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1. The accretion burst of the massive young stellar object G323.46 -0.08

Author

Wolf, V., Stecklum, B., Garatti, A. Caratti o, Boley, P. A., Fischer, Ch., Harries, T., Eislöffel, J., Linz, H., Ahmadi, A., Kobus, J., Haubois, X., Matter, A., and Cruzalebes, P.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract

Accretion bursts from low-mass young stellar objects (YSOs) are known for many decades. In recent years, the first accretion bursts of massive YSOs (MYSOs) have been observed. These phases of intense protostellar growth are of particular importance for studying massive star formation. Bursts of MYSOs are accompanied by flares of Class II methanol masers (hereafter masers), caused by an increase in exciting mid-infrared (MIR) emission. The G323.46$-$0.08 (hereafter G323) event extends the small sample of known MYSO bursts. Maser observations of the MYSO G323 show evidence of a flare, which was presumed to be caused by an accretion burst. This should be verified with IR data. We used time-dependent radiative transfer (TDRT) to characterize the heating and cooling timescales for eruptive MYSOs and to infer the main burst parameters. The G323 accretion burst is confirmed. It reached its peak in late 2013/early 2014 with a Ks-band increase of 2.5mag. TDRT indicates that the duration of the thermal afterglow in the far-infrared (FIR) can exceed the burst duration by years. The latter was proved by SOFIA observations, which indicate a flux increase of $(14.2\pm4.6)$% at $70\, \rm \mu m$ and $(8.5\pm6.1)$% at $160\, \mu$m in 2022 (2 years after the burst end). A one-sided light echo emerged that was propagating into the interstellar medium. The G323 burst is probably the most energetic MYSO burst observed so far. Within $8.4 \rm \, yrs$, an energy of $(0.9\pm_{0.8}^{2.5}) \times 10^{47}\,\rm erg$ was released. The short timescale points to the accretion of a compact body, while the burst energy corresponds to an accumulated mass of at least $(7\pm_{6}^{20})\,M_{Jup}$ and possibly even more if the protostar is bloated. In this case, the accretion event might have triggered protostellar pulsations, which give rise to the observed maser periodicity.

Published
2024
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2. Mid-infrared evidence for iron-rich dust in the multi-ringed inner disk of HD 144432

Author

Varga, J., Waters, L. B. F. M., Hogerheijde, M., van Boekel, R., Matter, A., Lopez, B., Perraut, K., Chen, L., Nadella, D., Wolf, S., Dominik, C., Kóspál, Á., Ábrahám, P., Augereau, J. -C., Boley, P., Bourdarot, G., Garatti, A. Caratti o, de Miera, F. Cruz-Sáenz, Danchi, W. C., Rosas, V. Gámez, Henning, Th., Hofmann, K. -H., Houllé, M., Isbell, J. W., Jaffe, W., Juhász, T., Kecskeméthy, V., Kobus, J., Kokoulina, E., Labadie, L., Lykou, F., Millour, F., Moór, A., Morujão, N., Pantin, E., Schertl, D., Scheuck, M., van Haastere, L., Weigelt, G., Woillez, J., Woitke, P., MATISSE, and Collaborations, GRAVITY

Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

Context. Rocky planets form by the concentration of solid particles in the inner few au regions of planet-forming disks. Their chemical composition reflects the materials in the disk available in the solid phase at the time the planets were forming. Aims. We aim to constrain the structure and dust composition of the inner disk of the young star HD 144432, using an extensive set of infrared interferometric data taken by the Very Large Telescope Interferometer (VLTI), combining PIONIER, GRAVITY, and MATISSE observations. Methods. We introduced a new physical disk model, TGMdust, to image the interferometric data, and to fit the disk structure and dust composition. We also performed equilibrium condensation calculations with GGchem. Results. Our best-fit model has three disk zones with ring-like structures at 0.15, 1.3, and 4.1 au. Assuming that the dark regions in the disk at ~0.9 au and at ~3 au are gaps opened by planets, we estimate the masses of the putative gap-opening planets to be around a Jupiter mass. We find evidence for an optically thin emission ($\tau<0.4$) from the inner two disk zones ($r<4$ au) at $\lambda>3\ \mu$m. Our silicate compositional fits confirm radial mineralogy gradients. To identify the dust component responsible for the infrared continuum emission, we explore two cases for the dust composition, one with a silicate+iron mixture and the other with a silicate+carbon one. We find that the iron-rich model provides a better fit to the spectral energy distribution. Conclusions. We propose that in the warm inner regions ($r<5$ au) of typical planet-forming disks, most if not all carbon is in the gas phase, while iron and iron sulfide grains are major constituents of the solid mixture along with forsterite and enstatite. Our analysis demonstrates the need for detailed studies of the dust in inner disks with new mid-infrared instruments such as MATISSE and JWST/MIRI., Comment: 29 pages, 24 figures

Published
2024
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3. Shaping the CO snowline in protoplanetary disks

Author

Gavino, S., Kobus, J., Dutrey, A., Guilloteau, S., Wolf, S., Jørgensen, J. K., and Sharma, R.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

Characterizing the dust thermal structure in protoplanetary disks is a fundamental task as the dust surface temperature can affect both the planetary formation and the chemical evolution. Since the temperature is dependent on many parameters, including the grain size, properly modeling the grain temperature structure can be challenging. Many chemistry disk models usually employ a sophisticated single dust structure designed to reproduce the effect of a realistic population presumably composed of a large diversity of sizes. This generally represents a good approximation in most cases. Nonetheless, this dilutes the effects of the complex radiative interactions between the different grain populations on the resulting dust temperature, and thus the chemistry. We seek to show that the radiative interactions between dust grains of different sizes can induce a non-trivial dust temperature structure that cannot be reproduced by a single dust population and that can significantly affect the chemical outcome. The disk thermal structures are computed using the Monte-Carlo radiative transfer code RADMC-3D. The thermal structures are post-processed using the gas-grain code NAUTILUS to calculate the evolution of the chemical abundance. We find that simultaneously using at least two independent dust grain populations in disk models produces a complex temperature structure due to the starlight intercepted by the upper layers of the disk. In particular, we find that micron-sized dust grains are warmer than larger grains and can even show a radial temperature bump in some conditions. This dust temperature spread between the grains populations results in the segregation of the CO snowline and the presence of an unexpected CO gas hole along the midplane. We compare the results with observed close to edge-on class I/II disks., Comment: 21 pages, 19 figures

Published
2023
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4. The potential of VLTI observations for the study of circumstellar disk variability

Author

Bensberg, A., Kobus, J., and Wolf, S.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract

Context. A characteristic feature of young stellar objects is their variability, which is caused by a variety of different physical processes. High-resolution interferometric observations in the near- and mid-infrared wavelength ranges spanning multiple epochs allow the detailed study of these processes. Aims. We aim at investigating the expected variations of the interferometric observables connected to changes in the measured photometric fluxes of a typical variable accreting central young stellar object with a circumstellar disk. Methods. We calculated visibilities and closure phases as well as the photometric flux of brightness distributions obtained using 3D Monte Carlo radiative transfer simulations for a model of a circumstellar disk with an accreting central star. Results. Changes in the accretion luminosity of the central object, that is, an accreting pre-main-sequence star, can lead to significant variations in the visibility and closure phase of the star-disk system measured with instruments at the Very Large Telescope Interferometer (VLTI) that can be related to changes in the photometric flux. Taking into account additional effects due to baseline variation, interferometric observations can provide valuable contributions to the understanding of the underlying processes. Additionally, we provide the web application VLTI B-VAR that allows the impact of the hour angle on the visibility and closure phase for customized intensity maps to be estimated., Comment: Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics. 14 pages, 15 figures

Published
2023
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5. Impact of Size-dependent Grain Temperature on Gas-Grain Chemistry in Protoplanetary Disks: the case of low mass star disks

Author

Gavino, S., Dutrey, A., Wakelam, V., Guilloteau, S., Kobus, J., Wolf, S., Iqbal, W., Di Folco, E., Chapillon, E., and Piétu, V.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract

