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PubMedID: 29933733 Rotavirus is the most common agent of acute gastroenteritis in children under five years of age and still a major cause of mortality and morbidity mainly in devoloping countries. The aim of this study was to determine the circulating rotavirus genotypes in children less than five years of age with acute gastroenteritis in Adana province, before the introduction of the rotavirus vaccine into the national immunization programme. Fecal specimens were collected from children enrolled between December 2012 and November 2016 and rotavirus antigen was searched by a rapid immunochromatographic test method. The antigen positive samples were G and Pgenotyped by hemi-nested type-specific multiplex reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Rotavirus antigen positive fecal specimens from 201 patients of 107 (53.3%) boys and 94 (46.8%) girls were included in this study. Rotavirus infection was most frequently detected in patients with gastroenteritis between the ages of 12 and 23 months. It has been determined that 45% of rotavirus gastroenteritis was determined in children under two years of age. Rotavirus gastroenteritis was more frequent between September and April, but the highest incidence was detected in January. Of 201 rotavirus antigen-positive stool specimens, 167 were PCR positive. Five common G (G1, G2, G3, G4 and G9) and two common P genotypes (P[8] and P[4]) were determined as 91.6% and 96.4% of the isolates, respectively. The most prevalent G and P genotype combination was G1P8 with a frequency of 29.9%, followed by 21% G9P8 About 78% of rotavirus isolates were classified into five common G-P combination genotypes, including G1P8, G9P8 G3P8, G2P4, and G2P8. During the study period, there were significant changes in the distribution of rotavirus genotype. The prevalence of G9P8 genotype sharply decreased from 40% to 8.1% and the prevalence of G1P8 genotype increased from 21.3% to 48.6%. Although no G3P8 isolates were detected in the first two years of the study, this genotype was detected in 18.5% and 13.5% of the samples in 2015 and 2016, respectively. There were no relationship between the age onset of the disease, sex, dehydration development risk and rotavirus genotype. The results from this study indicated that the predominant circulating strains of rotavirus determined in clinical specimens were G1P8 and G9P8. Significant changes were observed in the prevalence of the most common rotavirus isolates over the years. Rotavirus surveillance is important to determine the circulating strains of rotavirus to assess vaccine effectiveness, to monitor vaccine failures, and to detect potential emerging strains. © 2018 Ankara Microbiology Society. All rights reserved.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the antimicrobial activities of the pine bark extract(Pinuspinea) which grows at Western parts of Turkey (Çine, Aydın) and Pycnogenol® in cooked red meat against Staphylococcusaureus.For this purpose, P. pinea and Pycnogenol® were added at 1% concentration to raw meat. S. aureus was inoculated at 103cfu g-1 concentration to cooked meat. After that, meat was stored at 4˚C for 9 days. P. pineareduced the numbers of S. aureus detected, which were 7.9x102cfu/g after 6 days and 7.1x102cfu/g after 9 days; whereas, the values for Pycnogenol® were 8.6x102cfu/g and 9.8x102cfu/g, respectively. On the other hand, values of 13.7x102, 17.2x102cfu/g were obtained for the control after 6 and 9 days of storage. Therefore, P. pineaand Pycnogenol® tested on cooked red meat reduced the numbers of S. aureus during storage when compared with the control. Results presented here may suggest that the use of pine bark extracts may provide protection against S. aureus, and thus, they present a potential to be used as a natural preservative in food industry., Bu çalışmada, Pinus pinea'nın kabuk ekstresinin ve ticari bir çam kabuğu ekstresi olanPycnogenol®'ün pişmiş kırmızı etteki Staphylococcus aureus'a karşı antimikrobiyal etkileri araştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla, P. pinea ve Pycnogenol® ete %1 oranında ilave edilmiştir. S. aureus ise pişmiş ete 103 cfu/g olacak şekilde inokule edilerek 4˚C'de 9 gün depolanmıştır. P. pinea, S. aureus sayısını 6. günden sonra 7.9x102 cfu/g ve 9. günden sonra 7.1x102 cfu/g'a düşürürken, Pycnogenol® için elde edilen değerler 8.6x102 cfu/g ve 9.8x102 cfu/g'dır. Diğer yandan, kontrol için 6. ve 9. günlerden sonra elde edilen değerler 13.7x102, 17.2x102 cfu/g'dır. Dolayısıyla, P. pinea ve Pycnogenol®'ün, kontrolle kıyaslandığında 6. ve 9. günlerde S. aureus sayısını düşürdüğü tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, çam kabuğu ekstresinin S. aureus'a karşı koruyucu etkisi olduğu ve gıdalarda doğal koruyucu olarak kullanım potansiyeline sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the most common respiratory pathogens in infants and young children worldwide. Almost all children are infected at least once by the age of 2 years. The clinical manifestations vary depending on age, health status, and whether the infection is primary or secondary. Most RSV-infected children experience upper respiratory tract symptoms and 20% to 30% develop lower respiratory tract disease (e.g., bronchiolitis and/or pneumonia). RSV is the most common cause of lower respiratory tract infection in children younger than 1 year. Most children who have been previously healthy have mild lower respiratory tract infections. However, prematurity, chronic lung disease, congenital heart disease, and primary or secondary immune deficiencies are risk factors for severe RSV infections. Diagnosis can often be clinical. Diagnostic testing is not routinely recommended. The treatment of upper and lower respiratory tract infections is generally supportive. Ribavirin can be used in patients with immune deficiency but is not routinely recommended. There is not a routine vaccine for RSV. The RSV-specific humanized mouse monoclonal antibody "palivizumab" is particularly safe and effective for prophylaxis in high-risk groups. © 2016 by Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society.

