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Motivated by the concept of "generating operators" for a countable family of operators introduced in the recent paper (arXiv:2306.16800), we find a method to reconstruct the Rankin--Cohen brackets from a very simple multivariable contour integral, and obtain a new proof of their covariance. We also establish a closed formula of the "generating operator" for the Rankin--Cohen brackets in full generality.

Based on the "generating operator" of the Rankin--Cohen brackets introduced in Kobayashi-Pevzner [arXiv:2306.16800], we present a method to construct various fundamental operators with continuous parameters such as invariant trilinear forms on infinite-dimensional representations, the Fourier and the Poisson transforms on the anti-de Sitter space, and integral symmetry breaking operators for the fusion rules, among others, out of a countable set of differential symmetry breaking operators., Comment: To appear in Indagationes Mathematicae

Motivated by the classical ideas of generating functions for orthogonal polynomials, we initiate a new line of investigation on "generating operators" for a family of differential operators between two manifolds. We prove a novel formula of the generating operators for the Rankin-Cohen brackets by using higher-dimensional residue calculus. Various results on the generating operators are also explored from the perspective of infinite-dimensional representation theory.

We prove that any simply connected non-compact semisimple Lie group $G$ admits an infinite-dimensional irreducible representation $\Pi$ with bounded multiplicity property of the restriction $\Pi|_{G'}$ for all symmetric pairs $(G, G')$. We also discuss which irreducible representations $\Pi$ satisfy the bounded multiplicity property., Comment: To appear in Journal of Lie Theory. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2204.05079

We address some conjectures and open problems in "analysis of symmetries" which include the study of non-commutative harmonic analysis and discontinuous groups for reductive homogeneous spaces beyond the classical framework: (1) discrete series for non-symmetric homogeneous spaces $G/H$; (2) discontinuous group $\Gamma$ for $G/H$ beyond the Riemannian setting; (3) analysis on pseudo-Riemannian locally homogeneous spaces., Comment: To appear in "Mathematics Going Forward", Lecture Notes in Mathematics, vol.2313

We discuss the action of a subgroup on small nilpotent orbits, and prove a bounded multiplicity property for the restriction of minimal representations of real reductive Lie groups with respect to arbitrary reductive symmetric pairs., Comment: 23 pages

How does an irreducible representation of a group behave when restricted to a subgroup? This is part of branching problems, which are one of the fundamental problems in representation theory, and also interact naturally with other fields of mathematics. This expository paper is an up-to-date account on some new directions in representation theory highlighting the branching problems for real reductive groups and their related topics ranging from global analysis of manifolds via group actions to the theory of discontinuous groups beyond the classical Riemannian setting. This article is an outgrowth of the invited lecture that the author delivered at the commemorative event for the 70th anniversary of the re-establishment of the Mathematical Society of Japan, and originally appeared in Japanese in Sugaku 71 (2019)., Comment: English translation from Sugaku, 71 (2019), 388-416

We prove a geometric criterion for the bounded multiplicity property of "small" infinite-dimensional representations of real reductive Lie groupsin both induction and restrictions. Applying the criterion to symmetric pairs, we give a full description of the triples $H \subset G \supset G'$ such that any irreducible admissible representations of $G$ with $H$-distinguished vectors have the bounded multiplicity property when restricted to the subgroup $G'$. This article also completes the proof of the general results announced in the previous paper [Adv. Math. 2021, Section 7]., Comment: To appear in Journal of Lie Theory

We give a necessary and sufficient condition for a pair of parabolic subgroups $P$ and $Q$ of $G=GL_n(\mathbb{R})$ such that the tensor product of any two unitarily induced representations from $P$ and $Q$ are tempered. We also give an $L^p$-estimate of matrix coefficients of the regular representations on $L^2(G/L)$ when $L$ is a Levi subgroup of $G$., Comment: Final version, to appear in Journal of Algebra

Let G be a complex semisimple Lie group and H a complex closed connected subgroup. Let g and h be their Lie algebras. We prove that the regular representation of G in $L^2(G/H)$ is tempered if and only if the orthogonal of h in g contains regular elements.

