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In fishes, physiological and behavioural traits can correlate with vulnerability to capture with fishing gears, highlighting the capacity of fisheries selection to drive phenotypic change in exploited populations. There remains a paucity of information regarding how different fishing gears may select on phenotypic traits and how relationships between individual traits and capture vulnerability change across environmental gradients. By simulating the capture process in a trawl and trap using wild minnows (Phoxinus phoxinus) acclimated to different temperatures, we investigated how contrasting fishing gears select on behavioural and physiological traits and how this selection is modulated by temperature. Despite similar risk of capture in each gear, selection differed between traps and trawls. Fish exhibiting low spontaneous activity were at greater capture risk in the trawl across all temperatures, while traps showed no selection except at 24[degrees]C. No relationships between physiological traits and capture vulnerability were found, except between swim performance and trap capture vulnerability at 24[degrees]C. This study demonstrates that fisheries selection on individual traits is likely context-specific, depending on both fishing gear type and environment. Chez les poissons, des caracteres physiologiques et comportementaux peuvent etre correles a la vulnerabilite a la capture par des engins de peche, ce qui souligne la capacite de la selection par la peche d'entrainer des modifications phenotypiques dans les populations exploitees. Peu d'information est toutefois disponible sur la selection de differents caracteres phenotypiques pouvant decouler de differents engins de peche et sur les variations des relations entre des caracteres precis et la vulnerabilite a la capture le long de gradients de conditions ambiantes. En simulant le processus de capture dans un chalut et un casier de menes sauvages (Phoxinus phoxinus) acclimates a differentes temperatures, nous avons examine la selection de caracteres comportementaux et physiologiques par differents engins de peche, et comment la temperature module cette selection. Malgre le fait que le risque de capture est semblable pour les differents engins, la selection varie entre les casiers et les chaluts. Les poissons presentant une faible activite spontanee ont un plus grand risque de capture dans un chalut a toutes les temperatures etudiees, alors que les casiers ne font pas preuve de selection, saduf a 24[degrees]C. Aucune relation entre des caracteres physiologiques et la vulnerabilite a la capture n'est relevee, sauf entre la performance de nage et la vulnerabilite a la capture par les casiers a 24[degrees]C. L'etude demontre que la selection par la peche de caracteres precis depend probablement du contexte, notamment du type d'engin de peche et du milieu ambiant. [Traduit par la Redaction], Introduction In fishes, physiological and behavioural traits often correlate with an individual's vulnerability to capture by fishing gears (Diaz Pauli et al. 2015; Killen et al. 2015a; Koeck et al. [...]

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical response and safety of immediately loaded single-tooth implants placed in the posterior region of the maxilla and mandible. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Single-tooth implants were placed in healed extraction sites in 20 adult patients. Temporary pre-fabricated acrylic resin crowns were prepared and adjusted. The crown occlusion was adjusted to obtain minimal contacts in maximum intercuspation. After 6 weeks a ceramometal or all-ceramic crown was cemented. Radiographic and clinical examinations were made at baseline and at 3, 6, and 12 months. Cortical bone response and peri-implant mucosal responses were evaluated. RESULTS: The marginal bone level at the time of implant placement was preserved. The mean change in marginal bone level was 0.01 mm at 12 months. The mean Periotest value after 360 days was -4. The peri-implant mucosal adaptation to the anatomic form of the provisional crown resulted in a natural esthetic outcome, and a gain in papilla length was observed. One implant failure was recorded because of provisional luting cement impaction. DISCUSSION: Clinical research has shown that immediate loading is a possible treatment modality. The immediate functional loading of implants placed in this study resulted in bone adaptation to loading. A satisfactory success rate with positive tissue responses was achieved. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this limited investigation indicated that immediate loading of unsplinted single-tooth implants in the posterior region may be a viable treatment option with an esthetic outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After resection and autogenous bone grafting in infancy and childhood, hypotrophy of the concerned jaw can often be observed. A 6-year-old male patient with osteogenic sarcoma was treated with partial resection of the mandible from the left first molar to the right first premolar. The aim was to rehabilitate the patient functionally and esthetically as he grew. At the age of 16, after the placement of 4 Brånemark System implants in the consolidated autogeneous bone graft, the patient was treated with horizontal distraction osteogenesis. A new and unconventional type of individual tooth/implant-supported distraction device was used to lengthen the mandible by 16 mm. The implants placed to support the device were later used for prosthodontic rehabilitation. Progress in bone reconstruction, plastic coverage, and implant dentistry, as well as distraction osteogenesis, have enabled the compensation of functional and esthetic impairments caused by resection, especially in infants and young children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the critical thresholds of dissolved oxygen (O 2 ) that trigger adaptive physiological responses in aquatic organisms is long hampered by a lack of robust, non-lethal or non-invasive methodologies. The isotope fractionation of triple O 2 isotopes ( 18 O/ 17 O/ 16 O) during respiration is linked to the amount of oxygen utilised, offering a potential avenue for new insights. Our experimental research involved measuring the oxygen isotope fractionation of dissolved O 2 in closed-system aquatic respirometry experiments with wild sticklebacks ( Gasterosteus aculeatus ). These fish were either naturally adapted or experimentally acclimated to hypoxic and normoxic conditions. The aim was to observe their oxygen usage and isotope fractionation in response to increasingly severe hypoxia. Initial observations revealed a progressive 18 O enrichment from the preferential uptake of 16 O to a dissolved oxygen threshold of 3-5 mg O 2 L -1 , followed by an apparent reversal in oxygen isotope fractionation, which is mixing of 16 O and 17 O with the remaining O 2 pool across all populations and indicative of a systematic change in oxygen metabolism among the fish. Unexpectedly, sticklebacks adapted to hypoxia but acclimated to normoxia exhibited stronger oxygen isotope fractionation compared to those adapted to normoxia and acclimated to hypoxia, contradicting the hypothesis that hypoxia adaptation would lead to reduced isotope discrimination due to more efficient oxygen uptake. These preliminary experimental results highlight the novel potential of using dissolved O 2 isotopes as a non-invasive, non-lethal method to quantitatively assess metabolic thresholds in aquatic organisms. This approach could significantly improve our understanding of the critical oxygen responses and adaptation mechanisms in fish and other aquatic organisms across different oxygen environments, marking a significant step forward in aquatic ecological and physiological research.

