials science) ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Succinimide ,Fully automated ,Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry ,Cations ,medicine ,Denaturation (biochemistry) ,Chromatography, Liquid - Abstract
Fully automated characterization of monoclonal antibody (mAb) charge variants using four-dimensional liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (4D-LC-MS) is reported and illustrated. Charge variants resolved by cation-exchange chromatography (CEX) using a salt- or pH-gradient are collected in loops installed on a multiple heart-cutting valve and consequently subjected to online desalting, denaturation, reduction and trypsin digestion prior to LC-MS based peptide mapping. This innovation which substantially reduces turnaround time, sample manipulation, loss and artefacts and increases information gathering, is described in great technical detail, and applied to characterize the charge heterogeneity associated with three therapeutic mAbs. Sequence coverages > 95% are obtained for major and minor charge variants (> 1.0%). Post-translational modifications (PTMs) and modification sites are readily revealed in a repeatable manner including unstable succinimide intermediates which are not maintained when performing classical in-solution overnight digestion of offline collected CEX peaks.
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- 2021
17. Similarity demonstrated between isolated charge variants of MB02, a biosimilar of bevacizumab, and Avastin® following extended physicochemical and functional characterization
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Clea Solís, Koen Sandra, Daniel Sacristán, Laxmi Adhikary, Isabel Vandenheede, Marie-Elise Beydon, Alexia Ortiz, and Isabel Ruppen
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Pharmacology ,Glycosylation ,General Immunology and Microbiology ,Bevacizumab ,Chemistry ,medicine.drug_class ,Data interpretation ,Bioengineering ,Charge (physics) ,Biosimilar ,General Medicine ,Computational biology ,Monoclonal antibody ,Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology ,Similarity data ,Similarity (network science) ,Immunoglobulin G ,medicine ,Deamidation ,Biosimilar Pharmaceuticals ,Biotechnology ,medicine.drug - Abstract
The majority of recombinant mAb products contain heterogeneous charge variants, commonly the result of post-translational modifications occurring during cell culture and accumulated during production, formulation and storage. MB02 is a biosimilar mAb to bevacizumab. Similarity data of charge variants for biosimilars against its reference products must be generated to demonstrate consistency in product quality and to ensure efficacy and safety. The goal of this work was to isolate seven charge variants of MB02 and Avastin® by semi-preparative cation exchange chromatography followed by purity test and extended analytical characterization to prove similarity. Although poor purity obtained for minor variants complicated data interpretation, an in-depth insight into the charge variants pattern of MB02 compared to Avastin® was obtained, contributing to a better understanding of modifications associated to microheterogeneity. To our knowledge, this is the first comparative analytical study of individual charge variants of a bevacizumab biosimilar following a head-to head approach and the most comprehensive N-glycosylation assessment of IgG1 charge variants. Although modifications related to N- and C-terminal, N-glycans, size heterogeneity or deamidation were specifically enriched among low abundant charge variants, they did not affect binding affinity to VEGF or FcRn and in vitro potency compared with the main species or unfractionated material.
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- 2021
18. Quantitative N-Glycan Profiling of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies Performed by Middle-Up Level HILIC-HRMS Analysis
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Liu Xiaoxiao, Davy Guillarme, Alain Beck, Matthew A. Lauber, Steffy Denorme, Bastiaan L. Duivelshof, Koen Sandra, and Valentina D'Atri
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Glycosylation ,medicine.drug_class ,glycan profiling ,Pharmaceutical Science ,Computational biology ,Monoclonal antibody ,Article ,protein subunits ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Pharmacy and materia medica ,Atezolizumab ,Labelling ,medicine ,Critical to quality ,Quantitative analysis ,ddc:615 ,quantitative analysis ,Chemistry ,Hydrophilic interaction chromatography ,Benralizumab ,RS1-441 ,HILIC-MS ,Monoclonal antibodies ,monoclonal antibodies ,Glycan profiling ,Protein subunits ,Quantitative analysis (chemistry) - Abstract
The identification and accurate quantitation of the various glycoforms contained in therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is one of the main analytical needs in the biopharmaceutical industry, and glycosylation represents a crucial critical quality attribute (CQA) that needs to be addressed. Currently, the reference method for performing such identification/quantitation consists of the release of the N-glycan moieties from the mAb, their labelling with a specific dye (e.g., 2-AB or RFMS) and their analysis by HILIC-FLD or HILIC-MS. In this contribution, the potential of a new cost- and time-effective analytical approach performed at the protein subunit level (middle-up) was investigated for quantitative purposes and compared with the reference methods. The robustness of the approach was first demonstrated by performing the relative quantification of the glycoforms related to a well characterized mAb, namely adalimumab. Then, the workflow was applied to various glyco-engineered mAb products (i.e., obinutuzumab, benralizumab and atezolizumab). Finally, the glycosylation pattern of infliximab (Remicade®) was assessed and compared to two of its commercially available biosimilars (Remsima® and Inflectra®). The middle-up analysis proved to provide accurate quantitation results and has the added potential to be used as multi-attribute monitoring method.
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- 2021
19. Middle-up characterization of monoclonal antibodies by online reduction liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry
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Koen Sandra, Frederic Lynen, Pat Sandra, An Cerdobbel, Marie Oosterlynck, and Liesa Verscheure
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Chromatography ,Immunoconjugates ,medicine.drug_class ,Reducing agent ,Elution ,010401 analytical chemistry ,Organic Chemistry ,Antibodies, Monoclonal ,General Medicine ,010402 general chemistry ,Monoclonal antibody ,01 natural sciences ,Biochemistry ,Mass Spectrometry ,0104 chemical sciences ,Analytical Chemistry ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Succinimide ,chemistry ,Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry ,medicine ,Sample preparation ,Denaturation (biochemistry) ,Deamidation ,Chromatography, Liquid - Abstract
This study describes the fully automated middle-up characterization of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and next-generation variants by online reduction liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Proteins were trapped on-column and subjected to online desalting, denaturation and reduction prior to reversed phase elution of the created subunits in the MS. The evaluation of more than 20 different therapeutic proteins including full length mAbs (subclasses IgG1, IgG2 and IgG4), bispecific antibodies, antibody fragments, fusion proteins and antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) revealed that the online reduction method is as powerful as the widely applied offline sample preparation with dithiothreitol (DTT) as reducing agent and guanidine hydrochloride (Gnd.HCl) as denaturant and tackles some major disadvantages associated with the latter method, i.e. corrosion of stainless steel components, adduct formation impacting spectral quality and sample stability. The value of the online reduction LC-MS method is also enforced by its ability to reveal unstable antibody variants such as succinimide intermediates of asparagine deamidation and aspartic acid isomerization which are often lost when using the offline sample preparation method. The performance of the online reduction LC-MS set-up was verified and it was revealed that the method is precise with RSD values below 0.25% and 3.0% for retention time and area, respectively. Carry-over is within acceptable limits (< 0.5%) and the reducing buffer is stable up to 24 hours.