Grain surface chemistry is key to the composition of protoplanetary disks around young stars. The temperature of grains depends on their size. We evaluate the impact of this temperature dependence on the disk chemistry. We model a moderately massive disk with 16 different grain sizes. We use POLARIS to calculate the dust grain temperatures and the local UV flux. We model the chemistry using the 3-phase astrochemical code NAUTILUS. Photoprocesses are handled using frequency-dependent cross-sections, and a new method to account for self and mutual shielding. The multi-grain model outputs are compared to those of single-grain size models (0.1 $\mu$m), with two different assumptions for their equivalent temperature. We find that the Langmuir-Hinshelwood (LH) mechanism at equilibrium temperature is not efficient to form H$_2$ at 3-4 scale heights ($H$), and adopt a parametric fit to a stochastic method to model H$_2$ formation instead. We find the molecular layer composition (1-3 $H$) to depend on the amount of remaining H atoms. Differences in molecular surface densities between single and multi-grain models are mostly due to what occurs above 1.5 $H$. At 100 au, models with colder grains produce H$_2$O and CH$_4$ ices in the midplane, and warmer ones produce more CO$_2$ ices, both allowing efficient depletion of C and O as soon as CO sticks on grain surfaces. Complex organic molecules (COMs) production is enhanced by the presence of warmer grains in the multi-grain models. Using a single grain model mimicking grain growth and dust settling fails to reproduce the complexity of gas-grain chemistry. Chemical models with a single grain size are sensitive to the adopted grain temperature, and cannot account for all expected effects. A spatial spread of the snowlines is expected to result from the ranges in grain temperature. The amplitude of the effects will depend on the dust disk mass., Comment: 39 pages, 33 figures

Published
2021
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6. Interferometric study on the temporal variability of the brightness distributions of protoplanetary disks

Author

Kobus, J., Wolf, S., Ratzka, T., and Brunngräber, R.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

Multi-epoch observations have revealed the variability of pre-main sequence stars and/or their environment. Moreover, structures in orbital motion around the central star, resulting from planet-disk interaction, are predicted to cause temporal variations in the brightness distributions of protoplanetary disks. Through repeated observations with the Very Large Telescope Interferometer (VLTI) over nearly two decades, the ESO Archive has become a treasure chest containing high-resolution multi-epoch near- and mid-infrared observations of the potential planet-forming regions in protoplanetary disks. We aim to investigate whether the existing multi-epoch observations provide evidence for the variability of the brightness distributions of the innermost few astronomical units of protoplanetary disks and to quantify any variations detected. We present different approaches to search for evidence of temporal variations based on multi-epoch observations obtained with the VLTI instruments PIONIER, AMBER, and MIDI for 68 pre-main sequence stars. For nine objects in our sample, multi-epoch data obtained using equal baselines are available that allow us to directly detect variations in the visibilities due to temporally variable brightness distributions. Significant variations of the near-infrared visibilities obtained in different epochs with PIONIER and/or AMBER for HD 50138, DX Cha, HD 142527, V856 Sco, HD 163296, and R CrA were found. By estimating the impact of a small variation of the baseline on the measured squared visibilities, we are able to compare the data of another 12 pre-main sequence stars. Thereby, we find evidence for temporal variations of the brightness distribution of one additional object, AK Sco. Besides the two binaries DX Cha and AK Sco, HD 50138 and V856 Sco also show signs of variability caused by variations of asymmetric structures in the brightness distribution., Comment: Accepted for publication in A&A

Published
2020
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7. Balancing Selection of the Intracellular Pathogen Response in Natural Caenorhabditis elegans Populations

Author

Lisa van Sluijs, Kobus J. Bosman, Frederik Pankok, Tatiana Blokhina, Jop I. H. A. Wilten, Dennie M. te Molder, Joost A. G. Riksen, Basten L. Snoek, Gorben P. Pijlman, Jan E. Kammenga, and Mark G. Sterken

Subjects
intracellular pathogen response, pals-22, pals-25, balancing selection, Caenorhabditis elegans, Orsay virus, Microbiology, QR1-502
Abstract

Genetic variation in host populations may lead to differential viral susceptibilities. Here, we investigate the role of natural genetic variation in the Intracellular Pathogen Response (IPR), an important antiviral pathway in the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans against Orsay virus (OrV). The IPR involves transcriptional activity of 80 genes including the pals-genes. We examine the genetic variation in the pals-family for traces of selection and explore the molecular and phenotypic effects of having distinct pals-gene alleles. Genetic analysis of 330 global C. elegans strains reveals that genetic diversity within the IPR-related pals-genes can be categorized in a few haplotypes worldwide. Importantly, two key IPR regulators, pals-22 and pals-25, are in a genomic region carrying signatures of balancing selection, suggesting that different evolutionary strategies exist in IPR regulation. We infected eleven C. elegans strains that represent three distinct pals-22 pals-25 haplotypes with Orsay virus to determine their susceptibility. For two of these strains, N2 and CB4856, the transcriptional response to infection was also measured. The results indicate that pals-22 pals-25 haplotype shapes the defense against OrV and host genetic variation can result in constitutive activation of IPR genes. Our work presents evidence for balancing genetic selection of immunity genes in C. elegans and provides a novel perspective on the functional diversity that can develop within a main antiviral response in natural host populations.

Published
2022
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10. Development of sensitive ddPCR assays to reliably quantify the proviral DNA reservoir in all common circulating HIV subtypes and recombinant forms

Author

Bosman, Kobus J, Wensing, Annemarie MJ, Pijning, Aster E, van Snippenberg, Wilco J, van Ham, Petra M, de Jong, Dorien MC, Hoepelman, Andy IM, and Nijhuis, Monique

Subjects
Polymerase chain reaction -- Usage, HIV infections -- Risk factors -- Genetic aspects, DNA -- Research, Health
Abstract

Introduction: The latent reservoir is the main barrier on the road to HIV cure, and clinical approaches towards eradication are often evaluated by their effect on proviral DNA. To ensure inclusiveness and representativeness in HIV cure studies, proviral DNA quantification assays that are able to detect all common circulating HIV clades are urgently needed. Here, three HIV DNA assays targeting three different genomic regions were evaluated for their sensitivity and subtype-tolerance using digital PCR. Methods: A subtype-B-specific assay targeting gag (GAG) and two assays targeting conserved sequences in ltr and pol (LTR and JO) were assessed for their sensitivity and subtype-tolerance in digital PCR (Bio-Rad QX200), using a panel of serially diluted subtype reference plasmids as well as a panel of clinical isolates. Both panels represent subtypes A, B, C, D, F, G and circulating recombinant forms (CRFs) AE and AG, which together are responsible for 94% of HIV infections worldwide. Results: HIV subtype was observed to greatly affect HIV DNA quantification results. Robust regression analysis of the serially diluted plasmid panel showed that the GAG assay was only able to linearly quantify subtype B, D and G isolates (4/13 reference plasmids, average [R.sup.2] = 0.99), whereas LTR and JO were able to quantify all tested isolates (13/13 reference plasmids, respective average [R.sup.2] = 0.99 and 0.98). In the clinical isolates panel, isolates were considered detectable if all replicates produced a positive result. The GAG assay could detect HIV DNA in four out of five subtype B and one out of two subtype D isolates, whereas the LTR and JO assays detected HIV DNA in all twenty-nine tested isolates. LTR and JO results were found to be equally precise but more precise than GAG. Conclusions: The results demonstrate the need for a careful validation of proviral reservoir quantification assays prior to investigations into non-B subtype reservoirs. The LTR and JO assays can sensitively and reliably quantify HIV DNA in a panel that represents the worldwide most prevalent subtypes and CRFs (A, B, C, D, AE, F, G and AG), justifying their application in future trials aimed at global HIV cure. Keywords: human immunodeficiency virus; subtypes; reservoir; cure; quantification; digital PCR, 1 | INTRODUCTION The HIV-1 pandemic is countered using antiretroviral drugs that intervene in several steps of the viral life cycle. Effective treatment drastically reduces and durably suppresses plasma HIV [...]

Published
2018
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12. Comments on the Basis Sets used in Recent Studies of Electron Correlation in Small Molecules

Author

Wilson, S., Moncrieff, D., Kobus, J., Maruani, Jean, editor, Minot, Christian, editor, McWeeny, Roy, editor, Smeyers, Yves G., editor, Wilson, Stephen, editor, Lipscomb, W.N., editor, Prigogine, I., editor, Ågren, H., editor, Avnir, D., editor, Cioslowski, J., editor, Daudel, R., editor, Gross, E.K.U., editor, Gunsteren, W.F.van, editor, Hirao, K., editor, Hubač, I., editor, Levy, M.P., editor, Malli, G.L., editor, Mezey, P.G., editor, Nascimento, M.A.C., editor, Rychlewski, J., editor, Schwartz, S.D., editor, Suhai, S., editor, Tapia, O., editor, Taylor, P.R., editor, and Woolley, R.G., editor

Published
2001
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13. Balancing Selection of the Intracellular Pathogen Response in Natural Caenorhabditis elegans Populations.