Diagnosis and treatment of acute hematogenic osteomyelitis, a very rare disease in neonatal period, is very difficult. The incidence of neonatal osteomyelitis is 1-3 in 1000 cases, that is higher in preterm babies. 23 days old, term neonate admitted to hospital because of swallowing and color change at right gluteal and left thoracal regions. He was hospitalized for six days at another hospital on postnatal day 2, due to hypoglycemia and feeding problems, where only IV cannula was inserted among invasive procedures. Family recognized swelling on right leg on discharge from that hospital. He did not get any treatment until admission to our hospital. Osteomyelitis risk must be in mind in invasive procedures of neonates, and it is important to diagnose and treat these babies as early as possible to decrease sequels.

1 Ege Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, Zootekni Bölümü, İzmir-Türkiye * e-posta: hatice.basmacioglu@ege.edu.tr 2 Ege Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Biyomühendislik Bölümü, İzmir-Türkiye

PubMedID: 23289469 Amphotericin B remains the mainstay medical treatment of pulmonary mucormycosis. Optimal dose is not defined. We described a case of pulmonary mucormycosis, which had been treated with 42.55 g (during to 45 weeks) liposomal amphotericin B. In medical literature this case is one of the highest doses of lyposomal amphotericin B administered to a pediatric patient.

Childhood pneumonia is an important cause of morbidity in the developed world and morbidity and mortality in the developing world. Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is defined as an acute infection of the pulmonary parenchyma in a patient who has acquired the infection in the community. The epidemiology, etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and the prevention of CAP in children will be reviewed here.

PubMedID: 18932040 Chronic lung diseases are one of the considerable problems in childhood both for physcians and patients. Due to early diagnosis of illness and complications; advances at vaccination methods and antibiotic therapies; life period of patients have been prolonged so not only at childhood but at adults, chronic lung diseases seem to be important healthy problem. One of the most important factors affectting to prognosis of the diseases are concominant infections. This review is an argument of antibiotic usage regimens at cystic fibrosis, bronchiectasis and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis which are the most usual chronic lung diseases seen at childhood and adults.

Parvovirus B19 infection is a common childhood illness. Asymptomatic or mild infection occurs most often when parvovirus B19 affects immunocompetent adults, but in pregnancy it may lead to fetal loss or hydrops fetalis. Parvovirus B19 infection during pregnancy probably occurs in 0.25-1.0% of pregnancies in the United States (approximately 10,000 to 40,000 pregnancies per year). Most of these infections are never noted and do not adversely affect the pregnancy. However, 2-10% of infections result in hydrops fetalis. In this review, the effects of parvovirus B19 infections in both pregnancy and the fetus are discussed.