Thermal stress can influence the recovery of fish released after capture. Vitality assessments using reflex and behavioural responses require that responses can be observed reliably, independent of temperature. Here, we tested whether reflex and behavioural impairment and survival of beam-trawled and discarded European plaice ( Pleuronectes platessa ) are independent from seasonal air and water temperature deviations. In total, 324 beam-trawled plaice ( n  = 196 in summer and n  = 128 in winter) were exposed to two air temperature treatments and two water treatments (i.e. modified and ambient temperatures for both). The modified treatments (i.e. cooled in summer, warmed in winter) represent the thermal shock a fish may experience when being returned to the water. All reflexes and tested behaviours were affected by ambient temperature, with high impairment noted in summer. None of the reflexes were affected by temperature shocks alone, only body flex was. Body flex was highly impaired under every exposure combination. Fish size and duration of air exposure further influenced impairment of reflexes such as head complex and tail grab. More generally, post-release survival was assessed as 21% [95% CI: 16-28%] in summer and 99% [97-100%] in winter. Beam trawling in summer is likely to induce high reflex impairment and mortality in discarded plaice, and therefore spatial-temporal mitigation approaches should be prioritized over control of on-board temperatures., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press and the Society for Experimental Biology.)

Evidence of behavioural sleep has been observed in every animal species studied to date, but current knowledge of the behaviour, neurophysiology and ecophysiology associated with sleep is concentrated on mammals and birds. Fish are a hugely diverse group that can offer novel insights into a variety of sleep-related behaviours across environments, but the ecophysiological relevance of sleep in fish has been largely overlooked. Here, we systematically reviewed the literature to assess the current breadth of knowledge on fish sleep, and surveyed the diverse physiological effects and behaviours associated with sleep. We also discuss possible ways in which unstudied external factors may alter sleep behaviours. For example, predation risk may alter sleep patterns, as has been shown in mammalian, avian and reptilian species. Other environmental factors - such as water temperature and oxygen availability - have the potential to alter sleep patterns in fish differently than for terrestrial endotherms. Understanding the ecological influences on sleep in fish is vital, as sleep deprivation has the potential to affect waking behaviour and fitness owing to cognitive and physiological impairments, possibly affecting ecological phenomena and sensitivity to environmental stressors in ways that have not been considered., Competing Interests: Competing interests The authors declare no competing or financial interests., (© 2024. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd.)