Author

van Sluijs, Lisa, Bosman, Kobus J, Pankok, Frederik, Blokhina, Tatiana, Wilten, Jop I H A, Te Molder, Dennie M, Riksen, Joost A G, Snoek, Basten L, Pijlman, Gorben P, Kammenga, Jan E, Sterken, Mark G, van Sluijs, Lisa, Bosman, Kobus J, Pankok, Frederik, Blokhina, Tatiana, Wilten, Jop I H A, Te Molder, Dennie M, Riksen, Joost A G, Snoek, Basten L, Pijlman, Gorben P, Kammenga, Jan E, and Sterken, Mark G

Published
2022

14. Balancing Selection of the Intracellular Pathogen Response in Natural Caenorhabditis elegans Populations

Author

van Sluijs, Lisa, primary, Bosman, Kobus J., additional, Pankok, Frederik, additional, Blokhina, Tatiana, additional, Wilten, Jop I. H. A., additional, te Molder, Dennie M., additional, Riksen, Joost A. G., additional, Snoek, Basten L., additional, Pijlman, Gorben P., additional, Kammenga, Jan E., additional, and Sterken, Mark G., additional

Published
2022
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15. Balancing Selection of the Intracellular Pathogen Response in Natural

Author

Lisa, van Sluijs, Kobus J, Bosman, Frederik, Pankok, Tatiana, Blokhina, Jop I H A, Wilten, Dennie M, Te Molder, Joost A G, Riksen, Basten L, Snoek, Gorben P, Pijlman, Jan E, Kammenga, and Mark G, Sterken

Subjects
Host-Pathogen Interactions, Animals, Nodaviridae, Caenorhabditis elegans, Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins, Biological Evolution
Abstract

Genetic variation in host populations may lead to differential viral susceptibilities. Here, we investigate the role of natural genetic variation in the Intracellular Pathogen Response (IPR), an important antiviral pathway in the model organism

Published
2021

17. A heritable antiviral RNAi response limits Orsay virus infection in Caenorhabditis elegans N2.

Author

Mark G Sterken, L Basten Snoek, Kobus J Bosman, Jikke Daamen, Joost A G Riksen, Jaap Bakker, Gorben P Pijlman, and Jan E Kammenga

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

Orsay virus (OrV) is the first virus known to be able to complete a full infection cycle in the model nematode species Caenorhabditis elegans. OrV is transmitted horizontally and its infection is limited by antiviral RNA interference (RNAi). However, we have no insight into the kinetics of OrV replication in C. elegans. We developed an assay that infects worms in liquid, allowing precise monitoring of the infection. The assay revealed a dual role for the RNAi response in limiting Orsay virus infection in C. elegans. Firstly, it limits the progression of the initial infection at the step of recognition of dsRNA. Secondly, it provides an inherited protection against infection in the offspring. This establishes the heritable RNAi response as anti-viral mechanism during OrV infections in C. elegans. Our results further illustrate that the inheritance of the anti-viral response is important in controlling the infection in the canonical wild type Bristol N2. The OrV replication kinetics were established throughout the worm life-cycle, setting a standard for further quantitative assays with the OrV-C. elegans infection model.

Published
2014
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18. Kunststoffverpackungen im geschlossenen Kreislauf ��� Potenziale, Bedingungen, Herausforderungen

Author

Peter, Elsner, M��ller-Kirschbaum, Thomas, Schweitzer, Katharina, Wolf, Ronja, Seiler, Elisa, D��silets, Peter, Detsch, Ralph, Dornack, Christina, Ferber, Josef, Fleck, Claudia, Fr��hling, Magnus, Hagspiel, Karl, Hahn, R��diger, Haupts, Christian, Hoffmann, Christoph, Kr��ger, P��ter, Lange, Marko, Leopold, Thorsten, L��scher, Michael, Nieders����, Peter, Ohlendorf, Tom, Pattberg, Jutta, Renner, Manfred, Schlarb, Alois K., Schmidt, Michael, Siebert, Hartmut, Siggelkow, Bettina, Stadelmann, Simon, Thielen, Julian, Wilts, Henning, Beermann, Marina, Dieterle, Michael, Ecke, Nicholas, Klose, Svenja, Kobus, J��rn, Krause, Lars, Maletz, Roman, Marm, Alina, and Kadner, Susanne

Subjects
Plastic Packaging, Sustainability, Kunststoffverpackungen, Nachhaltigkeit, Packaging, Verpackung, Recycling, Circular Economy, Kreislaufwirtschaft
Abstract

Most current patterns of production and consumption follow a linear ���extract, produce, consume, dispose��� model. According to the Circular Gap Report 2020, the global economy is just 9% circular. This economic model is contributing to a massive transgression of ���planetary boundaries��� and the destabilisation of ecosystems and factors essential to human life such as the climate system and biodiversity. As a result, there is currently much discussion of a paradigm shift in the industrial value creation model, away from a resource-intensive system and towards a resource-productive, predominantly circular model. This shift offers significant opportunities for an industrialized, exporting nation like Germany ��� ultimately, it entails nothing less than a recasting of the ���Made in Germany��� model. The European Union and several of its member states have already developed strategic plans for the transition to a resource-efficient economic system based on circular economy principles. Non-European countries such as China, Japan and Canada are also following the same fundamental approach. However, Germany has yet to formulate a plan of its own. The Circular Economy Initiative Deutschland (CEID) is a multi-stakeholder initiative involving over fifty institutions from science, industry and civil society that aims to lay the foundations of a plan for Germany. In its interdisciplinary, cross-sectoral working groups, some 130 experts consider how to enable and implement circular economic models, exploring potential fields of application and discussing the conditions that could facilitate successful implementation. The Circular Economy Initiative Deutschland is developing targets for the transition, with a focus on the following themes: - Circular business models and digital technologies as drivers for innovation - New value networks for batteries and packaging - Framework conditions for a circular transformation and assessment of circularity���s economic potential Between October 2019 und December 2020, the Working Group ���Packaging��� of the Circular Economy Initiative Deutschland developed a joint target picture 2030 and recommendations for action for the establishment of a Circular Economy for packaging. With a cross-value chain approach, the Working Group highlighted incentives and benefits for the recycling of packaging materials across relevant stakeholders and thereby identified options for action along the entire value chain. With the report, the members support the initiation, implementation and long-term anchoring of the Circular Economy in Germany and beyond. The 20 members of the Working Group ���Packaging��� are experts from leading academic institutions, German businesses and civil society across the entire packaging value chain. This composition allowed the group to achieve its goal of addressing the topic as holistically as possible., Heutige Produktions- und Konsummuster folgen weitgehend einer linearen Logik: abbauen, herstellen, konsumieren, entsorgen. Nur neun Prozent der Weltwirtschaft sind laut Circular Gap Report 2020 kreislaufgef��hrt. Doch dieses Wirtschaftsprinzip tr��gt zu einer massiven ��berschreitung der ���Planetaren Grenzen��� und damit zu einer Destabilisierung der ��kosysteme und Lebensgrundlage der Menschen bei, wie etwa des Klimasystems und der Artenvielfalt. Demzufolge wird derzeit viel ��ber einen Paradigmenwechsel in der Logik industrieller Wertsch��pfung diskutiert ��� weg von einem ressourcenintensiven hin zu einem ressourcenproduktiven, weitgehend kreislaufgef��hrten Modell. F��r das Industrie- und Exportland Deutschland ergeben sich weitreichende Chancen, schlie��lich bedeutet dieser Wechsel nicht weniger als eine Neuinterpretation des Modells ���Made in Germany���. Die Europ��ische Union und zahlreiche Mitgliedsl��nder haben bereits strategische Pl��ne f��r einen ��bergang zu einer ressourcenschonenden Wirtschaftsweise nach den Prinzipien der Circular Economy entwickelt. Auch au��erhalb von Europa folgen L��nder dieser Leitidee, beispielsweise China, Japan oder Kanada. F��r Deutschland fehlt solch ein Plan derzeit. Die Circular Economy Initiative Deutschland (CEID) hat zum Ziel, als Multi-Stakeholder-Prozess mit mehr als f��nfzig Institutionen aus Wirtschaft, Wissenschaft und Zivilgesellschaft die Grundlage f��r einen solchen Plan zu legen. In interdisziplin��ren und branchen��bergreifenden Arbeitsgruppen er��rtern rund 130 Expertinnen und Experten, wie zirkul��re Wirtschaftssysteme erm��glicht und umgesetzt werden k��nnen. Dazu untersuchen sie m��gliche Anwendungsfelder und diskutieren, welche Rahmenbedingungen zu einer erfolgreichen Umsetzung f��hren k��nnten. Die Circular Economy Initiative Deutschland definiert Ziele f��r diesen Ver��nderungsprozess und fokussiert folgende Themen: - Zirkul��re Gesch��ftsmodelle und digitale Technologien als Innovationstreiber - Neue Wertsch��pfungsnetzwerke f��r Batterien und Verpackung - Rahmenbedingungen f��r eine zirkul��re Transformation und Bemessung der volkswirtschaftlichen Circular-Economy-Potenziale Zwischen Oktober 2019 und Dezember 2020 hat die Arbeitsgruppe Verpackung der Circular Economy Initiative Deutschland ein gemeinsames Zielbild 2030 und Handlungsempfehlungen hin zu einer Kreislaufwirtschaft (CE) f��r Verpackungen entwickelt. Mit einer wertsch��pfungsketten��bergreifenden Betrachtung hat die Arbeitsgruppe Anreiz und Nutzen f��r die Kreislauff��hrung von Verpackungsmaterialien zwischen relevanten Akteuren beleuchtet und dadurch Handlungsoptionen entlang der gesamten Wertsch��pfungskette identifiziert. Damit unterst��tzen die Mitglieder die Initiierung, Umsetzung und langfristige Verankerung der Circular Economy in Deutschland und dar��ber hinaus. Mit 20 Mitgliedsorganisationen der Arbeitsgruppe ���Verpackung��� umfassen die Mitglieder Vertreterinnen und Vertreter aus f��hrenden deutschen Unternehmen, akademischen Institutionen und zivilgesellschaftlichen Vereinigungen ��ber die gesamte Wertsch��pfungskette hinweg. Damit konnte die Arbeitsgruppe ihr Ziel erreichen, eine wissenschaftlich fundierte und m��glichst ganzheitliche Betrachtung des Themas zu gew��hrleisten.