- Published
- 2020
20. 2-Methyl-pentanoyl-carnitine (2-MPC): a urine biomarker for patent Ascaris lumbricoides infection
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Johnny Vlaminck, Lieve Dillen, Jos Oomens, Rianne E. van Outersterp, Ole Lagatie, Yenny Djuardi, Daniel Dana, Zeleke Mekonnen, Koen Sandra, Rob J. Vreeken, Lin Ronghui, Ann Verheyen, Lieven J. Stuyver, Ruben t'Kindt, Bruno Levecke, Maurice R. Odiere, Filip Cuyckens, and Stijn Van Asten
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0301 basic medicine ,Parasitic infection ,HELMINTH ,Swine ,Science ,030231 tropical medicine ,Physiology ,Urine ,DIAGNOSIS ,Article ,Albendazole ,PATHWAY ,ENERGY ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,immune system diseases ,Carnitine ,Medicine and Health Sciences ,medicine ,Animals ,Metabolomics ,Helminths ,PIGS ,Veterinary Sciences ,Ascaris lumbricoides ,Ascaris suum ,Eggs per gram ,FELIX Molecular Structure and Dynamics ,Ascariasis ,Multidisciplinary ,PLASMA ,biology ,business.industry ,Diagnostic markers ,biology.organism_classification ,L-CARNITINE ,030104 developmental biology ,Medicine ,Biomarker (medicine) ,SUUM ,business ,Biomarkers ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Infections with intestinal worms, such as Ascaris lumbricoides, affect hundreds of millions of people in all tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Through large-scale deworming programs, World Health Organization aims to reduce moderate-to-heavy intensity infections below 1%. Current diagnosis and monitoring of these control programs are solely based on the detection of worm eggs in stool. Here we describe how metabolome analysis was used to identify the A. lumbricoides-specific urine biomarker 2-methyl pentanoyl carnitine (2-MPC). This biomarker was found to be 85.7% accurate in determining infection and 90.5% accurate in determining a moderate-to-heavy infection. Our results also demonstrate that there is a correlation between 2-MPC levels in urine and A. lumbricoides DNA detected in stool. Furthermore, the levels of 2-MPC in urine were shown to rapidly and strongly decrease upon administration of a standard treatment (single oral dose of 400 mg albendazole). In an Ascaris suum infection model in pigs, it was found that, although 2-MPC levels were much lower compared to humans, there was a significant association between urinary 2-MPC levels and both worm counts (p = 0.023) and the number of eggs per gram (epg) counts (p A. lumbricoides-specific biomarker that can be used to monitor infection intensity.
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- 2020
21. Reshaping the Landscape
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Guillarme, Davy and Koen, Sandra
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ddc:615 - Abstract
An introduction from guest editors, Koen Sandra and Davy Guillarme, on this special supplement from LCGC Europe focusing on recent developments in biopharmaceutical analysis.
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- 2020
22. Determination of variability due to biological and technical variation in urinary extracellular vesicles as a crucial step in biomarker discovery studies
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Ruben ’T Kindt, Kurt Boonen, Inge Mertens, Hanny Willems, Koen Sandra, Stefan De Wachter, Eline Oeyen, Filip Ameye, and Lucien Hoekx
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0301 basic medicine ,Histology ,Urinary system ,Size-exclusion chromatography ,Ultrafiltration ,Urine ,power analysis ,Proteomics ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,proteomics ,Lipidomics ,biomarker discovery ,lc-ms/ms ,Biomarker discovery ,lcsh:QH573-671 ,Biology ,Chemistry ,lcsh:Cytology ,size exclusion chromatography ,Cell Biology ,urine ,sample size calculation ,030104 developmental biology ,Biochemistry ,Sample size determination ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,lipidomics ,Human medicine ,variation ,extracellular vesicles ,Research Article - Abstract
Urinary extracellular vesicles (EVs) are an attractive source of biomarkers for urological diseases. A crucial step in biomarker discovery studies is the determination of the variation parameters to perform a sample size calculation. In this way, a biomarker discovery study with sufficient statistical power can be performed to obtain biologically significant biomarkers. Here, a variation study was performed on both the protein and lipid content of urinary EVs of healthy individuals, aged between 52 and 69 years. Ultrafiltration (UF) in combination with size exclusion chromatography (SEC) was used to isolate the EVs from urine. Different experimental variation set-ups were used in this variation study. The calculated standard deviations (SDs) of the 90% least variable peptides and lipids did not exceed 2 and 1.2, respectively. These parameters can be used in a sample size calculation for a well-designed biomarker discovery study at the cargo of EVs.
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- 2019
23. The versatility of heart-cutting and comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography in monoclonal antibody clone selection
- Author
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Koen Sandra, Pat Sandra, Isabel Vandenheede, Mieke Steenbeke, and Gerd Vanhoenacker
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Glycosylation ,medicine.drug_class ,Size-exclusion chromatography ,Monoclonal antibody ,Peptide Mapping ,01 natural sciences ,Biochemistry ,Mass Spectrometry ,Analytical Chemistry ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Affinity chromatography ,medicine ,Peptide sequence ,Selection (genetic algorithm) ,Chromatography, Reverse-Phase ,Chromatography ,biology ,010401 analytical chemistry ,Organic Chemistry ,Antibodies, Monoclonal ,General Medicine ,0104 chemical sciences ,030104 developmental biology ,chemistry ,biology.protein ,Protein A ,Clone (B-cell biology) ,Biotechnology ,Chromatography, Liquid - Abstract
In recent years, two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) has seen an enormous evolution and one of the fields where it is being widely adopted is in the analysis of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). We here further add to the many flavours of this powerful technology. Workflows based on heart-cutting (LC-LC) and comprehensive (LC × LC) 2D-LC are described that allow to guide the clone selection process in mAb and biosimilar development. Combining Protein A affinity chromatography in the first dimension with size exclusion (SEC), cation exchange (CEX) or reversed-phase liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (RPLC–MS) in the second dimension simultaneously allows to assess mAb titer and critical structural aspects such as aggregation, fragmentation, charge heterogeneity, molecular weight (MW), amino acid sequence and glycosylation. Complementing the LC-LC measurements at intact protein level with LC × LC based peptide mapping provides the necessary information to make clear decisions on which clones to take further into development.