Movement ecology is increasingly relying on experimental approaches and hypothesis testing to reveal how, when, where, why, and which animals move. Movement of megafauna is inherently interesting but many of the fundamental questions of movement ecology can be efficiently tested in study systems with high degrees of control. Lakes can be seen as microcosms for studying ecological processes and the use of high-resolution positioning systems to triangulate exact coordinates of fish, along with sensors that relay information about depth, temperature, acceleration, predation, and more, can be used to answer some of movement ecology's most pressing questions. We describe how key questions in animal movement have been approached and how experiments can be designed to gather information about movement processes to answer questions about the physiological, genetic, and environmental drivers of movement using lakes. We submit that whole lake telemetry studies have a key role to play not only in movement ecology but more broadly in biology as key scientific arenas for knowledge advancement. New hardware for tracking aquatic animals and statistical tools for understanding the processes underlying detection data will continue to advance the potential for revealing the paradigms that govern movement and biological phenomena not just within lakes but in other realms spanning lands and oceans., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

While evidence suggests that warming may impact cognition of ectotherms, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. A possible but rarely considered mechanism is that the metabolic response of ectotherms to warming is associated with changes in brain morphology and function. Here, we compared aerobic metabolism, brain volume, boldness and accuracy of maze solving of common minnows ( Phoxinus phoxinus ) acclimated for 8 months to either their current optimal natural (14°C) or warm (20°C) water temperature. Metabolic rates indicated increased energy expenditure in warm-acclimated fish, but also at least partial thermal compensation as warm-acclimated fish maintained high aerobic scope. Warm-acclimated fish had larger brains than cool-acclimated fish. The volume of the dorsal medulla relative to the overall brain size was larger in warm- than in cool-acclimated fish, but the proportion of other brain regions did not differ between the temperature treatments. Warm-acclimated fish did not differ in boldness but made more errors than cool-acclimated fish in exploring the maze across four trials. Inter-individual differences in the number of exploration errors were repeatable across the four trials of the maze test. Our findings suggest that in warm environments, maintaining a high aerobic scope, which is important for the performance of physically demanding tasks, can come at the cost of changes in brain morphology and impairment of the capacity to explore novel environments. This trade-off could have strong fitness implications for wild ectotherms., Competing Interests: Competing interestsThe authors declare no competing or financial interests., (© 2020. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd.)

Impacts of fisheries-induced evolution may extend beyond life history traits to more cryptic aspects of biology, such as behaviour and physiology. Understanding roles of physiological traits in determining individual susceptibility to capture in fishing gears and how these mechanisms change across contexts is essential to evaluate the capacity of commercial fisheries to elicit phenotypic change in exploited populations. Previous work has shown that metabolic traits related to anaerobic swimming may determine individual susceptibility to capture in trawls, with fish exhibiting higher anaerobic performance more likely to evade capture. However, high densities of fish aggregated ahead of a trawl net may exacerbate the role of social interactions in determining an individual fish's behaviour and likelihood of capture, yet the role of social environment in modulating relationships between individual physiological traits and vulnerability to capture in trawls remains unknown. By replicating the final moments of capture in a trawl using shoals of wild minnow ( Phoxinus phoxinus ), we investigated the role of individual metabolic traits in determining susceptibility to capture among shoals of both familiar and unfamiliar conspecifics. We expected that increased shoal cohesion and conformity of behaviour in shoals of familiar fish would lessen the role of individual metabolic traits in determining susceptibility to capture. However, the opposite pattern was observed, with individual fish exhibiting high anaerobic capacity less vulnerable to capture in the trawl net, but only when tested alongside familiar conspecifics. This pattern is likely due to stronger cohesion within familiar shoals, where maintaining a minimal distance from conspecifics, and thus staying ahead of the net, becomes limited by individual anaerobic swim performance. In contrast, lower shoal cohesion and synchronicity of behaviours within unfamiliar shoals may exacerbate the role of stochastic processes in determining susceptibility to capture, disrupting relationships between individual metabolic traits and vulnerability to capture.

Acoustic telemetry is an important tool for studying the behaviour of aquatic organisms in the wild.VEMCO high residence (HR) tags and receivers are a recent introduction in the field of acoustic telemetry and can be paired with existing algorithms (e.g. VEMCO positioning system [VPS]) to obtain high-resolution two-dimensional positioning data.Here, we present results of the first documented field test of a VPS composed of HR receivers (hereafter, HR-VPS). We performed a series of stationary and moving trials with HR tags (mean HR transmission period = 1.5 s) to evaluate the precision, accuracy and temporal capabilities of this positioning technology. In addition, we present a sample of data obtained for five European perch Perca fluviatilis implanted with HR tags (mean HR transmission period = 4 s) to illustrate how this technology can estimate the fine-scale behaviour of aquatic animals.Accuracy and precision estimates (median [5th-95th percentile]) of HR-VPS positions for all stationary trials were 5.6 m (4.2-10.8 m) and 0.1 m (0.02-0.07 m), respectively, and depended on the location of tags within the receiver array. In moving tests, tracks generated by HR-VPS closely mimicked those produced by a handheld GPS held over the tag, but these differed in location by an average of ≈9 m.We found that estimates of animal speed and distance travelled for perch declined when positional data for acoustically tagged perch were thinned to mimic longer transmission periods. These data also revealed a trade-off between capturing real nonlinear animal movements and the inclusion of positioning error.Our results suggested that HR-VPS can provide more representative estimates of movement metrics and offer an advancement for studying fine-scale movements of aquatic organisms, but high-precision survey techniques may be needed to test these systems.