PubMedID: 17479639 Diagnosis of neonatal sepsis may be difficult because clinical presentations are often nonspecific, bacterial cultures are time-consuming and other laboratory tests lack sensitivity and specificity. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of procalcitonin (PCT), C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-?) in establishing the diagnosis and evaluating the prognosis of neonatal sepsis. Twenty-six neonates with blood-culture positivity and clinical sepsis, hospitalized for clinical suspicion of neonatal sepsis in neonatal intensive care units of Balcal? Hospital, Çukurova University and Adana State Hospital between May 2000 and January 2001 (Group I) and 29 healthy neonates followed at the neonatal units and outpatient clinics of these hospitals (Group II) in the same period were studied. Among the septic neonates, 13 had early-onset (Group Ia) and 13 had late-onset (Group Ib) neonatal sepsis, while 14 of the healthy neonates had perinatal risk factors (Group IIa) and 15 of them had no risk factors (Group IIb). The demographic and clinical characteristics of the septic and healthy neonates were recorded, blood samples for determining serum PCT, CRP, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-? were collected from the healthy and the septic neonates before starting treatment, and these investigations were repeated on the 3rd and 7th days of treatment. In this study, it was found that: (a) pre-treatment mean serum PCT, CRP, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-? levels were significantly higher in the septic neonates than in the healthy ones, (b) compared with the pre-treatment values, serum PCT, IL-6 and TNF-? had progressively decreased on the 3rd and 7th days of the treatment in the 17 recovered patients, though they progressively increased in nine patients who died during treatment, (c) the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) for PCT, TNF-?, IL-6, CRP, and IL-8 were 1.00, 1.00, 0.97, 0.90 and 0.68, respectively. For the cut-off value of PCT ?0.34 ng/ml, the test was found to have a sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 96.5%, positive predictive value of 96.2%, negative predictive value of 100% and diagnostic efficacy of 98.3% for bacterial sepsis in neonates. For the cut-off value of TNF-? ?7.5 pg/ml, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and diagnostic efficacy were found to be 100%, 96.6%, 96.2%, 96.5% and 98.3%, respectively. It was detected that sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic efficacy values were lower for IL-6, CRP and IL-8. We conclude that PCT and TNF-? are the best markers in the diagnosis of neonatal sepsis, and these markers are also valuable in following the effectiveness of treatment and determining the prognosis of the disease.

PubMedID: 17401805 New developments have been performed In diagnosis of the tuberculosis (Tbc) which is still the most common and the most mortal preventable Infectious disease. Tuberculosis skin test (TST) an immunologic diagnostic method has been used In the diagnosis of Tbc ever since, and is still considered as a gold standart for diagnosis of latent Tbc infection but so far has lost its credibility as a diagnostic test due to Its false positivity and negativity characteristics and due to this reason a more sophisticated diagnostic method search is underway. An alternative to the TST has emerged in the form of a new type of in-vitro T-cell-based assay: The interferon-gamma (IFN-?) assay. IFN-? assays are based on the principle that T-cells of individuals sensitised with Tbc antigens produce IFN-? when they reencounter mycobacterial antigens. In this article the principles leading to the production of IFN-? has been reviewed and its usage in real practise has been discussed.

Candida spp. have become one of the most common pathogens in the setting of neonatal intensive care. Numerous potential predisposing factors for infants have been well described in association with development of invasive fungal infections. The incidence of central nervous system involvement in infants is difficult to ascertain. All infants with candidemia should undergo cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis. Despite absence of a positive CSF culture in the newborn, there must always be a suspicious of candidal meningitis based on central nervous system abnormalities similar to those encountered in bacterial meningitis. The treatment choice and duration differ in those infants in whom a diagnosis of meningitis is made.