- Published
- 2017
24. Concussions in Soccer: An Epidemiological Analysis in the Pediatric Population
- Author
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Chatha, Kiran, primary, Pruis, Taylor, additional, Peaguda, Carlos Fernandez, additional, Guo, Eric, additional, Koen, Sandra, additional, Malone, Danielle, additional, and Sabesan, Vani, additional
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Evaluation of size exclusion chromatography columns packed with sub-3 μm particles for the analysis of biopharmaceutical proteins
- Author
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Koen Sandra, Alain Beck, Alexandre Goyon, Szabolcs Fekete, Olivier Colas, and Davy Guillarme
- Subjects
Van Deemter equation ,Pore diameter ,Calibration curve ,Size-exclusion chromatography ,Analytical chemistry ,02 engineering and technology ,01 natural sciences ,Biochemistry ,Biopharmaceutics ,Analytical Chemistry ,Hydrophobic effect ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Particle Size ,Chromatography ,010401 analytical chemistry ,Organic Chemistry ,Antibodies, Monoclonal ,Proteins ,Water ,General Medicine ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,0104 chemical sciences ,Kinetics ,Monomer ,Biopharmaceutical ,chemistry ,Chemical bond ,Chromatography, Gel ,0210 nano-technology - Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the practical possibilities and limitations of several recently introduced size exclusion chromatographic (SEC) columns of 150×4.6mm, sub-3μm (Agilent AdvanceBioSEC 2.7μm, Tosoh TSKgel UP-SW3000 2.0μm, Phenomenex Yarra SEC X-150 1.8μm and Waters Acquity BEH200 1.7μm) for the separation of biopharmaceutical proteins. For this purpose, some model proteins were tested, as well as several commercial therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and antibody-drug-conjugates (ADCs). Calibration curves were drawn to highlight the applicability of these new SEC columns for the separation of mAbs, ADCs and their aggregates, despite some differences in their nominal pore diameter (vary from 150 to 300Å). The kinetic performance (van Deemter curves and kinetic pots) was evaluated. Columns packed with 1.7-2.0μm particles improved the plate count by a factor of 1.5-2 compared to 2.7μm particles, which is in agreement with theoretical expectations. Finally, possible secondary hydrophobic and/or electrostatic interactions between the SEC stationary phases and biopharmaceutical proteins were systematically studied. Significant differences in nonspecific interactions were observed, with hydrophobic interactions generally exerting more influence than electrostatic interactions. The use of a novel bond chemistry with the AdvanceBioSEC column was found highly effective to limit non-specific interactions and pave the way to further improvements for column provider. At the end, the average resolutions achieved on the four sub-3μm SEC columns between monomer and dimer structures were comparable for ten approved mAbs products.
- Published
- 2017
26. Chromatographic, Electrophoretic, and Mass Spectrometric Methods for the Analytical Characterization of Protein Biopharmaceuticals
- Author
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Szabolcs Fekete, Davy Guillarme, Koen Sandra, and Pat Sandra
- Subjects
Electrophoresis ,0301 basic medicine ,ddc:615 ,Chromatography ,Chemistry ,010401 analytical chemistry ,Proteins ,Mass spectrometry ,01 natural sciences ,Mass spectrometric ,Mass Spectrometry ,0104 chemical sciences ,Analytical Chemistry ,Characterization (materials science) ,03 medical and health sciences ,030104 developmental biology - Published
- 2015
27. Peptide Mapping of Monoclonal Antibodies and Antibody-Drug Conjugates Using Micro-Pillar Array Columns Combined with Mass Spectrometry
- Author
-
Koen Sandra, Jonathan Vandenbussche, Isabel Vandenheede, Bo Claerebout, Jeff Op De Beeck, Paul Jacobs, Wim De Malsche, Gert Desmet, Pat Sandra, Centre for Molecular Separation Science & Technology, Department of Bio-engineering Sciences, Chemical Engineering and Industrial Chemistry, Industrial Microbiology, and Chemical Engineering and Separation Science
- Subjects
Liquid chromatography ,Micro-Pillar Array Columns ,mass spectrometry ,Analytical Chemistry - Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies are becoming a core aspect of the pharmaceutical industry. Together with a huge therapeutic potential, these molecules come with a structural complexity that drives state-of-the-art chromatography and mass spectrometry (MS) to its limits. This article discusses the use of micro-pillar array columns in combination with mass spectrometry for peptide mapping of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). Micro-pillar array columns are produced by a lithographic etching process creating a perfectly ordered separation bed on a silicon chip. As a result of the order existing in these columns, peak dispersion is minimized and highly efficient peptide maps are generated, providing enormous structural detail. Using examples from the author's laboratory, the performance of these columns is illustrated.
- Published
- 2018
28. Comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography of therapeutic monoclonal antibody digests
- Author
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Koen Sandra, Frank David, Gerd Vanhoenacker, Isabel Vandenheede, and Pat Sandra
- Subjects
Chromatography ,Chemistry ,medicine.drug_class ,Peptide mapping ,Antibodies, Monoclonal ,Trastuzumab ,Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized ,Mass spectrometry ,Monoclonal antibody ,Peptide Mapping ,Biochemistry ,Mass Spectrometry ,Analytical Chemistry ,Innovator ,medicine ,Digestion ,Uv detection ,Retention time ,Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography (LC×LC) is here proposed as a novel tool for peptide mapping of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies in both RD and routine (QA/QC) environments. This is illustrated by the analysis of the tryptic digest of trastuzumab (Herceptin) applying a commercially available two-dimensional 2D-LC system. Three different LC×LC combinations, i.e., strong cation-exchange × reversed-phase (SCX×RP), reversed-phase × reversed-phase (RP×RP), and hydrophilic interaction × reversed-phase (HILIC×RP), are reported. Detection was carried out using both UV detection (DAD) and mass spectrometry (MS). Several challenges related to the application of LC×LC in peptide mapping and the hyphenation to MS are addressed. The applicability of LC×LC in the assessment of identity, purity, and comparability is demonstrated by the analysis of different Herceptin innovator production batches, a Herceptin biosimilar in development and of stressed samples. The described methodology was shown to be precise in terms of peak volume and (2)D retention time opening interesting perspectives for use in QA/QC testing.
- Published
- 2014
29. Modern chromatographic and mass spectrometric techniques for protein biopharmaceutical characterization
- Author
-
Koen Sandra, Isabel Vandenheede, and Pat Sandra
- Subjects
Protein therapeutics ,Chromatography ,Chemistry ,medicine.drug_class ,Organic Chemistry ,Antibodies, Monoclonal ,Proteins ,Therapeutic protein ,General Medicine ,Monoclonal antibody ,Biochemistry ,Small molecule ,Mass spectrometric ,Mass Spectrometry ,Biopharmaceutics ,Analytical Chemistry ,Characterization (materials science) ,Biopharmaceutical ,medicine ,Humans ,Protein Processing, Post-Translational ,Chromatography, Liquid - Abstract
Protein biopharmaceuticals such as monoclonal antibodies and therapeutic proteins are currently in widespread use for the treatment of various life-threatening diseases including cancer, autoimmune disorders, diabetes and anemia. The complexity of protein therapeutics is far exceeding that of small molecule drugs; hence, unraveling this complexity represents an analytical challenge. The current review provides the reader with state-of-the-art chromatographic and mass spectrometric tools available to dissect primary and higher order structures, post-translational modifications, purity and impurity profiles and pharmacokinetic properties of protein therapeutics.