There is increasing evidence that intense fishing pressure is not only depleting fish stocks but also causing evolutionary changes to fish populations. In particular, body size and fecundity in wild fish populations may be altered in response to the high and often size-selective mortality exerted by fisheries. While these effects can have serious consequences for the viability of fish populations, there are also a range of traits not directly related to body size which could also affect susceptibility to capture by fishing gears-and therefore fisheries-induced evolution (FIE)-but which have to date been ignored. For example, overlooked within the context of FIE is the likelihood that variation in physiological traits could make some individuals within species more vulnerable to capture. Specifically, traits related to energy balance (e.g., metabolic rate), swimming performance (e.g., aerobic scope), neuroendocrinology (e.g., stress responsiveness) and sensory physiology (e.g., visual acuity) are especially likely to influence vulnerability to capture through a variety of mechanisms. Selection on these traits could produce major shifts in the physiological traits within populations in response to fishing pressure that are yet to be considered but which could influence population resource requirements, resilience, species' distributions and responses to environmental change.

Temporal movement patterns and spawning behaviour of the dusky grouper Epinephelus marginatus were investigated using depth and temperature sensors combined to acoustic telemetry. Results showed that these fish are year-round resident, remaining inside the fully protected area of the marine reserve of Cerbère-Banyuls (65 ha) and display a diurnal activity pattern. Records from depth sensors revealed that groupers range inside small, distinct, and individual territories. Individual variations in habitat depth are only visible on a seasonal scale, i.e., between the spawning season and the rest of the year. In fact, during summer months when the seawater temperature exceeded 20 °C, tagged groupers made vertical spawning migrations of 4-8 m in amplitude. These vertical migrations are characteristic of the reproductive behaviour of dusky groupers, during which they release their gametes. The results are notable for the implementation of management rules in marine protected areas, such as reduced navigation speed, boating or attendance during spawning season., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Artificial reefs are used by many fisheries managers as a tool to mitigate the impact of fisheries on coastal fish communities by providing new habitat for many exploited fish species. However, the comparison between the behavior of wild fish inhabiting either natural or artificial habitats has received less attention. Thus the spatio-temporal patterns of fish that establish their home range in one habitat or the other and their consequences of intra-population differentiation on life-history remain largely unexplored. We hypothesize that individuals with a preferred habitat (i.e. natural vs. artificial) can behave differently in terms of habitat use, with important consequences on population dynamics (e.g. life-history, mortality, and reproductive success). Therefore, using biotelemetry, 98 white seabream (Diplodus sargus) inhabiting either artificial or natural habitats were tagged and their behavior was monitored for up to eight months. Most white seabreams were highly resident either on natural or artificial reefs, with a preference for the shallow artificial reef subsets. Connectivity between artificial and natural reefs was limited for resident individuals due to great inter-habitat distances. The temporal behavioral patterns of white seabreams differed between artificial and natural reefs. Artificial-reef resident fish had a predominantly nocturnal diel pattern, whereas natural-reef resident fish showed a diurnal diel pattern. Differences in diel behavioral patterns of white seabream inhabiting artificial and natural reefs could be the expression of realized individual specialization resulting from differences in habitat configuration and resource availability between these two habitats. Artificial reefs have the potential to modify not only seascape connectivity but also the individual behavioral patterns of fishes. Future management plans of coastal areas and fisheries resources, including artificial reef implementation, should therefore consider the potential effect of habitat modification on fish behavior, which could have key implications on fish dynamics.

Purpose: To evaluate if the use of ultrasound activated Al203 powder improved the fit especially of all-ceramic restorations., Methods: 21 extracted teeth were prepared for 14 all-ceramic IPS Empress2 (IPS Empress2) restorations (four crowns, four partial crowns, two inlays, four veneers) and seven gold crowns (Degudent H). Each restoration was adjusted with a suspension of Al2O3 of 25 microm and 50 microm grit, respectively. The effect of the fitting adjustments was recorded with the silicone disclosing medium technique and measured at 11 points under the microscope in an interval of 0.4 mm., Results: A significant (P < 0.001) improvement of the tight fit of all restorations by means of ultrasound activated Al2O3 powder was noticed. The approach of the restoration towards the prepared stump by the sonoerosive fitting correction was in the mean 201 +/- 60 microm in Empress2 restorations and 87 +/- 24 microm in gold crowns within a period of 10 minutes. SEM observation of the Empress2 specimens showed no microdamage after ultrasound machining.