PubMedID: 10770680 The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of GB virus C (GBV-C) infection in pediatric patients receiving multiple blood transfusions in Turkey where HBV and HCV infections are common. Sera of a total of 148 children, of whom 85 had cancer and 63 hemoglobinopathies, were tested for GBV-C RNA and HCV RNA by RT-PCR and for antibodies to HBV and HCV. Demographic and clinical information as well as laboratory results were recorded for the patients (81 boys, 67 girls, aged 1-19 years). HBsAg positivity was found in 23 (15.5%) patients, HBV DNA positivity in 12 (8.1%), HCV RNA positivity in 9 (6.7%), and GBV-C RNA positivity in 4 (2.7%). There was no significant difference in the GBV-C RNA positivity between patients with cancer (3.2%) and patients with hemoglobinopathies (2.4%) (p > 0.05). GBV-C RNA was found in 4 (3.1%) out of 127 patients who had received transfusions, but it was not found in any of 21 patients who had not received transfusions. However, there was no relationship between GBV-C RNA positivity and the number of transfusions. Two of the patients with GBV-C RNA had high levels of ALT (ALT > 40 IU). In these two patients, neither HBV DNA nor HCV RNA were detected by PCR, and serological tests were also negative for these agents. We concluded that pediatric patients who had multiple transfusions in Turkey are at risk of being infected with GBV-C, in addition to HBV and HCV. Investigation of GBV-C RNA in patients with high ALT levels in the absence of other viral markers may be useful.

PubMedID: 17172060 To investigate the relationship between atopy and hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections, we studied 42 children who had had HAV infection (Group I), 28 children who had had HBV infection (Group II), and 31 children who were seronegative for both HAV and HBV infection (Control group). Serological tests for HAV and HBV infections (anti-HAV IgG, HBsAg, anti-HBc IgG) and allergic skin tests and specific IgE investigations for the detection of atopy were carried out. In this study, there was no significant divergence in the socio-demographic characteristics among the three groups. The rates of specific IgE positivity in children in the HAV seropositive group (11.9%) and in children in the HBV seropositive group (17.8%) were lower than in the control group (35.4%) (p=0.03 and p=0.22, respectively). Also, the number of children with respiratory allergic diseases (allergic rhinitis and/or asthma) both in the HAV seropositive group and in the HBV seropositive group were significantly lower than in the control group (p