We consider branching laws for the restriction of some irreducible unitary representations $\Pi$ of $G=O(p,q)$ to its subgroup $H=O(p-1,q)$. In Kobayashi (arXiv:1907.07994), the irreducible subrepresentations of $O(p-1,q)$ in the restriction of the unitary $\Pi|_{O(p-1,q) }$ are determined. By considering the restriction of packets of irreducible representations we obtain another very simple branching law, which was conjectured in Orsted-Speh (arXiv:1907.07544)., Comment: 16 pages

Geometric symmetry induces symmetries of function spaces, and the latter yields a clue to global analysis via representation theory. In this note we summarize recent developments on the general theory about how geometric conditions affect representation theoretic properties on function spaces, with focus on multiplicities and spectrum., Comment: 14 pages

We summarize recent results initiating spectral analysis on pseudo-Riemannian locally symmetric spaces $\Gamma \backslash G/H$, beyond the classical setting where $H$ is compact (e.g. theory of automorphic forms for arithmetic $\Gamma$) or $\Gamma$ is trivial (e.g. Plancherel-type formula for semisimple symmetric spaces)., Comment: 6 pages

Let $X=G/H$ be a reductive homogeneous space with $H$ noncompact, endowed with a $G$-invariant pseudo-Riemannian structure. Let $L$ be a reductive subgroup of $G$ acting properly on $X$ and $\Gamma$ a torsion-free discrete subgroup of $L$. Under the assumption that the complexification $X_{\mathbb C}$ is $L_{\mathbb C}$-spherical, we prove an explicit correspondence between spectral analysis on the standard locally homogeneous space $X_{\Gamma}=\Gamma\backslash X$ and on $\Gamma\backslash L$ via branching laws for the restriction to $L$ of irreducible representations of $G$. In particular, we prove that the pseudo-Riemannian Laplacian on $X_{\Gamma}$ is essentially self-adjoint, and that it admits an infinite point spectrum when $X_{\Gamma}$ is compact or $\Gamma\subset L$ is arithmetic. The proof builds on structural results for invariant differential operators on spherical homogeneous spaces with overgroups., Comment: To appear in Lecture Notes in Mathematics, Springer-Nature

Let $G$ be a real reductive Lie group, $L$ a compact subgroup, and $\pi$ an irreducible admissible representation of $G$. In this article we prove a necessary and sufficient condition for the finiteness of the multiplicities of $L$-types occurring in $\pi$ based on symplectic techniques. This leads us to a simple proof of the criterion for discrete decomposability of the restriction of unitary representations with respect to noncompact subgroups (the author, Ann. Math. 1998), and also provides a proof of a reverse statement which was announced in [Proc.ICM 2002, Thm.D]. A number of examples are presented in connection with Kostant's convexity theorem and also with non-Riemannian locally symmetric spaces., Comment: To the memory of Bertram Kostant

We give a complete description of the discrete spectra in the branching law $\Pi|_{G'}$ with respect to the pair $(G,G')=(O(p,q), O(p',q') \times O(p'',q''))$ for irreducible unitary representations $\Pi$ of $G$ that are "geometric quantization" of minimal elliptic coadjoint orbits. We also construct explicitly all holographic operators and prove a closed Parseval-type formula., Comment: To appear in Adv Math

Given irreducible representations $\Pi$ and $\pi$ of the rank one special orthogonal groups $G=SO(n+1,1)$ and $G'=SO(n,1)$ with nonsingular integral infinitesimal character, we state in terms of $\theta$-stable parameter necessary and sufficient conditions so that \[ \operatorname{Hom}_{G'}(\Pi|_{G'}, \pi )\not = \{0\}. \] In the special case that both $\Pi$ and $\pi$ are tempered, this implies the Gross--Prasad conjectures for tempered representations of $SO(n+1,1) \times SO(n,1)$ which are nontrivial on the center. We apply these results to construct nonzero periods and distinguished representations. If both $\Pi$ and $ \pi$ have the trivial infinitesimal character $\rho$ then we use a theorem that the periods are nonzero on the minimal $K$-type to obtain a nontrivial bilinear form on the $({\mathfrak g},K)$-cohomology of the representations., Comment: 33 pages, Minor changes. To appear in Simons Proceedings, Springer

The analysis of branching problems for restriction of representations brings the concept of symmetry breaking transform and holographic transform. Symmetry breaking operators decrease the number of variables in geometric models, whereas holographic operators increase it. Various expansions in classical analysis can be interpreted as particular occurrences of these transforms. From this perspective, we investigate two remarkable families of differential operators: the Rankin-Cohen operators and the holomorphic Juhl conformally covariant operators. Then we establish for the corresponding symmetry breaking transforms the Parseval-Plancherel type theorems and find explicit inversion formul{\ae} with integral expression of holographic operators. The proof uses the F-method which provides a duality between symmetry breaking operators in the holomorphic model and holographic operators in the $L^2$-model, leading us to deep links between special orthogonal polynomials and branching laws for infinite-dimensional representations of real reductive Lie groups., Comment: To appear in Annales de l'Institut Fourier