Published
2021
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19. Kunststoffverpackungen im geschlossenen Kreislauf

Author

Elsner, Peter, Müller-Kirschbaum, T., Schweitzer, K., Wolf, R., Seiler, Elisa, Désilets, P., Detsch, R., Dornack, C., Ferber, J., Fleck, C., Fröhling, M., Hagspiel, K., Hahn, R., Haupts, C., Hoffmann, C., Krüger, P., Lange, M., Leopold, T., Löscher, M., Niedersüß, P., Ohlendorf, T., Pattberg, J., Renner, M., Schlarb, A.K., Schmidt, M., Siebert, H., Siggelkow, B.A., Stadelmann, S., Thielen, J., Wilts, H., Beermann, M., Dieterle, Michael, Ecke, N., Klose, S., Kobus, J., Krause, L., Maletz, R., Marm, A., and Kadner, S.

Published
2021
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20. Plastics Packaging in a Closed Loop. Potentials, Conditions, Challenges

Author

Elsner, Peter, Müller-Kirschbaum, T., Schweitzer, K., Wolf, R., Seiler, Elisa, Désilets, P., Detsch, R., Dornack, C., Ferber, J., Fleck, C., Fröhling, M., Hagspiel, K., Hahn, R., Haupts, C., Hoffmann, C., Krüger, P., Lange, M., Leopold, T., Löscher, M., Niedersüß, P., Ohlendorf, T., Pattberg, J., Renner, M., Schlarb, A.K., Schmidt, M., Siebert, H., Siggelkow, B.A., Stadelmann, S., Thielen, J., Wilts, H., Beermann, M., Dieterle, Michael, Ecke, N., Klose, S., Kobus, J., Krause, L., Maletz, R., Marm, A., and Kadner, S.

Published
2021
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21. Circular Business Models: Overcoming Barriers, Unleashing Potentials

Author

Hansen, Erik. G., Wiedemann, Patrick, Fichter, Klaus, L��deke-Freund, Florian, Jaeger-Erben, Melanie, Schomerus, Thomas, Alcayaga, Andres, Blomsma, Fenna, Tischner, Ursula, Ahle, Ulrich, B��chle, Daniel, Denker, Ann-Kathrin, Fiolka, Karsten, Fr��hling, Magnus, H��ge, Alexander, Hoffmann, Volker, Kohl, Holger, Nitz, Tara, Schiller, Christian, Tauer, Rebecca, Vollkommer, Dieter, Wilhelm, Dieter, Zefferer, Hartmut, Akinci, Seda, Hofmann, Florian, Kobus, J��rn, Kuhl, Pierre, Lettgen, Johanna, Rakowski, Marcel, von Wittken, Reinhard, and Kadner, Susanne

Subjects
Business Models, Business Model Pattern, Circular Business Models, Digitalization, Circular Economy
Abstract

Most current patterns of production and consumption follow a linear ���extract, produce, consume, dispose��� model. According to the Circular Gap Report 2020, the global economy is just 9% circular. This economic model is contributing to a massive transgression of ���planetary boundaries��� and the destabilisation of ecosystems and factors essential to human life such as the climate system and biodiversity. As a result, there is currently much discussion of a paradigm shift in the industrial value creation model, away from a resource-intensive system and towards a resource-productive, predominantly circular model. This shift offers significant opportunities for an industrialized, exporting nation like Germany ��� ultimately, it entails nothing less than a recasting of the ���Made in Germany��� model. The European Union and several of its member states have already developed strategic plans for the transition to a resource-efficient economic system based on circular economy principles. Non-European countries such as China, Japan and Canada are also following the same fundamental approach. However, Germany has yet to formulate a plan of its own. The Circular Economy Initiative Deutschland (CEID) is a multi-stakeholder initiative involving over fifty institutions from science, industry and civil society that aims to lay the foundations of a plan for Germany. In its interdisciplinary, cross-sectoral working groups, some 130 experts consider how to enable and implement circular economic models, exploring potential fields of application and discussing the conditions that could facilitate successful implementation. The Circular Economy Initiative Deutschland is developing targets for the transition, with a focus on the following themes: - Circular business models and digital technologies as drivers for innovation - New value networks for batteries and packaging - Framework conditions for a circular transformation and assessment of circularity���s economic potential Between January 2020 and October 2020, the Circular Economy Initiative Deutschland���s Circular Business Models working group devised a scientifically based roadmap for the successful implementation of business practices for advancing a circular economy (CE). The Report ���Circular Business Models: Overcoming Barriers, Unleashing Potentials��� represents the main outcome of the working group���s deliberations, covering - the identification and description of actor-specific Circular Business Models (CBMs) and their interaction in business ecosystems, - an integrated presentation of existing barriers to CBMs, - the identification of digital and regulatory enablers for CBMs, - the derivation of concrete recommendations for action addressed to decision makers in politics, business and science in order to accelerate system transition towards a CE. The members thus support the initiation, implementation and long-term anchoring of the Circular Economy in Germany and beyond. The working group���s 21 members are representatives of leading academic institutions, German businesses and organisations known for their expertise in the field of Circular Business Models. This composition allowed the group to achieve its goal of ensuring a scientifically substantiated and, as far as possible, holistic approach to the topic., Heutige Produktions- und Konsummuster folgen weitgehend einer linearen Logik: abbauen, herstellen, konsumieren, entsorgen. Nur neun Prozent der Weltwirtschaft sind laut Circular Gap Report 2020 kreislaufgef��hrt. Doch dieses Wirtschaftsprinzip tr��gt zu einer massiven ��berschreitung der ���Planetaren Grenzen��� und damit zu einer Destabilisierung der ��kosysteme und Lebensgrundlage der Menschen bei, wie etwa des Klimasystems und der Artenvielfalt. Demzufolge wird derzeit viel ��ber einen Paradigmenwechsel in der Logik industrieller Wertsch��pfung diskutiert ��� weg von einem ressourcenintensiven hin zu einem ressourcenproduktiven, weitgehend kreislaufgef��hrten Modell. F��r das Industrie- und Exportland Deutschland ergeben sich weitreichende Chancen, schlie��lich bedeutet dieser Wechsel nicht weniger als eine Neuinterpretation des Modells ���Made in Germany���. Die Europ��ische Union und zahlreiche Mitgliedsl��nder haben bereits strategische Pl��ne f��r einen ��bergang zu einer ressourcenschonenden Wirtschaftsweise nach den Prinzipien der Circular Economy entwickelt. Auch au��erhalb von Europa folgen L��nder dieser Leitidee, beispielsweise China, Japan oder Kanada. F��r Deutschland fehlt solch ein Plan derzeit. Die Circular Economy Initiative Deutschland (CEID) hat zum Ziel, als Multi-Stakeholder-Prozess mit mehr als f��nfzig Institutionen aus Wirtschaft, Wissenschaft und Zivilgesellschaft die Grundlage f��r einen solchen Plan zu legen. In interdisziplin��ren und branchen��bergreifenden Arbeitsgruppen er��rtern rund 130 Expertinnen und Experten, wie zirkul��re Wirtschaftssysteme erm��glicht und umgesetzt werden k��nnen. Dazu untersuchen sie m��gliche Anwendungsfelder und diskutieren, welche Rahmenbedingungen zu einer erfolgreichen Umsetzung f��hren k��nnten. Die Circular Economy Initiative Deutschland definiert Ziele f��r diesen Ver��nderungsprozess und fokussiert folgende Themen: - Zirkul��re Gesch��ftsmodelle und digitale Technologien als Innovationstreiber - Neue Wertsch��pfungsnetzwerke f��r Batterien und Verpackung - Rahmenbedingungen f��r eine zirkul��re Transformation und Bemessung der volkswirtschaftlichen Circular-Economy-Potenziale Zwischen Januar 2020 und Oktober 2020 hat die Arbeitsgruppe Zirkul��re Gesch��ftsmodelle der Circular Economy Initiative Deutschland einen wissenschaftlich fundierten Fahrplan f��r die erfolgreiche Umsetzung von Gesch��ftspraktiken zur F��rderung der Kreislaufwirtschaft (CE) entwickelt. Der vorliegende Bericht ���Zirkul��re Gesch��ftsmodelle: Barrieren ��berwinden, Potenziale freisetzen��� ist das zentrale Ergebnis der Arbeit der Arbeitsgruppe. Er umfasst - die Identifizierung und Beschreibung akteursspezifischer zirkul��rer Gesch��ftsmodelle (Circular Business Models) und ihres Zusammenspiels in Business-��kosystemen, - eine integrierte Darstellung bestehender Barrieren f��r CBMs, - die Identifizierung von digitalen und regulatorischen Enablern f��r CBMs, - die Ableitung konkreter Handlungsempfehlungen, die sich an Entscheidungstr��ger aus Politik, Wirtschaft und Wissenschaft richten, um den Systemwechsel in Richtung einer CE zu beschleunigen. Damit unterst��tzen die Mitglieder die Initiierung, Umsetzung und langfristige Verankerung der Circular Economy in Deutschland und dar��ber hinaus. Die 21 Mitglieder der Arbeitsgruppe sind Vertreterinnen und Vertreter aus f��hrenden akademischen Institutionen, deutschen Unternehmen und Vereinigungen mit ausgewiesenen Expertisen zu zirkul��ren Gesch��ftsmodellen, digitalen Technologien und regulatorischen Rahmenbedingungen. Damit konnte die Arbeitsgruppe ihr Ziel erreichen, eine wissenschaftlich fundierte und m��glichst ganzheitliche Betrachtung des Themas zu gew��hrleisten.