- Published
- 2014
30. State-of-the-art non-targeted metabolomics in the study of chronic kidney disease
- Author
-
Nathalie Neirynck, Koen Sandra, Eva Schepers, Raymond Vanholder, Pat Sandra, Griet Glorieux, Frederic Lynen, Ruben t'Kindt, Lucie Jorge, and Jente Boelaert
- Subjects
Creatinine ,Chromatography ,Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism ,Clinical Biochemistry ,Renal function ,Pharmacology ,medicine.disease ,Biochemistry ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Metabolomics ,Blood serum ,chemistry ,Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry ,Metabolome ,medicine ,Biomarker (medicine) ,Kidney disease - Abstract
Here we report a metabolomics discovery study conducted on blood serum samples of patients in different stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Metabolites were monitored on a quality controlled holistic platform combining reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry in both negative and positive ionization mode and gas chromatography coupled to quadrupole mass spectrometry. A substantial portion of the serum metabolome was thereby covered. Eighty-five metabolites were shown to evolve with CKD progression of which 43 metabolites were a confirmation of earlier reported uremic retention solutes and/or uremic toxins. Thirty-one unique metabolites were revealed which were increasing significantly throughout CKD progression, by a factor surpassing the level observed for creatinine, the currently used biomarker for kidney function. Additionally, 11 unique metabolites showed a decreasing trend.
- Published
- 2013
31. Lipidomics from an analytical perspective
- Author
-
Pat Sandra and Koen Sandra
- Subjects
Computational Biology ,Chromatography liquid ,Nanotechnology ,Computational biology ,Biology ,Lipid Metabolism ,Proteomics ,Lipids ,Biochemistry ,Mass Spectrometry ,Analytical Chemistry ,Metabolomics ,Lipidomics ,Humans ,Biomarker discovery ,Chromatography, Liquid - Abstract
The global non-targeted analysis of various biomolecules in a variety of sample sources gained momentum in recent years. Defined as the study of the full lipid complement of cells, tissues and organisms, lipidomics is currently evolving out of the shadow of the more established omics sciences including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics. In analogy to the latter, lipidomics has the potential to impact on biomarker discovery, drug discovery/development and system knowledge, amongst others. The tools developed by lipid researchers in the past, complemented with the enormous advancements made in recent years in mass spectrometry and chromatography, and the implementation of sophisticated (bio)-informatics tools form the basis of current lipidomics technologies.
- Published
- 2013
32. Reliability of Ultrasound Image–Based Measurements of the Vastus Medialis Oblique Muscle Structure and Function
- Author
-
Koen, Sandra M., primary, Sutherlin, Mark A., additional, Saliba, Susan A., additional, and Hart, Joe M., additional
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. The Art and Practice of Lipidomics
- Author
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Patrick Sandra, Lucie Jorge, Ruben T'Kindt, and Koen Sandra
- Subjects
Chemistry ,Lipidomics ,Data science - Published
- 2013
34. Psoralen and Ultraviolet A Light Treatment Directly Affects Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Signal Transduction by Altering Plasma Membrane Packing
- Author
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Hendrik B. Feys, Britt Van Aelst, Pierre Zachée, Rosalie Devloo, Veerle Compernolle, Ruben t'Kindt, Philippe Vandekerckhove, and Koen Sandra
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Male ,IMMUNE SUPPRESSION ,Ultraviolet Rays ,PLATELET ACTIVATION ,medicine.medical_treatment ,T-Lymphocytes ,Phospholipid ,Graft vs Host Disease ,030204 cardiovascular system & hematology ,Biochemistry ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases ,0302 clinical medicine ,Phosphatidylinositol Phosphates ,NUCLEIC-ACID ,medicine ,Agammaglobulinaemia Tyrosine Kinase ,EXTRACORPOREAL PHOTOPHERESIS ,Humans ,PHOTOCHEMICAL INACTIVATION ,Phosphatidylinositol ,Platelet activation ,Molecular Biology ,Protein kinase B ,PUVA Therapy ,Psoralen ,Chemistry ,Kinase ,Cell Membrane ,Ficusin ,Biology and Life Sciences ,MASS-SPECTROMETRY ,IN-VITRO ,Cell Biology ,Protein-Tyrosine Kinases ,Molecular biology ,THROMBUS FORMATION ,PUVA THERAPY ,030104 developmental biology ,PUVA therapy ,LIPID PACKING ,alpha-Synuclein ,Female ,Signal transduction ,Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt ,Signal Transduction - Abstract
Psoralen and ultraviolet A light (PUNTA) are used to kill pathogens in blood products and as a treatment of aberrant cell proliferation in dermatitis, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, and graft versus-host disease. DNA damage is well described, but the direct effects of PUVA on cell signal transduction are poorly understood. Because platelets are anucleate and contain archetypal signal transduction machinery, they are ideally suited to address this. Lipidomics on platelet membrane extracts showed that psoralen forms adducts with unsaturated carbon bonds of fatty acyls in all major phospholipid classes after PUVA. Such adducts increased lipid packing as measured by a blue shift of an environment-sensitive fluorescent probe in model liposomes. Furthermore, the interaction of these liposomes with lipid order-sensitive proteins like amphipathic lipid-packing sensor and a-synuclein was inhibited by PUVA. In platelets, PUVA caused poor membrane binding of Akt and Bruton's tyrosine kinase effectors following activation of the collagen glycoprotein VI and thrombin protease-activated receptor (PAR) 1. This resulted in defective Akt phosphorylation despite unaltered phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate levels. Downstream integrin activation was furthermore affected similarly by PUVA following PAR1 (effective half-maximal concentration (EC), 8.4 +/- 1.1 versus 4.3 +/- 1.1 mu M) and glycoprotein VI (EC50, 1.61 +/- 0.85 versus 0.26 +/- 0.21 mu g/ml) but not PAR4 (EC50, 50 +/- 1 versus 58 +/- 1 mu m) signal transduction. Our findings were confirmed in T-cells ftom graft-versus-host disease patients treated with extracorporeal photopheresis, a form of systemic PUVA. In conclusion, PUVA increases the order of lipid phases by covalent modification of phospholipids, thereby inhibiting membrane recruitment of effector kinases.