We investigate the structure of the ring ${\mathbb D}_G(X)$ of $G$-invariant differential operators on a reductive spherical homogeneous space $X=G/H$ with an overgroup $\widetilde{G}$. We consider three natural subalgebras of ${\mathbb D}_G(X)$ which are polynomial algebras with explicit generators, namely the subalgebra ${\mathbb D}_{\widetilde{G}}(X)$ of $\widetilde{G}$-invariant differential operators on $X$ and two other subalgebras coming from the centers of the enveloping algebras of $\mathfrak g$ and $\mathfrak k$, where $K$ is a maximal proper subgroup of $G$ containing $H$. We show that in most cases ${\mathbb D}_G(X)$ is generated by any two of these three subalgebras, and analyze when this may fail. Moreover, we find explicit relations among the generators for each possible triple $(\widetilde{G},G,H)$, and describe "transfer maps" connecting eigenvalues for ${\mathbb D}_{\widetilde{G}}(X)$ and for the center $Z({\mathfrak g}_{\mathbb C})$ of the enveloping algebra of ${\mathbb g}_{\mathbb C}$., Comment: 90 pages. Corrected a few typos. Final form

Consider the restriction of an irreducible unitary representation $\pi$ of a Lie group $G$ to its subgroup $H$. Kirillov's revolutionary idea on the orbit method suggests that the multiplicity of an irreducible $H$-module $\nu$ occurring in the restriction $\pi|_H$ could be read from the coadjoint action of $H$ on $O^G \cap pr^{-1}(O^H)$ provided $\pi$ and $\nu$ are "geometric quantizations" of a $G$-coadjoint orbit $O^G$ and an $H$-coadjoint orbit $O^H$,respectively, where $pr: \sqrt{-1} g^{\ast} \to \sqrt{-1} h^{\ast}$ is the projection dual to the inclusion $h \subset g$ of Lie algebras. Such results were previously established by Kirillov, Corwin and Greenleaf for nilpotent Lie groups. In this article, we highlight specific elliptic orbits $O^G$ of a semisimple Lie group $G$ corresponding to highest weight modules of scalar type. We prove that the Corwin--Greenleaf number $\sharp(O^G \cap pr^{-1}(O^H))/H$ is either zero or one for any $H$-coadjoint orbit $O^H$, whenever $(G,H)$ is a symmetric pair of holomorphic type. Furthermore, we determine the coadjoint orbits $O^H$ with nonzero Corwin-Greenleaf number. Our results coincide with the prediction of the orbit philosophy, and can be seen as "classical limits" of the multiplicity-free branching laws of holomorphic discrete series representations (T.Kobayashi [Progr.Math.2007])., Comment: Kirillov volume

For a pair $(G,G')=(O(n+1,1), O(n,1))$ of reductive groups, we investigate intertwining operators (symmetry breaking operators) between principal series representations $I_\delta(V,\lambda)$ of $G$, and $J_\epsilon(W,\nu)$ of the subgroup $G'$. The representations are parametrized by finite-dimensional representations $V,W$ of $O(n)$ respectively of $O(n-1)$, characters $\delta$, $\varepsilon$ of O(1), and $\lambda, \nu \in C$. The multiplicty [V:W] of W occurring in the restriction $V|_{O(n-1)}$ is either 0 or 1. If $[V:W] \ne 0$ then we construct a holomorphic family of symmetry breaking operators and prove that dim $Hom_{G'}(I_{\delta}(V, \lambda)|_{G'}, J_{\epsilon}(W, \nu))$ is nonzero for all the parameters $\lambda$, $\nu$ and $\delta$, $\epsilon$, whereas if [V:W] = 0 there may exist sporadic differential symmetry breaking operators. We propose a "classification scheme" to find all matrix-valued symmetry breaking operators explicitly,and carry out this program completely when V and W are exterior tensor representations. In conformal geometry, our results yield the complete classification of conformal covariant operators from differential forms on a Riemannian manifold X to those on a submanifold Y in the model space $(X, Y) = (S^n, S^{n-1})$. We use these results to determine symmetry breaking operators for any pair of irreducible representations of G and the subgroup $G'$ with trivial infinitesimal character. Furthermore we prove the multiplicity conjecture by Gross and Prasad for tempered principal series representations of $(SO(n+1,1),SO(n,1))$ and also for 3 tempered representations $\Pi, \pi, \varpi$ of $SO(2m+2,1)$, $SO(2m+1,1)$ and $SO(2m,1)$ with trivial infinitesimal character. In connection to automorphic form theory, we apply our main results to find "periods" of irreducible representations of the Lorentz group having nonzero (g, K)-cohomologies., Comment: 366 pages

Rapid progress has been made recently on symmetry breaking operators for real reductive groups. Based on Program A-C for branching problems (T.Kobayashi [Progr.Math.2015]), we illustrate a scheme of the classification of (local and nonlocal) symmetry breaking operators by an example of conformal representations on differential forms on the model space $(X,Y)=(S^n, S^{n-1})$, which generalizes the scalar case (Kobayashi--Speh [Memoirs of Amer.Math.Soc. 2015]) and the case of local operators (Kobayashi--Kubo--Pevzner [Lecture Notes in Math. 2016]). Some applications to automorphic form theory, motivations from conformal geometry, and the methods of proof are also discussed.