Published
2021
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22. Circular Economy Roadmap f��r Deutschland

Author

Kadner, Susanne, Kobus, J��rn, Hansen, Erik G., Akinci, Seda, Elsner, Peter, Hagel��ken, Christian, Jaeger-Erben, Melanie, Kick, Marlene, Kwade, Arno, M��ller-Kirschbaum, Thomas, K��hl, Carl, Obeth, Dominik, Schweitzer, Katharina, Stuchtey, Martin, Vahle, Tilmann, Weber, Thomas, Wiedemann, Patrick, Wilts, Henning, and von Wittken, Reinhard

Subjects
Nachhaltigkeit, Klimaziele, Elektromobilit��t, Zirkul��re Gesch��ftsmodelle, Recycling, Circular Economy, Kreislaufwirtschaft
Abstract

Wir durchleben eine Phase umfassender Dynamik: eine Zeit gepr��gt durch die rasante Entwicklung neuer Technologien, neue Muster im Verhalten der Konsumierenden, die Verkn��pfung von bislang getrennten Wertsch��pfungsketten zu neuen L��sungen, eine von den Kapitalm��rkten befeuerte Begeisterung f��r neue Gesch��ftsmodelle und nicht zuletzt einen st��rker gestaltenden und investierenden Staat. Gleichzeitig st����t die bisher vorherrschende Produktions- und Konsumlogik des ���take, make, waste��� ��� im deutschen Sprachgebrauch pointiert auch als ���Wegwerfgesellschaft��� umschrieben ��� zunehmend an die planetaren Belastungsgrenzen. Besondere Dringlichkeit erf��hrt die wirtschaftliche Transformation momentan vor dem Hintergrund sich exponentiell versch��rfender, multipler Krisen. Konkret verursacht die F��rderung und Veredelung nat��rlicher Ressourcen 50 Prozent der globalen Treibhausgasemissionen sowie 90 Prozent des Biodiversit��tsverlusts und des Wasserstresses. Die Circular Economy bietet f��r Deutschland in diesem Kontext ein ��bergeordnetes Narrativ an, welches als Antwort auf diese neue Dynamik die Wirtschafts- und Umweltpolitik vereinen kann und somit wesentlich dazu beitragen wird, die Ziele des European Green Deal (insbesondere der Klimaneutralit��t 2050) zu erreichen. Denn die Circular Economy kann ��� wenn sie konsequent und rechtzeitig umgesetzt wird ��� im Sinne einer ganzheitlichen Systeml��sung die verbundenen Systemkrisen Klima, Ressourcennutzung, Biodiversit��t und globale Gesundheit zugleich adressieren. Somit ist die erfolgreiche Umsetzung einer Circular Economy kein Selbstzweck, sondern verbindet Klima- und Ressourcenschutz mit kulturellem Wandel, der Steigerung der Wettbewerbsf��higkeit und Rohstoffunabh��ngigkeit sowie der Schaffung von Arbeitspl��tzen und lokaler Wertsch��pfung im Sinne nachhaltiger Win-win-L��sungen. Ausgehend von dem ��bergeordneten Narrativ, ��kologische, ��konomische und soziale Perspektiven zu vereinen, hat die Circular Economy Initiative Deutschland (CEID) ein Zielbild definiert. ���Eine systemisch gedachte und nachhaltige Circular Economy tr��gt umfassend zu dem EU-Ziel von Netto-Null Treibausgasemissionen bis 2050 bei und erm��glicht eine absolute Entkopplung des Wirtschaftswachstums vom Ressourcenverbrauch. Sie stellt die Einhaltung der planetaren Grenzen und der Nachhaltigkeitsziele sicher und tr��gt durch kollaborative, unternehmens��bergreifende Wertsch��pfung und Innovation zur Steigerung der Lebensqualit��t und Sicherung eines gerechten Wohlstands bei.��� Die Circular Economy Initiative Deutschland hat, als Multi-Stakeholder-Prozess mit mehr als 50 Institutionen aus Wirtschaft, Wissenschaft und Zivilgesellschaft die Grundlage f��r dieses Zielbild gelegt. In interdisziplin��ren und branchen��bergreifenden Arbeitsgruppen er��rterten rund 130 Expertinnen und Experten, wie zirkul��re Wirtschaftssysteme erm��glicht und umgesetzt werden k��nnen. Dazu untersuchten sie m��gliche Anwendungsfelder und diskutieren, welche Rahmenbedingungen zu einer erfolgreichen Umsetzung f��hren k��nnten. Die Circular Economy Initiative Deutschland definierte Ziele f��r diesen Ver��nderungsprozess und fokussierte folgende Themen: -Zirkul��re Gesch��ftsmodelle und digitale Technologien als Innovationstreiber -Neue Wertsch��pfungsnetzwerke f��r Batterien und Verpackung -Rahmenbedingungen f��r eine zirkul��re Transformation und Bemessung ��kologischer und ��konomischer Circular-Economy-Potenziale In dem zentralen Ergebnisdokument der Circular Economy Initiative Deutschland, die 2019 mit F��rderung des Bundesministeriums f��r Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) gegr��ndet wurde, werden in der ���Circular Economy Roadmap f��r Deutschland��� die Erkenntnisse aus den verschiedenen CEID Arbeitsgruppen synthetisiert und in einer konsolidierten Stellungnahme mit gesamtgesellschaftlichem Gestaltungsanspruch zusammengefasst. Von einer Vielzahl gesellschaftlicher Akteure aus Wirtschaft, Wissenschaft und Zivilgesellschaft entwickelt und mitgetragen, lag der Schwerpunkt dieser Roadmap damit von Beginn an auf der Ausgestaltung eines einheitlichen, gemeinsamen Zielbildes f��r eine Circular Economy im Jahr 2030 sowie der Formulierung konkreter Handlungsempfehlungen. Die ���Circular Economy Roadmap f��r Deutschland��� versteht sich als wissenschaftlich fundierter Handlungsrahmen, der die erforderlichen Schritte f��r einen ��bergang Deutschlands zu einer Circular Economy systemisch beschreibt. Sie enth��lt Handlungsempfehlungen, die Entscheidungstr��gern aus Politik, Wirtschaft und Wissenschaft Orientierung geben sollen., We are going through a period of comprehensive dynamics: a time characterised by the rapid development of new technologies, new patterns in consumer behaviour, the linking of previously separate value chains to form new solutions, an enthusiasm for new business models fuelled by the capital markets, and last but not least a state that is framing and investing more strongly. At the same time, the current prevalent production and consumption logic of ���take, make, waste��� ��� also referred to in German as the ���throwaway society��� ��� is increasingly reaching its planetary limits. The economic transformation is particularly urgent at the moment against the backdrop of exponentially worsening, multiple crises. In this context, the Circular Economy offers Germany an overarching narrative that can unite economic and environmental policy in response to this new dynamic and thus contribute significantly to achieving the goals of the European Green Deal (especially climate neutrality 2050). Because the Circular Economy can address the related systemic crises of climate, resource use, biodiversity and global health at the same time if it is implemented consistently and in good time in the sense of a holistic systemic solution. Thus, the successful implementation of a Circular Economy is not an end in itself, but combines climate and resource protection with cultural change, increased competitiveness and independence from raw materials, as well as the creation of employment and local value creation in the sense of sustainable win-win solutions. Based on the overarching narrative of uniting ecological, economic and social perspectives, the Circular Economy Initiative Deutschland (CEID) has defined a target vision. ���A systemically thought and sustainable Circular Economy comprehensively contributes to the EU target of net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 and enables an absolute decoupling of economic growth from resource consumption. It ensures compliance with planetary boundaries and sustainability goals and contributes to enhancing quality of life and securing equitable prosperity through collaborative, cross-business value creation and innovation.��� The Circular Economy Initiative Deutschland, as a multi-stakeholder initiative involving over fifty institutions from science, industry and civil society, has created the foundation for this target vision. In interdisciplinary and cross-sectoral working groups, around 130 experts discussed how circular economic systems can be enabled and implemented. To this end, they examined possible fields of application and discussed which framework conditions could lead to successful implementation. The Circular Economy Initiative Deutschland defined goals for this change process and focused on the following topics: -Circular business models and digital technologies as drivers for innovation -New value networks for batteries and packaging -Framework conditions for a circular transformation and assessment of the ecologic and economic potentials of a Circular Economy The ���Circular Economy Roadmap for Germany��� synthesises the findings from the various CEID working groups and summarises them in a consolidated statement with a claim to shape society as a whole. It forms the central report of the Circular Economy Initiative Deutschland, which was founded in 2019 with funding from the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), Developed and supported by a large number of social actors from science, industry and civil society, the focus of this roadmap has thus been, from the very beginning, on shaping a consistent, common target vision for a Circular Economy in 2030 and formulating concrete recommendations for action. The ���Circular Economy Roadmap for Germany��� is a scientifically based framework for action that systemically describes the necessary steps for Germany���s transition to a Circular Economy. It contains recommendations for action that are intended to provide orientation for decision-makers from politics, industry and science.