- Published
- 2016
35. Multiple heart-cutting and comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography hyphenated to mass spectrometry for the characterization of the antibody-drug conjugate ado-trastuzumab emtansine
- Author
-
Gerd Vanhoenacker, Isabel Vandenheede, Koen Sandra, Maureen Joseph, Pat Sandra, and Mieke Steenbeke
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Antibody-drug conjugate ,Immunoconjugates ,Ado-trastuzumab emtansine ,Clinical Biochemistry ,Peptide ,Antineoplastic Agents ,Mass spectrometry ,Tandem mass spectrometry ,Ado-Trastuzumab Emtansine ,Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized ,01 natural sciences ,Biochemistry ,Analytical Chemistry ,03 medical and health sciences ,Drug conjugation ,Tandem Mass Spectrometry ,Humans ,Maytansine ,Amino Acid Sequence ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Chromatography ,Chemistry ,Lysine ,010401 analytical chemistry ,Cell Biology ,General Medicine ,Equipment Design ,Trastuzumab ,Combinatorial chemistry ,0104 chemical sciences ,Characterization (materials science) ,030104 developmental biology ,Conjugate ,Chromatography, Liquid - Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates might be the magic bullets referred to by Paul Ehrlich over 100 years ago. Together with a huge therapeutic potential, these molecules come with a structural complexity that drives state-of-the-art chromatography and mass spectrometry to its limits. The use of multiple heart-cutting (mLC-LC) and comprehensive (LC×LC) multidimensional LC in combination with high resolution mass spectrometry for the characterization of the lysine conjugated antibody-drug conjugate ado-trastuzumab emtansine, commercialized as Kadcyla, is presented. By combining protein and peptide measurements, attributes such as drug loading, drug distribution and drug conjugation sites can be assessed in an elegant manner.
- Published
- 2016
36. Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (RP-LC-MS) in Lipidomics
- Author
-
Ruben t’Kindt, Pat Sandra, and Koen Sandra
- Published
- 2016
37. The opportunities of 2D-LC in the analysis of monoclonal antibodies
- Author
-
Koen Sandra and Pat Sandra
- Subjects
Chromatography ,medicine.drug_class ,Chemistry ,Clinical Biochemistry ,Chromatography liquid ,Antibodies, Monoclonal ,General Medicine ,Monoclonal antibody ,Tandem mass spectrometry ,Analytical Chemistry ,Medical Laboratory Technology ,Antibodies monoclonal ,Tandem Mass Spectrometry ,medicine ,Humans ,General Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics ,Chromatography, Liquid - Published
- 2015
38. Profiling and Characterizing Skin Ceramides Using Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography–Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry
- Author
-
Koen Sandra, Frank David, Emmie Dumont, Pauline Couturon, Lucie Jorge, Ruben t'Kindt, and Pat Sandra
- Subjects
Ceramide ,Chromatography ,Electrospray ionization ,Reversed-phase chromatography ,Ceramides ,Mass spectrometry ,Sphingolipid ,Analytical Chemistry ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,chemistry ,Tandem Mass Spectrometry ,Lipidomics ,Stratum corneum ,medicine ,Gas chromatography ,Chromatography, Liquid ,Skin - Abstract
An LC-MS based method for the profiling and characterization of ceramide species in the upper layer of human skin is described. Ceramide samples, collected by tape stripping of human skin, were analyzed by reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry operated in both positive and negative electrospray ionization mode. All known classes of ceramides could be measured in a repeatable manner. Furthermore, the data set showed several undiscovered ceramides, including a class with four hydroxyl functionalities in its sphingoid base. High-resolution MS/MS fragmentation spectra revealed that each identified ceramide species is composed of several skeletal isomers due to variation in carbon length of the respective sphingoid bases and fatty acyl building blocks. The resulting variety in skeletal isomers has not been previously demonstrated. It is estimated that over 1000 unique ceramide structures could be elucidated in human stratum corneum. Ceramide species with an even and odd number of carbon atoms in both chains were detected in all ceramide classes. Acid hydrolysis of the ceramides, followed by LC-MS analysis of the end-products, confirmed the observed distribution of both sphingoid bases and fatty acyl groups in skin ceramides. The study resulted in an accurate mass retention time library for targeted profiling of skin ceramides. It is furthermore demonstrated that targeted data processing results in an improved repeatability versus untargeted data processing (72.92% versus 62.12% of species display an RSD < 15%).
- Published
- 2011
39. Performance evaluation of long monolithic silica capillary columns in gradient liquid chromatography using peptide mixtures
- Author
-
Frederuj Detobel, Gert Desmet, Pat Sandra, Koen Sandra, Kazuki Nakanishi, Hamed Eghbali, and Frederic Lynen
- Subjects
Chromatography, Reverse-Phase ,Monolithic HPLC column ,Chromatography ,Capillary action ,Elution ,Chemistry ,Homogeneity (statistics) ,Organic Chemistry ,Analytical chemistry ,Equipment Design ,General Medicine ,Silicon Dioxide ,Biochemistry ,High-performance liquid chromatography ,Column (database) ,Peptide Fragments ,Analytical Chemistry ,Blood serum ,Two-dimensional chromatography ,Linear Models ,Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ,Pressure - Abstract
A systematic study is reported on the performance of long monolithic capillary columns in gradient mode. Using a commercial nano-LC system, reversed-phase peptide separations obtained through UV-detection were conducted. The chromatographic performance, in terms of conditional peak capacity and peak productivity, was investigated for different gradient times (varying between 90 and 1320 min) and different column lengths (0.25, 1, 2 and 4 m) all originating from a single 4 m long column. Peak capacities reaching values up to n = 103 were measured in case of the 4 m long column demonstrating the high potential of these long monoliths for the analysis of complex biological mixtures, amongst others. In addition, it was found that the different column fragments displayed similar flow resistance as well as consistent chromatographic performance in accordance with chromatographic theory indicating that the chromatographic bed of the original 4 m long column possessed a structural homogeneity over its entire length.
- Published
- 2011
40. Identification of Glycosylated Sites in Rapana Hemocyanin by Mass Spectrometry and Gene Sequence, and Their Antiviral Effect
- Author
-
Bernhard Lieb, Jozef Van Beeumen, Aleksander Dolashki, Bart Devreese, Angel S. Galabov, Lubomira Nikolaeva-Glomb, Pavlina Dolashka-Angelova, Nina Heilen, Koen Sandra, Stefan Stevanovic, Wolfgang Voelter, Ludmila Velkova, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (BAS), Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg - Universität Mainz (JGU), Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen = Eberhard Karls University of Tuebingen, Laboratory of Protein Biochemistry and Biomolecular Engineering, Universiteit Gent = Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), Institut Stephan Angeloff, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Institute of Biochemistry, and This work was supported by a research grant by the Ministry of Sciences and Education through the grant: DAAD-17/2007 (VU-L-310/07) and TK01/496, DFG (Deutsche Forschungsge- meinschaft) (Germany), Fund for Scientific Research-Flanders (FWO-Vlaanderen) through project VS.011.06N and CNR (Italy).