Tez kapsamında, denizel süngerlerden izole edilen bakterilerin biyoaktif metabolit üretim potansiyellerine ve profillerine göre taranarak metabolit izolasyonu amaçlanmıştır.Bu çalışmada Akdenize ve Ege Denzi'nin farklı derinliklerinden (0-35 m) 62 sünger örneği toplanmış ve bunlardan 195 adet mezofilik bakteri izole edilmiştir. İzolatların ilk olarak dik çizgi ekim yöntemi ile antimikrobiyal potansiyelleri taranmış, seçilen suşlar 28 ºC'de 48 saat boyunca iki farklı besiyerinde inkübe edilmiştir. Ardından santrifüj ile hücreler üretim ortamlarından ayrılmış ve fermentasyon sıvıları etil asetat ile özütlenmiştir. Özütlerin antimikrobiyal aktiviteleri Escherichia coli O157:H7 (RSKK 232), metisilin dirençli Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (RSKK 95047), vankomisin dirençli Enterococcus faecium (VREF) (DSM 13590), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) bakteriler ve Candida albicans (DSM 5817) mayası kullanılarak disk difüzyon yöntemi ile test edilmiştir. Aktif suşların disk difüzyon ve İTK (ince tabaka kromatografisi) profilleri değerlendirilmiş, içlerinden 4.9.3 kodlu Pseudomonas fluorescens 4.9.3 ileri çalışmalar için seçilmiştir. İlk aşamada 60 litre üretim fermantasyon ve santrifüjle hücreleri ayrılan fermentasyon sıvısı etil asetat ile özütlenerek kromatografik çalışmalara geçilmiştir. Yeni metabolit FC1'in yapısı 1D [(1H and 13C-NMR) (nuclear magnetic resonance)] ve 2D NMR [COSY(correlation spectroscopy), HMQC (heteronuclear multiple-bond correlation spectroscopy), HMBC (heteronuclear single-quantun correlation spectroscopy)] kullanılarak N-(2-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)ethyl)-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-5-methyl-4,5-dihydrooxazole-4-carboxamide olarak belirlenmiştir. Diğer metabolit ise bilinen bir molekül olan pre-pseudomonin olarak tanımlanmıştır. Literatürler her iki molekülün de bakteri ve Pseudomanas türleri tarafından üretilen siderofor grubunda yer aldığını göstermektedir. Bu çalışma denizel bakterilerden yeni biyoaktif metabolit izolasyonu için başlamasına rağmen yapı tayinine gidilen metabolitlerde aktivite saptanmamıştır. Bunun sebebinin düşük miktarlarda bulunması veya kromatografik çalışmalar sırasında aktif olmayan forma dönüşmesi olabilir. Sonuç olarak denizel Pseudomonas fluorescens 4.9.3'ten yeni bir metabolit (FC1) ve bilinen bir molekül olan pre-pseudomonin izolasyonu gerçekleştirilmiştir. The aim of this thesis is to isolate new bioactive metabolites from sponge-associated bacteria by screening their antibiotic production potential and chemical profiles.In this study, 62 sponge samples were collected from defined locations and depths (0-35 m) of Mediterranean Sea, and 195 bacteria were isolated. Firstly, their antimicrobial potential was screened by cross-streaking. The selected 39 isolates were incubated in two different medium at 28 ºC for 48 hours, and cell-free fermentation broth were extracted by ethyl acetate. Activity of the extracts was tested against to Escherichia coli O157:H7 (RSKK 232), methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (RSKK 95047), vancomycine resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREF) (DSM 13590), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Candida albicans (DSM 5817) by disc diffusion method. The results of bioactivity and TLC (thin layer chromatography) profiles of the isolates were evaluated, and the isolate 4.9.3 was selected for further studies. The isolate 4.9.3 was cultivated at large-scale (60 L) for isolation of the major metabolites, followed by ethyl acetate extraction and chromatographic studies. Structure of the new metabolite FC1 was established as N-(2-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)ethyl)-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-5-methyl-4,5-dihydrooxazole-4-carboxamide by using 1D [(1H and 13C-NMR )(nuclear magnetic resonance)] and 2D NMR [COSY (correlation spectroscopy), HMQC (heteronuclear multiple-bond correlation spectroscopy), HMBC (heteronuclear single-quantun correlation spectroscopy)]. The other metabolite (FC2) was identified as pre-pseudomonin, a known molecule formed via chemical transformation. Based on the literature search, we found out that both molecules were from siderophore class, a well-known metabolite group in bacteria and Pseudomonas genus. Although, this study was started to discover new bioactive metabolites from marine bacteria, we were not able to obtain any active compounds. Overriding reasons for the failure might be i) less quantity of the bioactive compounds in the extract, ii) chemical transformation of the active metabolites into non-active ones during chromatographic studies. Consequently, a new metabolite (FC1) together with a known one (pre-pseudomonin) was isolated from marine derived Pseudomonas fluorescens 4.9.3 strain. 126

