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Fig. S1: Conversion of tiliaside to the aglycone of tiliaside during gut passage; Figs. S2-S7: Structure and NMR spectroscopy results for unedone-8-O-��-D-glucoside. Fig. S8: NMR spectroscopy results for unedone. Figs. S9-S10: MS2 spectra for unedone-8-O-��-D-glucoside and unedone. Figs. S11-S12: Structural and NMR spectroscopy results for tiliaside and the aglycone of tiliaside. Fig. S13: MS2 spectra for tiliaside and the aglycone of tiliaside. Tab. S1: 1H and 13C NMR spectral data unedone-8-O-��-glucoside. Tab. S2: 1H and 13C NMR spectral data for tiliaside and the aglycone of tiliaside.

Phytochemical Identification methodology and statistical analysis; Supplementary table 1. Flowers which are visited by bumblebees, from seed mixes, outlined by Natural England 2017, and that are recommended for use in UK based Agri-environment schemes. Other plants contained in the mixes, not listed or tested here, are selected for birds, hoverflies and other nectarivorous animals.; Supplementary table 2 Phytochemicals recovered using LC-MS from the pollen of plants in UK agri-environment schemes.; Supplementary table 3 Phytochemicals recovered using LC-MS from the nectar of plants in UK based agri-environment schemes.; LMM residual normality plots for individual prophylactic infection intensities (A), individual therapeutic infection intensities (B), whole colony infection intensity (C), forager infection intensity (D), sexual production (E) and worker production (F).

SummaryPhytosterols are primary plant metabolites that have fundamental structural and regulatory functions. They are also essential nutrients for phytophagous insects, including pollinators, that cannot synthesize sterols. Despite the well-described composition and diversity in vegetative plant tissues, few studies have examined phytosterol diversity in pollen.We quantified 25 pollen phytosterols in 122 plant species (105 genera, 51 families) to determine their composition and diversity across plant taxa. We searched literature and databases for plant phylogeny, environmental conditions, and pollinator guilds of the species to examine the relationships with pollen sterols.24-methylenecholesterol, sitosterol and isofucosterol were the most common and abundant pollen sterols. We found phylogenetic clustering of twelve individual sterols, total sterol content and sterol diversity, and of sterol groupings that reflect their underlying biosynthesis pathway (24 carbon alkylation, ring B desaturation). Plants originating in tropical-like climates (higher mean annual temperature, lower temperature seasonality, higher precipitation in wettest quarter) were more likely to record higher pollen sterol content. However, pollen sterol composition and content showed no clear relationship with pollinator guilds.Our study is the first to show that pollen sterol diversity is phylogenetically clustered and that pollen sterol content may adapt to environmental conditions.

Liotrigona kinzelbachi sp. n. Figs 3C, 4 Etymology: The species is dedicated to Prof. em. Dr Ragnar Kinzelbach, whom the author wishes to thank for his support and inspiration during his zoological studies in Rostock. Description: Worker. Total body length ranging from 2.15 mm to 2.58 mm. Forewing length 1.96– 1.78 mm; pterostigma length 0.35–0.39 mm; head width 0.95–1.01 mm (Fig. 3); scutal width 0.69–0.87 mm. Colour: Head black except brown clypeus; labrum and mandibles amber, often with reddish tinge; scape amber to brown and flagellum brown; thorax black to dark brown; abdomen variable from dark brown to amber, dorsal site darker than ventral site; legs with brown coxa, amber trochanter, dark brown femur, amber tibia (hind tibia brown) and amber tarsus. Queen and male. Unknown. Comparison:Very similar to L. bitika and L. madecassa, but intermediate in size between the two. Distinguishable from both species by a combination of forewing length, pterostigma length, head width and scutal width (see Table 1). Also distinguishable from other species of Malagasy Liotrigona by its COI sequence (GenBank accession numbers HQ012826-HQ012834). Holotype (Fig. 4): MADAGASCAR: ca 60 km northeast of Morondava city in Menabe region [20°03'S: 44°39'E] (ARC-PPRI). Paratypes (2 workers): MADAGASCAR: same data as holotype (ARC-PPRI). Distribution: Dry deciduous forest of Kirindy, Menabe region, Western Madagascar., Published as part of Koch, Hauke, 2010, Combining morphology and DNA barcoding resolves the taxonomy of Western Malagasy Liotrigona Moure, 1961 (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponini), pp. 413 in African Invertebrates 51 (2) on pages 416-418, DOI: 10.5733/afin.051.0210, http://zenodo.org/record/7913729

Tropical dry deciduous forest is an endangered ecosystem whose plant-pollinator relationships are little known. We characterised a portion of the web of interactions between flowering plants and flower visitors in the Kirindy Forest of the Menabe region of west-central Madagascar. Taking a plant-centered approach, we observed individuals of the 5 most abundant native plant species that were coming into flower at the end of the annual dry season, and recorded all identifiable flower-visitors. Taking a visitor-centered approach, we walked a network of established trails and listened for distinctive calls of a common flower-visiting bird, noting the plant species visited. The former approach revealed connections among the early-flowering species via birds and insects, whereas the latter confirmed these connections and added an additional plant species. Flowers of the 6 plant species were visited on average by 5.5 animal species, while 10 visitor species for which we had reasonable samples frequented on average the flowers of 3.3 plant species. These qualitative results resemble those reported from other temperate and tropical webs, in that interactions appeared to be relatively generalised by pollinator species and body plan (e.g., birds vs. bees). Also in agreement, the visitation web was significantly nested, with more-specialised species tending to interact with mutualistic partners that were themselves more generalised. In addition to documenting previously-unreported interactions, therefore, this preliminary web conforms to more widespread patterns emerging for pollination systems at the community level., Journal of Pollination Ecology, 2 (1), ISSN:1920-7603