Published
2021
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23. Zirkul��re Gesch��ftsmodelle: Barrieren ��berwinden, Potenziale freisetzen

Author

Hansen, Erik G., Wiedemann, Patrick, Fichter, Klaus, L��deke-Freund, Florian, Jaeger-Erben, Melanie, Schomerus, Thomas, Alcayaga, Andres, Blomsma, Fenna, Tischner, Ursula, Ahle, Ulrich, B��chle, Daniel, Ann-Kathrin Denker, Fiolka, Karsten, Froehling, Magnus, Haege, Alexander, Hoffmann, Volker, Kohl, Holger, Nitz, Tara, Schiller, Christian, Tauer, Rebecca, Vollkommer, Dieter, Wilhelm, Dieter, Zefferer, Hartmut, Akinci, Seda, Hofmann, Florian, Kobus, J��rn, P. Kuhl, Lettgen, Johanna, Rakowski, Marcel, Von Wittken, Reinhard, and Kadner, Susanne

Published
2021
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24. Ressourcenschonende Batteriekreisl��ufe ��� mit Circular Economy die Elektromobilit��t antreiben

Author

Arno, Kwade, Hagel��ken, Christian, Kohl, Holger, Buchert, Matthias, Herrmann, Christoph, Vahle, Tilmann, von Wittken, Reinhard, Carrara, Matteo, Daelemans, Steven, Ehrenberg, Helmut, Fluchs, Sarah, Goldmann, Daniel, Henneboel, Georg, Hobohm, Julia, Krausa, Michael, Lettgen, Johanna, Meyer, Kerstin, Michel, Manuel, Rakowski, Marcel, Reuter, Markus, Sauer, Dirk Uwe, Schnell, Michael, Schulz-M��nninghoff, Magnus, Spurk, Paul, Weber, Wassilij, Zefferer, Hartmut, Bl��meke, Steffen, Bussar, Christian, Cerdas, Felipe, Gottschalk, Laura, Hahn, Alexander, Reker-Gluhic, Elisa, Kobus, J��rn, Muschard, Bernd, Schliephack, Wolf-Christian, Sigel, Florian, St��cker, Philipp, Teuber, Moritz, and Kadner, Susanne

Subjects
CO2-Emissionen, Traktionsbatterien, Rohstoffe, Elektromobilit��t, Raw Materials, Recycling, Circular Economy, Traction Batteries, Electromobility, CO2 Emissions, Kreislaufwirtschaft
Abstract

Heutige Produktions- und Konsummuster folgen weitgehend einer linearen Logik: abbauen, herstellen, konsumieren, entsorgen. Nur neun Prozent der Weltwirtschaft sind laut Circular Gap Report 2020 kreislaufgef��hrt. Doch dieses Wirtschaftsprinzip tr��gt zu einer massiven ��berschreitung der ���Planetaren Grenzen��� und damit zu einer Destabilisierung der ��kosysteme und Lebensgrundlage der Menschen bei, wie etwa des Klimasystems und der Artenvielfalt. Demzufolge wird derzeit viel ��ber einen Paradigmenwechsel in der Logik industrieller Wertsch��pfung diskutiert ��� weg von einem ressourcenintensiven hin zu einem ressourcenproduktiven, weitgehend kreislaufgef��hrten Modell. F��r das Industrie- und Exportland Deutschland ergeben sich weitreichende Chancen, schlie��lich bedeutet dieser Wechsel nicht weniger als eine Neuinterpretation des Modells ���Made in Germany���. Die Europ��ische Union und zahlreiche Mitgliedsl��nder haben bereits strategische Pl��ne f��r einen ��bergang zu einer ressourcenschonenden Wirtschaftsweise nach den Prinzipien der Circular Economy entwickelt. Auch au��erhalb von Europa folgen L��nder dieser Leitidee, beispielsweise China, Japan oder Kanada. F��r Deutschland fehlt solch ein Plan derzeit. Die Circular Economy Initiative Deutschland (CEID) hat zum Ziel, als Multi-Stakeholder-Prozess mit mehr als f��nfzig Institutionen aus Wirtschaft, Wissenschaft und Zivilgesellschaft die Grundlage f��r einen solchen Plan zu legen. In interdisziplin��ren und branchen��bergreifenden Arbeitsgruppen er��rtern rund 130 Expertinnen und Experten, wie zirkul��re Wirtschaftssysteme erm��glicht und umgesetzt werden k��nnen. Dazu untersuchen sie m��gliche Anwendungsfelder und diskutieren, welche Rahmenbedingungen zu einer erfolgreichen Umsetzung f��hren k��nnten. Die Circular Economy Initiative Deutschland definiert Ziele f��r diesen Ver��nderungsprozess und fokussiert folgende Themen: - Zirkul��re Gesch��ftsmodelle und digitale Technologien als Innovationstreiber - Neue Wertsch��pfungsnetzwerke f��r Batterien und Verpackung - Rahmenbedingungen f��r eine zirkul��re Transformation und Bemessung der volkswirtschaftlichen Circular-Economy-Potenziale Zwischen Oktober 2019 und Mai 2020 hat die Arbeitsgruppe Traktionsbatterien der Circular Economy Initiative Deutschland einen Fahrplan ausgearbeitet, um eine Circular Economy f��r Traktionsbatterien ��� also Batterien, die batterieelektrische Fahrzeuge antreiben ��� zu erreichen. Der vorliegende Bericht ���Ressourcenschonende Batteriekreisl��ufe ��� mit Circular Economy die Elektromobilit��t antreiben��� ist das zentrale Ergebnis der Arbeit der Arbeitsgruppe. Er umfasst die Diskussion ��ber Potenziale, H��rden und m��gliche Zielkonflikte einer Circular Economy f��r Traktionsbatterien, die Skizzierung eines Zielbilds, die Entwicklung von Projektpl��nen dreier Pilotprojekte zur Beschleunigung des Transformationsprozesses und die Ableitung von Handlungsempfehlungen f��r die zentralen Akteure. Damit unterst��tzen die Mitglieder die Initiierung und langfristige Verankerung der Circular Economy in Deutschland und dar��ber hinaus. Die 21 Mitglieder der Arbeitsgruppe sind Vertreterinnen und Vertreter aus f��hrenden akademischen Institutionen, deutschen Unternehmen und Vereinigungen mit ausgewiesenen Expertisen zu Traktionsbatterien. Damit konnte die Arbeitsgruppe ihr Ziel erreichen, eine m��glichst gesamtheitliche Betrachtung des Themas zu gew��hrleisten., Most current patterns of production and consumption follow a linear ���extract, produce, consume, dispose��� model. According to the Circular Gap Report 2020, the global economy is just 9% circular. This economic model is contributing to a massive transgression of ���planetary boundaries��� and the destabilisation of ecosystems and factors essential to human life such as the climate system and biodiversity. As a result, there is currently much discussion of a paradigm shift in the industrial value creation model, away from a resource-intensive system and towards a resource-productive, predominantly circular model. This shift offers significant opportunities for an industrialized, exporting nation like Germany ��� ultimately, it entails nothing less than a recasting of the ���Made in Germany��� model. The European Union and several of its member states have already developed strategic plans for the transition to a resource-efficient economic system based on circular economy principles. Non-European countries such as China, Japan and Canada are also following the same fundamental approach. However, Germany has yet to formulate a plan of its own. The Circular Economy Initiative Deutschland (CEID) is a multi-stakeholder initiative involving over fifty institutions from science, industry and civil society that aims to lay the foundations of a plan for Germany. In its interdisciplinary, cross-sectoral working groups, some 130 experts consider how to enable and implement circular economic models, exploring potential fields of application and discussing the conditions that could facilitate successful implementation. The Circular Economy Initiative Deutschland is developing targets for the transition, with a focus on the following themes: - Circular business models and digital technologies as drivers for innovation - New value networks for batteries and packaging - Framework conditions for a circular transformation and assessment of circularity���s economic potential Between October 2019 and May 2020, the Circular Economy Initiative Deutschland���s Traction Batteries working group devised a roadmap for the establishment of a circular economy for traction batteries (the batteries that drive battery electric vehicles). The report ���Resource-Efficient Battery Life Cycles ��� Driving Electric Mobility with the Circular Economy��� represents the main outcome of the working group���s deliberations. It discusses the opportunities, obstacles and potential conflicts of a circular economy for traction batteries, outlines a vision, presents plans for three pilot projects to accelerate the transformation and formulates recommendations for the main actors. Through this report, the working group���s members hope to support the initiation and long-term consolidation of a circular economy in Germany and beyond. The working group���s 21 members are representatives of leading academic institutions, German businesses and organisations known for their expertise in the field of traction batteries. This composition allowed the group to achieve its goal of addressing the topic as holistically as possible.