- Subjects
Models, Molecular ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Gastropoda ,Pharmaceutical Science ,Peptide ,MESH: Amino Acid Sequence ,Exon ,MESH: Animals ,Peptide sequence ,Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,0303 health sciences ,biology ,Chemistry ,030302 biochemistry & molecular biology ,Glycopeptides ,Hemocyanin ,Glycopeptide ,3. Good health ,MESH: Hemocyanin ,[SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology ,Rapana ,Biochemistry ,Viruses ,MESH: Models, Molecular ,Biotechnology ,MESH: Antiviral Agents ,Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization ,Molecular Sequence Data ,MESH: Sequence Alignment ,Biomedical Engineering ,Bioengineering ,Sequence alignment ,Antiviral Agents ,MESH: Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization ,Virus ,MESH: Viruses ,03 medical and health sciences ,medicine ,Animals ,Amino Acid Sequence ,MESH: Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ,MESH: Glycopeptides ,030304 developmental biology ,Pharmacology ,MESH: Gastropoda ,MESH: Molecular Sequence Data ,Organic Chemistry ,biology.organism_classification ,Hemocyanins ,Sequence Alignment - Abstract
International audience; Molluscan hemocyanins (Hcs) have recently received particular interest due to their significant immunostimulatory properties. This is mainly related to their high carbohydrate content and specific monosaccharide composition. We have now analyzed the oligosaccharides and the carbohydrate linkage sites of the Rapana venosa hemocyanin (RvH) using different approaches. We analyzed a number of glycopeptides by LC/ESI-MS/MS and identified the sugar chains and peptide sequences of 12 glycopeptides. Additionally, the potential carbohydrate linkage sites of 2 functional units, RvH-b and RvH-c, were determined by gene sequence analysis. Only RvH-c shows a potential N-glycosylation site. During this study, we discovered a highly conserved linker-intron, separating the coding exons of RVH-b and RvH-c. Following reports on antiviral properties from arthropod hemocyanin, we conducted a preliminary study of the antiviral activity of RvH and the functional units RvH-b and RvH-c. We show that the glycosylated FU RvH-c has antiviral properties against the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), whereas native RvH and the nonglycosylated FU RvH-b have not. This is the first report of the fact that also molluscan hemocyanin functional units possess antiviral activity.
- Published
- 2009
41. Highly efficient peptide separations in proteomicsPart 2: Bi- and multidimensional liquid-based separation techniques
- Author
-
Katleen Verleysen, Robin Tuytten, Mahan Moshir, Koen Kas, Koen Sandra, Pat Sandra, Isabelle François, and Filip D'hondt
- Subjects
Proteomics ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Chromatography ,Resolution (mass spectrometry) ,Chemistry ,Clinical Biochemistry ,Electrophoresis, Capillary ,Peptide ,Cell Biology ,General Medicine ,Chromatography, Ion Exchange ,Biochemistry ,Mass spectrometric ,High-performance liquid chromatography ,Analytical Chemistry ,Electrophoresis ,Proteome ,Chromatography, Gel ,Animals ,Humans ,Liquid based ,Isoelectric Focusing ,Peptides ,Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid - Abstract
Multidimensional liquid-based separation techniques are described for maximizing the resolution of the enormous number of peptides generated upon tryptic digestion of proteomes, and hence, reduce the spatial and temporal complexity of the sample to a level that allows successful mass spectrometric analysis. This review complements the previous contribution on unidimensional high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Both chromatography and electrophoresis will be discussed albeit with reversed-phase HPLC (RPLC) as the final separation dimension prior to MS analysis.
- Published
- 2009
42. Tryptic digest analysis by comprehensive reversed phase×two reversed phase liquid chromatography (RP-LC×2RP-LC) at different pH's
- Author
-
Gert Desmet, Koen Sandra, Deirdre Cabooter, Pat Sandra, Isabelle François, and Frederic Lynen
- Subjects
Proteomics ,Serum ,Chromatography ,Proteome ,Chemistry ,Ion chromatography ,Analytical chemistry ,Serum Albumin, Bovine ,Filtration and Separation ,Reversed-phase chromatography ,Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ,Tandem mass spectrometry ,High-performance liquid chromatography ,Analytical Chemistry ,Capillary electrophoresis ,Blood serum ,Two-dimensional chromatography ,Phase (matter) ,Animals ,Humans ,Cattle ,Trypsin ,Peptides ,Chromatography, Liquid - Abstract
As an alternative to the classical approach of combining strong cation exchange SCX-LC and RP-LC for the separation of complex proteomic samples, this essay describes the online comprehensive RP-LCxRP-LC separation of BSA and human blood serum. High orthogonality and peak capacity are achieved through the application of a significantly different pH in the two dimensions. The coupling of fused-core columns in series ensures high efficiency in the first dimension, while a previously designed interface with parallel second dimension columns further enhances the separation capability of the comprehensive system.
- Published
- 2009
43. Application of a Combined Weak Cation-Exchange/Crown Ether Column: First Demonstrations of a Versatile Tool for Proteome Subselection
- Author
-
Bart Ruttens, Katelijne Gheysen, Koen Sandra, José C. Martins, Pat Sandra, D. Vlieghe, Koen De Cremer, Robin Tuytten, Grégoire Thomas, Katleen Verleysen, Natalie Van Landuyt, and Koen Kas
- Subjects
Male ,Proteomics ,Glycosylation ,Proteome ,Molecular Sequence Data ,Lysine ,Pilot Projects ,Peptide ,Ether ,Column (database) ,Analytical Chemistry ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Crown Ethers ,Side chain ,Humans ,Peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminyl) Asparagine Amidase ,Amino Acid Sequence ,Crown ether ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Chromatography ,Glycopeptides ,Reversed-phase chromatography ,Combinatorial chemistry ,chemistry ,Artifacts - Abstract
The present paper introduces the use of a weak cation-exchange/crown ether column in the proteomics field. The 18-crown-6 ether functionality is well-known to selectively complex ammonium and monoalkylammonium ions, which should make this column highly suitable to trap peptides with free alpha-NH(2) or free epsilon-NH(2) groups from lysine side chains. This unique selection mechanism was put to the test in an N-teromics setup which aims for the enrichment of deliberately acetylated protein N-terminal peptides from a serum digest. It was demonstrated that peptides with free alpha-NH(2) groups and peptides with alpha-amino-acetylated groups can be separated from each other using this weak cation-exchange/crown ether column. The peptides of interest, bearing no free primary amines, were found to be significantly enriched in the column's flow through. At the same time a favorable coenrichment of N-glycosylated peptides was observed. To obtain more insight in the contributions of the two distinct column functionalities, i.e., the weak cation exchanger and the crown ether, the experimental data were checked against a theoretical prediction of the outcome.