Tez çalışmasında, mevcut aktinomiset izolatlarının proteaz ve keratinaz aktivitesi açısından taranarak seçilen izolattan keratinöz atık kullanılarak keratinaz üretiminin optimizasyonu ve karakterizasyonun yapılması amaçlanmıştır.Bu kapsamda; ilk aşamada, 180 adet alkalifilik aktinomiset izolatı proteaz aktivitesi açısından taranmış ve seçilen iyi üreticiler substrat olarak keratinöz atıklar (tavuk tüyü, koyun yünü) kullanılarak derin kültür fermentasyon çalışmasına alınmıştır. Fermentasyon sıvıları keratinaz aktiviteleri açısından değerlendirilerek izolat M125-4 ve substrat olarak tavuk tüyü ileri çalışmalar için seçilmiştir. Çeşitli özellikleri incelenen izolatın S. albidofalavus grubunda yer aldığı belirlenmiştir. Daha sonra pH, inokulum miktarı ve zaman değişkenlerinin keratinaz üretiminde birbirleri ile olan etkileşimi yanıt yüzeyi yöntemi (YYY) ile incelenmiş ve buna göre keratinaz üretimi için optimum koşullar pH 7.0, 30°C ve 4 gün olarak belirlenmiştir. Ardından substrat miktarınının optimizasyonu YYY ile elde edilen koşullar altında gerçekleştirilerek, en iyi enzim üretiminin 15g/L tavuk tüyü ile 12 U/ml olduğu belirlenmiştir. Optimizasyon çalışmaları sonucunda enzim üretimi, % 50 oranında arttırılmış ve fermentasyon süresi 2 gün kısaltılmıştır. Enzim iyon değişim kromatografi kolonundan elüsyon sonucu % 13.7 verimlilik ile 44.1 kat saflaştırılmıştır. Enzimin optimum aktivite gösterdiği sıcaklık ve pH değeri 37°C, pH 9.0 olarak belirlenmiş, 1 saat süre sonunda 45°C'de % 80 ve pH 12'de ise % 84 aktivitesini koruduğu tespit edilmiştir. Keratinazın moleküler kütlesi 20 kDa olarak tahmin edilmiştir. Bunu takiben; çeşitli substratların, inhibitörlerin, deterjanların ve organik solventlerin farklı derişimlerde enzimatik reaksiyona etkisi belirlenmiştir. The aim of the thesis is to optimize the production of keratinase using keratin based wastes from actinomycete isolates that screened for their ability to produce proteases and to perform enzymes? purification and characterization.In this study primarily a total of 180 actinomycetes isolate were investigated for their extracellular protease producing capacities and the best producers were evaluated for keratinase production in shake flask fermentation. Isolate M125-4 which have a potential to produce keratinase in specified level of literature or more than that was chosen for further studies. The selected isolate was identified in Streptomyces albidoflavus clade on the basis of its various characteristics. In the second step of the thesis based on preliminary studies three variables; temperature, initial pH and incubation time were selected and optimized by Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Also amount of substrate in fermentation was optimized using One variable at a time (OVAT) method. For the production of keratinase optimum conditions were determined as pH 7.0, 30°C, 4 days and 15 g/L chicken feather. As a result of optimization studies, the enzyme production was increased 50 % and also the fermentation time of the enzyme was shortened 2 days. Following the optimization, enzyme was purified 44.1 fold by ion exchange chromography with 13.7 % yield. The optimal temperature and pH for the keratinolytic activity were determined 37ºC and 9.0 respectively. Temperature and pH stability of the keratinase after 1 hour at 45°C and pH 12 were defined as 80 % and 84 % respectively. The enzyme molecular mass was estimated 20 kDa by SDS-PAGE analysis. Finally for the determination of the various substrates, inhibitors, detergents and organic solvents effects of enzyme activity they added to enzymatic reaction to certain concentrations. 108

Bu çalışmada, izolat M135-3 kullanılarak aktinomisin D üretiminin istatistiksel yaklaşımlarla katı kültür üretim optimizasyonu amaçlanmıştır. İlk aşamada 16S rDNA dizi analizi ile izolat, Streptomyces sp. M135-3 olarak tanılanmıştır. Fermentasyon çalışmalarında katı substrat olarak patates ve tavuk tüyü, katı destek materyali olarak zeolit değerlendirilmiş ve katı substrat olarak patates kullanılmasına karar verilmiştir. Ardından aktinomisin D üretiminde etkisi olabilecek parametreler (inokulüm miktarı, patates miktarı başlangıç nem, K2HPO4, NaNO3, (NH4)2HPO4, soya unu, MgSO4, CaCO3 ve NaCl) Plackett Burman tasarımı ile değerlendirilmiş ve seçilen anlamlı parametreler ile optimizasyonun ikinci aşamasına geçilmiştir. Merkezi Kompozit Dizayn ile Plackett Burman'da anlamlı etkisi bulunan; substrat, inokulum miktarı, nem ve K2HPO4 değişkenlerinin üretime 5 aşamalı etkisi incelenmiştir. Tüm aşamalarda aktinomisin D miktarı UPLC (Ultra Performans Liquid Chromatography) metodu ile belirlenmiştir. Streptomyces sp. M135-3 suşu ile Aktinomisin D üretiminde tasarım modeli en ideal katı kültür fermentasyon şartlarının 11,73 gr patates, 187x106cfu spor, %40 nem ile gerçekleşeceğini göstermiştir. Modelin öngördüğü bu şartlarda üç tekrarlı gerçekleştirilen fermentasyonla beklenen 7.4 mg aktinomisin D verimi doğrulanarak üretim 14 kat arttırılmış ve 0.63 mg/g aktinomisin d elde edilmiştir.