Published
2020
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27. Balancing selection of the Intracellular Pathogen Response in natural Caenorhabditis elegans populations

Author

Lisa van Sluijs, Kobus J. Bosman, Frederik Pankok, Tatiana Blokhina, Jop I. H. A. Wilten, Joost A. G. Riksen, Basten L. Snoek, Gorben P. Pijlman, Jan E. Kammenga, and Mark G. Sterken

Subjects
Genetics, Orsay virus, Genetic diversity, biology, ved/biology, ved/biology.organism_classification_rank.species, Balancing selection, medicine.disease_cause, biology.organism_classification, humanities, Genetic variation, medicine, Allele, Model organism, Gene, Caenorhabditis elegans
Abstract

Background Viral infection requires a swift reaction from the host, which includes a transcriptional response. This transcriptional response is shaped by genetic variation in the host population, resulting in phenotypic differences in viral susceptibilities within the infected population. However, regulatory genetic variation in antiviral responses is not well investigated in the context of the natural host populations. Here, we infect genetically diverse isolates of the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans with Orsay virus to determine their transcriptional response to infection. Results We found that the Hawaiian C. elegans isolate CB4856 shows low viral susceptibility, despite lacking the upregulation of Intracellular Pathogen Response (IPR) genes which are known to counteract viral infection. We subsequently investigated whether temporal differences in IPR timing could explain viral susceptibility, yet find that the low viral susceptibility of CB4856 unlikely results from an accelerated IPR gene activation. Instead, our data suggests that regulatory genetic variation, in particular within two key IPR regulators, determines the host transcriptional defence. Genetic analysis of 330 wild isolates reveals that CB4856 belongs to a minority of strains that show high genetic diversity within the pals -genes that are part of the IPR. The two IPR regulators, pals-22 and pals-25 , are located in a genomic region shaped by balancing selection, therefore different evolutionary strategies in IPR regulation exist within C. elegans populations worldwide. Nevertheless, the vast majority of wild isolates harbour little genetic variation in the pals -genes. Conclusions Our work provides evidence that balancing genetic selection shapes the transcriptional defence against pathogens in C. elegans . The transcriptional and genetic data in this study demonstrate the functional diversity that can develop within antiviral transcriptional responses in natural host populations.

Published
2019
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29. Comparison of the effects of auditory subliminal stimulation and Rational-Emotive Therapy, separately and combined, on self-concept

Author

Moller, Andre T., Kotze, Hendrik F., and Sieberhagen, Kobus J.

Subjects
Self-perception -- Research, Subliminal perception -- Research, Auditory perception -- Research, Psychology and mental health
Abstract

The present study investigated the effects on self-concept of Rational-Emotive Therapy and auditory subliminal stimulation (separately and in combination) on 141 undergraduate students with self-concept problems. They were randomly assigned to one of four groups receiving either Rational-Emotive Therapy, subliminal stimulation, both, or a placebo treatment. Rational-Emotive Therapy significantly improved scores on all the dependent measures (cognition, self-concept, self-esteem, anxiety), except for behavior. Results for the subliminal stimulation group were similar to those of the placebo treatment except for a significant self-concept improvement and a decline in self-concept related irrational cognitions. The combined treatment yielded results similar to those of Rational-Emotive Therapy, with tentative indications of continued improvement in irrational cognitions and self-concept from posttest to follow-up.

Published
1993

34. Development of sensitive ddPCR assays to reliably quantify the proviral DNA reservoir in all common circulating HIV subtypes and recombinant forms

Author

Bosman, Kobus J., Wensing, Annemarie M. J., Pijning, Aster E., van Snippenberg, Wilco J., van Ham, Petra M., de Jong, Dorien M. C., Hoepelman, Andy I. M., Nijhuis, Monique, Bosman, Kobus J., Wensing, Annemarie M. J., Pijning, Aster E., van Snippenberg, Wilco J., van Ham, Petra M., de Jong, Dorien M. C., Hoepelman, Andy I. M., and Nijhuis, Monique

Published
2018

35. Interatomic coulombic decay - the mechanism for rapid deexcitation of hollow atoms

Author

(0000-0001-9451-5440) Wilhelm, R. A., Gruber, E., Schwestka, J., Kozubek, R., Madeira, T. I., Marques, J. P., Kobus, J., Krasheninnikov, A. V., Schleberger, M., Aumayr, F., (0000-0001-9451-5440) Wilhelm, R. A., Gruber, E., Schwestka, J., Kozubek, R., Madeira, T. I., Marques, J. P., Kobus, J., Krasheninnikov, A. V., Schleberger, M., and Aumayr, F.

Abstract

The impact of highly charged ions onto a solid gives rise to charge exchange between the ions and target atoms, so that slow ions get neutralized in the vicinity of the surface. Using highly charged Ar and Xe ions and the surface-only material graphene as a target, we show that the neutralization and de-excitation of the ions proceeds on a sub-10 fs time scale. We further demonstrate that a multiple interatomic coulombic decay (ICD) model of highly charged ions can describe the observed ultrafast de-excitation. Other de-excitation mechanisms involving non-radiative decay and quasi- molecular orbitals formation during the impact are not important, as follows from the comparison of our experimental data with the results of first-principles calculations. Our method also enables the estimation of ICD rates directly.