- Published
- 2009
44. Highly efficient peptide separations in proteomics
- Author
-
Koen Sandra, Pat Sandra, Filip D'hondt, Katleen Verleysen, Koen Kas, and Mahan Moshir
- Subjects
Chromatography ,Sample complexity ,Chemistry ,Dynamic range ,Hydrophilic interaction chromatography ,Clinical Biochemistry ,Ion suppression in liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry ,Cell Biology ,General Medicine ,Mass spectrometry ,Proteomics ,Biochemistry ,High-performance liquid chromatography ,Analytical Chemistry ,Proteome - Abstract
Sample complexity and dynamic range constitute enormous challenges in proteome analysis. The back-end technology in typical proteomics platforms, namely mass spectrometry (MS), can only tolerate a certain complexity, has a limited dynamic range per spectrum and is very sensitive towards ion suppression. Therefore, component overlap has to be minimized for successful mass spectrometric analysis and subsequent protein identification and quantification. The present review describes the advances that have been made in liquid-based separation techniques with focus on the recent developments to boost the resolving power. The review is divided in two parts; the first part deals with unidimensional liquid chromatography and the second part with bi- and multidimensional liquid-based separation techniques. Part 1 mainly focuses on reversed-phase HPLC due to the fact that it is and will, in the near future, remain the technique of choice to be hyphenated with MS. The impact of increasing the column length, decreasing the particle diameter, replacing the traditional packed beds by monolithics, amongst others, is described. The review is complemented with data obtained in the laboratories of the authors.
- Published
- 2008
45. Ultrasound-Guided Needle Lavage for Calcific Tendonitis of the Gluteus Medius Tendon
- Author
-
Koen, Sandra M., primary, Pecha, Forrest, additional, and Nilsson, Kurt, additional
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Combination of COFRADIC and high temperature – extended column length conventional liquid chromatography: A very efficient way to tackle complex protein samples, such as serum
- Author
-
Lies Vanneste, Pat Sandra, Kris Gevaert, Filip D'hondt, Koen Sandra, Koen Kas, Grégoire Thomas, Christine Labeur, Katleen Verleysen, and Joël Vandekerckhove
- Subjects
Serum ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Chromatography ,Temperature ,Analytical chemistry ,Reproducibility of Results ,Filtration and Separation ,Peptide ,Ion suppression in liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry ,Blood Proteins ,Reversed-phase chromatography ,Mass spectrometry ,High-performance liquid chromatography ,Mass Spectrometry ,Analytical Chemistry ,Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization ,Blood serum ,Two-dimensional chromatography ,chemistry ,Humans ,Trypsin ,Chromatography, Liquid - Abstract
The previously reported COmbined FRActional DIagonal Chromatography (COFRA-DIC) methodology, in which a subset of peptides representative for their parent proteins are sorted, is particularly powerful for whole proteome analysis. This peptide-centric technology is built around diagonal chromatography, where peptide separations are crucial. This paper presents high efficiency peptide separations, in which four 250 x 2.1 mm, 5 microm Zorbax 300SB-C18 columns (total length 1 m) were coupled at operating temperatures of 60'C using a dedicated LC oven and conventional LC equipment. The high efficiency separations were combined with the COFRADIC procedure. This extremely powerful combination resulted, for the analysis of serum, in an increase in the uniquely identified peptide sequences by a factor of 2.6, compared to the COFRADIC procedure on a 25 cm column. This is a reflection of the increased peak capacity obtained on the 1 m column, which was calculated to be a factor 2.7 higher than on the 25 cm column. Besides more efficient sorting, less ion suppression was noticed.
- Published
- 2007
47. Analysis of the reaction products from micro-vial pyrolysis of the mixture glucose/proline and of a tobacco leaf extract:Search for Amadori intermediates
- Author
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Kazuhisa Mitsui, Bart Tienpont, Hirotoshi Tamura, Nobuo Ochiai, Koen Sandra, Pat Sandra, and Frank David
- Subjects
Proline ,Fructose ,Biochemistry ,Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ,Analytical Chemistry ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,symbols.namesake ,Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry ,Amadori rearrangement ,Tobacco ,Organic chemistry ,Aroma compound ,Sugar ,Aroma ,Nicotiana ,Chromatography ,biology ,Plant Extracts ,Organic Chemistry ,food and beverages ,General Medicine ,biology.organism_classification ,Maillard Reaction ,Maillard reaction ,Glucose ,chemistry ,symbols - Abstract
Micro-vial pyrolysis (PyroVial) was used to study the production of compounds important for the aroma of heat-treated natural products such as tobacco. Firstly, a mixture of glucose and proline was pyrolyzed as model, as this sugar and amino acid are also abundant in tobacco leaf (Nicotiana tobacum L.). The pyrolysate was analyzed using headspace-GC–MS, liquid injection GC–MS and LC–MS. Next, micro-vial pyrolysis in combination with LC–MS was applied to tobacco leaf extract. Using MS deconvolution, molecular feature extraction and differential analysis it was possible to identify Amadori intermediates of the Maillard reaction in the tobacco leaf extract. The intermediate disappeared as was the case for 1-deoxy-1-prolino-β-d-fructose or the concentration decreased in the pyrolysate compared to the original extract such as for the 1-deoxy-1-[2-(3-pyridyl)-1-pyrrolidinyl]-β-d-fructose isomers indicating that Amadori intermediates are important precursors for aroma compound formation.