The present study evaluated the connection between temporomandibular disorders (TMD), maximum voluntary bite force and oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in patients with oral cancer. Twenty-six prosthetically rehabilitated patients with partial resection of the upper and/or lower jaw with segmental mandibulectomy, with and without reconstruction, were examined. The examination comprised the Research Diagnostic Criteria for TMD (RDC/TMD), determination of the individual pain threshold, evaluation of the maximum voluntary bite force, and OHRQoL according to the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP) questionnaire. Male pain thresholds were significantly higher than female pain thresholds (P=0.003). Patients with maxillary resection showed higher pain threshold values than patients with (segmental) mandibulectomy. Bite force was significantly (P=0.000014) lower in resected jaw areas than in healthy ones. Patients with resections of the maxilla showed higher voluntary bite forces than patients with resections of the mandible; males showed higher bite forces than females. The prevalence of negative responses ("often"-2 and "very often"-1) on the OHIP items was 10.39%, whereas the prevalence of positive responses ("from time to time"-3, "seldom"-4, and "never"-5) was 89.60%. The prevalence for negative responses was 2.46% in male patients and 8.07% in female patients. Patients with resections in the maxilla suffered from negative responses of 3.92%, patients with resection of the mandible of 6.64%. According to the OHIP, the psychological disposition of these patients clearly referred to coping mechanisms.

A male patient presented for maxillary and mandibular complete-arch prostheses. A total of eight all-ceramic restorations, eight metal-ceramic crowns, and four metal-ceramic fixed partial dentures were placed. The restorations were examined for marginal integrity, anatomic form, surface, and color for a period of 12 months. All restorations were in function at the end of the evaluation period. There was no adverse event. No substantial difference between the all-ceramic onlays and the metal-ceramic crowns was apparent. The all-ceramic restorations exhibited the least plaque growth. Bleeding on probing was minimal at both restoration types. The marginal integrity of the all-ceramic restorations was considered to be nearly as precise as that of the metal-ceramic crowns.

Background: One frequent late sequel of frontal crowding is the development of gingival recessions manifesting themselves especially at rotated anterior teeth., Material: This correlation is discussed with regard to the literature and to the authors' own clinical findings and experimental studies., Results: According to present-day knowledge the following statements can be made: In cases with frontal crowding the tangential stiffening of the anterior teeth is inadequate. Thus translatory and rotational force components resulting from the elastic deformation of the mandible under functional loading effect the movement of rotated front teeth during maximum jaw opening and mandibular protrusion. Also tongue thrusting and frontolateral bruxism lead to force vectors in vestibular direction affecting the delicate periodontal tissues. These statements are confirmed by the authors' own in-vivo experimental studies measuring the amount of tooth displacement during test persons' functional movements. Furthermore, in the long-term anterior crowding will mostly trigger incorrect anterior guidance, i.e. guidance predominantly by the rotated or ectopically positioned front tooth with subsequent overloading of the antagonist., Conclusion: Orthodontic therapy of frontal crowding is not just an esthetic problem but can be of special importance in the prevention of stress-related reactions in the masticatory system.

Plastic materials used for temporary crowns and bridges in prosthetic dentistry are investigated with regard to the possibility of their microbial colonization. For this purpose four different kinds of materials, i.e. Resincap, Trim, Snap (Polyalcylmethacrylate) and Protemp (Bisphenol-A-Glycidyl-Methacrylate) were chose. With the help of 10 test persons in vivo experiments were carried out. After a period of two weeks it could be verified, that the bacteria have a stronger affinity to Protemp than to Polyalcylmethacrylate. The hypothesis, that the different intensity of colonization is due to the roughness of certain surfaces could be confirmed by additional experiments.

In the Denar and Stuart pantographs, the movement limits in one subject using 12 different tracing pin guides were recorded and evaluated. No changes in the movement of the terminal hinge axis were found. By means of a registration device fixed to the Denar articulator it was found that the tracing pin guide has an influence on the inclination of the functional facets of the teeth: the flatter or more convex the tracing pin guide, the flatter the occlusal structures.

By means of inductive motion recorders not in contact with the teeth, tooth movements in buccal and lingual directions were recorded with load being exerted on the different individual functional facets. When loading the retrusion facets the maxillary tooth is displaced lingually and the mandibular tooth buccally. This is significant for grinding-in.