Published
2018

36. Development of sensitive ddPCR assays to reliably quantify the proviral DNA reservoir in all common circulating HIV subtypes and recombinant forms

Author

Infection & Immunity, MMB Research line 3b, MMB opleiding Arts microbioloog, MMB, MS Infectieziekten, Circulatory Health, MMB Research line 3a, Bosman, Kobus J., Wensing, Annemarie M. J., Pijning, Aster E., van Snippenberg, Wilco J., van Ham, Petra M., de Jong, Dorien M. C., Hoepelman, Andy I. M., Nijhuis, Monique, Infection & Immunity, MMB Research line 3b, MMB opleiding Arts microbioloog, MMB, MS Infectieziekten, Circulatory Health, MMB Research line 3a, Bosman, Kobus J., Wensing, Annemarie M. J., Pijning, Aster E., van Snippenberg, Wilco J., van Ham, Petra M., de Jong, Dorien M. C., Hoepelman, Andy I. M., and Nijhuis, Monique

Published
2018

37. Real Time Traffic Models, Decision Support for Traffic Management

Author

K. Friso, E. de Romph, Kobus J. Zantema, Luc Johannes Josephus Wismans, and Faculty of Engineering Technology

Subjects
Engineering, Decision support system, Traffic congestion reconstruction with Kerner's three-phase theory, business.industry, Computation, METIS-305680, Real-time computing, traffic management, Floating car data, rolling horizon, Traffic flow, Advanced Traffic Management System, Sensor City Assen, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, dynamic traffic assignment, IR-97153, Real time traffic models, state estimation, State (computer science), business, Traffic generation model, Simulation, General Environmental Science
Abstract

Reliable and accurate short-term traffic state prediction can improve the performance of real-time traffic management systems significantly. Using this short-time prediction based on current measurements delivered by advanced surveillance systems will support decision-making processes on various control strategies and enhance the performance of the overall network. By takingproactive action deploying traffic management measures, congestion may be prevented or its effects limited. An approach of short-term traffic state prediction is presented and implemented in a real life case for the city of Assen in the Netherlands. This prediction is based on connecting online traffic measurements with a real time traffic model using the macroscopic dynamictraffic assignment model StreamLine in a rolling horizon implementation. Different monitoring data sources consisting of both fixed-point and floating car data are used. The advantage of the rolling horizon approach is that no warming-up period is needed for the dynamic traffic assignment taking less computation time while keeping results consistent. Further, the current traffic stateestimation is done by combining model estimates of previous predictions and current measurements. The results of predictions made in the real life case are presented as well as several tested methods for improving the current state estimations showing promising results.

Published
2014
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38. Development of New Target Stations for the South African Isotope Facility

Author

Steyn, Gideon F., primary, Anthony, Lyndon S., additional, Azaiez, Faical, additional, Baard, Shadley, additional, Bark, Robert A., additional, Barnard, A. Hugo, additional, Beukes, Philip, additional, Broodryk, Johan I., additional, Conradie, J. Lowry, additional, Cornell, John C., additional, de Villiers, J. Garrett, additional, Dolley, Stuart G., additional, du Plessis, Herman, additional, Duckitt, William D., additional, Fourie, Dirk T., additional, Hogan, Mike E., additional, Kohler, Ivan H., additional, Lawrie, Kobus J., additional, Lussi, Chris, additional, Mira, Joele P., additional, Mjali, K. Vuyo, additional, Mostert, Hendrik W., additional, Naidoo, Clive, additional, Nemulodi, Fhumulani, additional, Saal, David, additional, Stodart, Nieldane P., additional, Thomae, Rainer W., additional, van Niekerk, Johan, additional, and van Schalkwyk, Pieter A., additional

Published
2018
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40. Interatomic coulombic decay - the mechanism for rapid deexcitation of hollow atoms

Author

(0000-0001-9451-5440) Wilhelm, R. A., Gruber, E., Schwestka, J., Kozubek, R., Madeira, T. I., Marques, J. P., Kobus, J., Krasheninnikov, A. V., Schleberger, M., Aumayr, F., (0000-0001-9451-5440) Wilhelm, R. A., Gruber, E., Schwestka, J., Kozubek, R., Madeira, T. I., Marques, J. P., Kobus, J., Krasheninnikov, A. V., Schleberger, M., and Aumayr, F.

Abstract

The impact of highly charged ions onto a solid gives rise to charge exchange between the ions and target atoms, so that slow ions get neutralized in the vicinity of the surface. Using highly charged Ar and Xe ions and the surface-only material graphene as a target, we show that the neutralization and de-excitation of the ions proceeds on a sub-10 fs time scale. We further demonstrate that a multiple interatomic coulombic decay (ICD) model of highly charged ions can describe the observed ultrafast de-excitation. Other de-excitation mechanisms involving non-radiative decay and quasi- molecular orbitals formation during the impact are not important, as follows from the comparison of our experimental data with the results of first-principles calculations. Our method also enables the estimation of ICD rates directly.

Published
2017

41. The use ofiLespedeza cuneata/ifor natural control of gastrointestinal nematodes in Merino sheep

Author

Erika A, Van Zyl, Francien S, Botha, Kobus J N, Eloff, Phumzile P, Msuntsha, Peter A, Oosthuizen, and Cathy, Stevens

Subjects
Feces, Sheep, Nematoda, Animals, Sheep Diseases, Female, Lespedeza, Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic, Nematode Infections, Animal Feed, Parasite Egg Count, Phytotherapy, Original Research
Abstract

Lespedeza cuneata (poorman’s lucerne; sericea lespedeza), a tannin-rich perennial legume, was offered as hay to dry Merino ewes in a confined feeding experiment to evaluate the effect on the level of gastrointestinal parasite infection in sheep. Medicago sativa (a low tannin containing perennial legume) was used as the control treatment. Parameters faecal egg count (FEC), FAMACHA© scores and rectal temperatures were used. FECs were substantially lower (p = 0.05) in the Lespedeza group after 35 days, together with a trend of higher rectal temperatures, compared with the Medicago group. Although non-significant (p > 0.05), the higher rectal temperatures suggested a lower level of anaemia in the sheep on the Lespedeza ration and, therefore, a lower parasite-worm burden. However, FAMACHA© scores showed no significant (p > 0.05) differences between treatments despite the differences in FEC that were recorded, indicating that host homeostasis was possibly mediated by improved nutrition as a result of the high protein content of both experimental diets.

Published
2016

42. Development of New Target Stations for the South African Isotope Facility

Author

Joele Mira, Kobus J. Lawrie, Clive Naidoo, Chris Lussi, G.F. Steyn, F. Nemulodi, J. Lowry Conradie, Shadley Baard, Mike Hogan, John Cornell, Hendrik Mostert, Faical Azaiez, J. Garrett de Villiers, Herman du Plessis, Rainer Thomae, Johan Broodryk, Nieldane Stodart, A. Hugo Barnard, Lyndon Anthony, Ivan Kohler, Stuart G. Dolley, P. Beukes, K. Vuyo Mjali, Johan van Niekerk, Robert Bark, William Duckitt, David Saal, Pieter van Schalkwyk, and D.T. Fourie

Subjects
Isotope, Earth science, Nuclear engineering, Cyclotron, lcsh:QC1-999, law.invention, radionuclide production, law, targetry, lcsh:QC770-798, Environmental science, lcsh:Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, 70 MeV cyclotron, Instrumentation, target stations, lcsh:Physics, applied_physics
Abstract

The development of new target stations for radioisotope production based on a dedicated 70 MeV commercial cyclotron (for protons) is described. Currently known as the South African Isotope Facility (SAIF), this initiative will free the existing separated-sector cyclotron (SSC) at iThemba LABS (near Cape Town) to mainly pursue research activities in nuclear physics and radiobiology. It is foreseen that the completed SAIF facility will realize a three-fold increase in radioisotope production capacity compared to the current programme based on the SSC.

Published
2018
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48. Comparison of estimation of emissions based on static and dynamic traffic assignment

Author

Luc Wismans, Den Brink, Robert M. M., Brederode, Luuk J. N., Zantema, Kobus J., Berkum, Eric C., and Faculty of Engineering Technology

Subjects
METIS-291751, IR-90735
Abstract

For the estimation of air quality and noise nuisance often the output of static traffic assignment models is used. However, static traffic model have several limitations related to the realism of dealing with saturated traffic conditions, which are important for the estimation of emissions. Static traffic assignment models predict congestion on the wrong locations and can not deal with traffic flow phenomena like spillback. As a result also air quality or noise bottlenecks can be predicted on wrong locations, which may lead to erroneous policy decisions concerning new infrastructural measures or implementing mitigating measures on wrong locations. Dynamic traffic assignment models can take these traffic flow phenomena into account and are therefore more suitable to estimate emissions and can in the long term replace the use of static traffic assignment models for larger networks. To provide insights in the differences between estimates based on static and dynamic traffic assignment models in realistic cases, a highway case and urban case are used applying the ARTEMIS model (air emissions) and AR-INTERIM-CM model (noise emissions). The comparison for both cases shows that large differences are found in the estimates for noise (i.e. > 3 dB(A)) and also for the local estimates of air emissions (e.g. up to 45% for NOx emissions). When an infrastructural measure is taken the comparison shows that not only the location and extent of effect, but also the direction of effect can be different (i.e. increase versus decrease and vice versa).

Published
2013

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