- Published
- 2015
48. Profiling over 1500 Lipids in Induced Lung Sputum and the Implications in Studying Lung Diseases
- Author
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Antoon J. M. van Oosterhout, Koen Sandra, E. D. Telenga, Nick H. T. ten Hacken, Pat Sandra, Ruben t'Kindt, Lucie Jorge, Lifestyle Medicine (LM), and Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC)
- Subjects
Lung Diseases ,Time Factors ,ELECTROSPRAY-IONIZATION ,Mass Spectrometry ,LIPIDOMICS ,Analytical Chemistry ,Lipidomics ,medicine ,Humans ,COPD ,METABONOMIC ANALYSIS ,Respiratory system ,Biomarker discovery ,TANDEM MASS-SPECTROMETRY ,Lung ,Chemistry ,Sputum ,Lipidome ,medicine.disease ,Lipids ,Sphingolipid ,BIOMARKER DISCOVERY ,respiratory tract diseases ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,CHAIN FATTY-ACIDS ,Biochemistry ,Immunology ,PULMONARY SURFACTANT ,ASTHMA ,lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins) ,medicine.symptom ,HPLC ,Chromatography, Liquid - Abstract
Induced lung sputum is a valuable matrix in the study of respiratory diseases. Although the methodology of sputum collection has evolved to a point where it is repeatable and responsive to inflammation, its use in molecular profiling studies is still limited. Here, an in-depth lipid profiling of induced lung sputum using high-resolution liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF MS) is described. An enormous complexity in lipid composition could be revealed. Over 1500 intact lipids, originating from 6 major lipid classes, have been accurately identified in 120 tit of induced sputum. By number and measured intensity, glycerophospholipids represent the largest lipid class, followed by sphingolipids, glycerolipids, fatty acyls, sterol lipids, and prenol lipids. Several prenol lipids, originating from tobacco, could be detected in the lung sputum of smokers. To illustrate the utility of the methodology in studying respiratory diseases, a comparative lipid screening was performed on lung sputum extracts in order to study the effect of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) on the lung barrier lipidome. Results show that sphingolipid expression in induced sputum significantly differs between smokers with and without COPD.
- Published
- 2015
49. Combining gel and capillary electrophoresis, nano-LC and mass spectrometry for the elucidation of post-translational modifications of Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolase I
- Author
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Bart Devreese, Marc Claeyssens, Ingeborg Stals, Pat Sandra, Jozef Van Beeumen, and Koen Sandra
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Gel electrophoresis ,Glycosylation ,Chromatography ,biology ,Isoelectric focusing ,Organic Chemistry ,macromolecular substances ,General Medicine ,biology.organism_classification ,Mass spectrometry ,Biochemistry ,Analytical Chemistry ,carbohydrates (lipids) ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Capillary electrophoresis ,chemistry ,Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry ,Ion trap ,Trichoderma reesei - Abstract
N-Glycosylation of cellobiohydrolase I from the fungus Trichoderma reesei (strain Rut-C30) is studied using a combination of electrophoretic, chromatographic and mass spectrometric techniques. As four potential N-glycosylation sites and several uncharged and phosphorylated high-mannose glycans are present, a large number of glycoforms and phospho-isoforms can be expected. Isoelectric focusing both in gel and in capillary format was successfully applied for the separation of the phospho-isoforms. They were extracted in their intact form from the gel and subsequently analysed by nanospray-Q-TOF-MS, thereby making use of a powerful two-dimensional technique. Nano-LC/MS/MS on a Q-Trap MS further allowed the determination of the glycosylation sites. As a novel approach, an oxonium ion was used in precursor ion scanning for selective detection of glycopeptides containing phosphorylated high-mannose glycans.
- Published
- 2004
50. Factors influencing glycosylation of Trichoderma reesei cellulases. I: Postsecretorial changes of the O- and N-glycosylation pattern of Cel7A
- Author
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Marc Claeyssens, Koen Sandra, Roland Contreras, Ingeborg Stals, Steven Geysens, and Jozef Van Beeumen
- Subjects
Mannosidase ,Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization ,Glycosylation ,Cellulase ,Biochemistry ,Serine ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,N-linked glycosylation ,Polysaccharides ,Catalytic Domain ,Hydrolase ,Cellulose 1,4-beta-Cellobiosidase ,Threonine ,Trichoderma reesei ,Trichoderma ,biology ,Extracellular Fluid ,Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ,biology.organism_classification ,Culture Media ,carbohydrates (lipids) ,chemistry ,biology.protein ,Isoelectric Focusing - Abstract
The glycosylation of Cel7A (CBH I) from Trichoderma reeseivaries considerably when the fungus is grown under differentconditions. As shown by ESI-MS and PAG-IEF analyses ofboth intact protein and the isolated catalytic core module, themicroheterogeneity originates mainly from the variable ratioof single N-acetylglucosamine over high-mannose structureson the three N-glycosylation sites and from the presence orabsence of phosphate residues. Fully N- and O-glycosylatedCel7A can only be isolated from minimal medium and prob-ablyreflectstheinitialcomplexityoftheproteinonleavingtheglycosynthetic pathway. Extracellular activities are responsi-ble for postsecretorial modifications in other cultivation con-ditions: a-(1!2)-mannosidase, a-(1!3)-glucosidase and anEndo H type activity participate in N-deglycosylation (core),whereas a phosphatase and a mannosidase are probablyresponsible for hydrolysis of O-glycans (linker). The effectsare most prominent in corn steep liquor–enriched media,where the pH is closer to the pH optimum (5–6) of theseextracellular hydrolases. In minimal medium, the low pH andthepresenceofproteasescouldexplainfortheabsenceofsuchactivities. On the other hand, phosphodiester linkages in thecatalytic module are only observed under specific conditions.The extracellular trigger is still unknown, but manno-phosphorylationmayberegulatedintracellularlybya-(1!2)-mannosidases and phosphomannosyl transferases competingfor the same intermediate in the glycosynthetic pathway.Key words: Cel7A/endoglycosidase/N- andO-glycosylation/postsecretorial modifications/Trichoderma reeseiIntroductionCellulases belonging to different glycosyl hydrolase familiesvery often exhibit a multidomain structure (Coutinhoand Henrissat, 1999): a catalytic domain (core) and acarbohydrate-binding module are separated by a linkerpeptide rich in proline, serine, and threonine. Fungalcellulases carry posttranslational modifications on bothdomains: Whereas the linker peptide is highly O-glycosylated, N-glycosylation seems to be restricted to thecore. Filamentous fungi typically synthesize short-chain O-and N-glycans, resembling the mammalian high-mannosetype rather than the hyperglycosylated yeast structures.The glycosylation of cellobiohydrolase I (CBH I, Cel7A),a cellulase abundantly expressed by most Trichodermareesei strains, has been studied particularly well(Table I). Trichoderma cellulases appear in several isoformswith similar catalytic and adsorption properties (Medveet al., 1998), and it has been shown that both N- andO-glycans account for the many isoforms of Cel7A(Pakula et al., 2000).Detailed structural investigations (Harrison et al., 1998;Klarskov et al., 1997) revealed the N-glycosylation inT. reesei Cel7A from respectively strains QM9414 andALKO2877 (derived from QM9414): Single GlcNAc resi-dues in three (Asn45, Asn270, and Asn384) out of fourpotential sites were characterized in the catalytic domain.More complex N-glycan structures were observed withCel7A from the hyperproducing mutant Rut-C30 strain(Maras et al., 1997). The majority are monoglucosylatedhigh-mannose glycans (GlcMan
- Published
- 2004
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