We prove an explicit residue formula for a meromorphic continuation of conformally covariant integral operators between differential forms on ${\bf R}^n$ and on its hyperplane. The results provide a simple and new construction of the conformally covariant differential symmetry breaking operators between differential forms on the sphere and those on its totally geodesic hypersurface that were introduced in [Kobayashi-Kubo-Pevzner, Lect. Notes Math. (2016)]. Moreover, we determine the zeros of the matrix-valued regular symmetry breaking operators between principal series representations of $O(n+1,1)$ and $O(n,1)$.

Let $G$ be a semisimple real Lie group with finite center and $H$ a connected closed subgroup. We establish a geometric criterion which detects whether the representation of $G$ in $L^2(G/H)$ is tempered., Comment: 34 pages. To be published in: Dynamics, Geometry, Number Theory: The Impact of Margulis on Modern Mathematics (eds. D. Fisher, D. Kleinbock, and G. Soifer), The University of Chicago Press

We consider irreducible unitary representations $A_i$ of G=SO(n+1,1) with the same infinitesimal character as the trivial representation and representations $B_j$ of H=SO(n,1) with the same properties and discuss H-equivariant homomorphisms Hom_H($A_i,B_j$). For tempered representations our results confirm the predictions of conjectures by B. Gross and D. Prasad.

For a pseudo-Riemannian manifold $X$ and a totally geodesic hypersurface $Y$, we consider the problem of constructing and classifying all linear differential operators $\mathcal{E}^i(X) \to \mathcal{E}^j(Y)$ between the spaces of differential forms that intertwine multiplier representations of the Lie algebra of conformal vector fields. Extending the recent results in the Riemannian setting by Kobayashi-Kubo-Pevzner [Lecture Notes in Math.~2170, (2016)], we construct such differential operators and give a classification of them in the pseudo-Riemannian setting where both $X$ and $Y$ are of constant sectional curvature, illustrated by the examples of anti-de Sitter spaces and hyperbolic spaces., Comment: 18 pages

As is well-known for compact Riemann surfaces, eigenvalues of the Laplacianbare distributed discretely and most of eigenvalues vary viewed as functions on the Teichmuller space. We discuss a new feature in the Lorentzian geometry, or more generally, in pseudo-Riemannian geometry. One of the distinguished features is that $L^2$-eigenvalues of the Laplacian may be distributed densely in R in pseudo-Riemannian geometry. For three-dimensional anti-de Sitter manifolds, we also explain another feature proved in joint with F. Kassel [Adv. Math. 2016] that there exist countably many $L^2$-eigenvalues of the Laplacian that are stable under any small deformation of anti-de Sitter structure., Comment: Springer Proceedings in Mathematics & Statistics

Hidden symmetry of a G'-space X is defined by an extension of the G'-action on X to that of a group G containing G' as a subgroup. In this setting, we study the relationship between the three objects: (A) global analysis on X by using representations of G (hidden symmetry); (B) global analysis on X by using representations of G'; (C) branching laws of representations of G when restricted to the subgroup G'. We explain a trick which transfers results for finite-dimensional representations in the compact setting to those for infinite-dimensional representations in the noncompact setting when $X_C$ is $G_C$-spherical. Applications to branching problems of unitary representations, and to spectral analysis on pseudo-Riemannian locally symmetric spaces are also discussed., Comment: Special volume in honor of Roger Howe on the occasion of his 70th birthday

We give a complete classification of conformally covariant differential operators between the spaces of $i$-forms on the sphere $S^n$ and $j$-forms on the totally geodesic hypersphere $S^{n-1}$. Moreover, we find explicit formul{\ae} for these new matrix-valued operators in the flat coordinates in terms of basic operators in differential geometry and classical orthogonal polynomials. We also establish matrix-valued factorization identities among all possible combinations of conformally covariant differential operators. The main machinery of the proof is the "F-method" based on the "algebraic Fourier transform of Verma modules" (Kobayashi-Pevzner [Selecta Math. 2016]) and its extension to matrix-valued case developed here. A short summary of the main results was announced in [C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 2016].

We give a complete classification of conformally covariant differential operators between the spaces of differential $i$-forms on the sphere $S^n$ and $j$-forms on the totally geodesic hypersphere $S^{n-1}$ by analyzing the restriction of principal series representations of the Lie group $O(n+1,1)$. Further, we provide explicit formul\ae{} for these matrix-valued operators in the flat coordinates and find factorization identities for them., Comment: This note was published in C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. I, (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crma.2016.04.012

We wish to understand how irreducible representations of a group G behave when restricted to a subgroup G' (the branching problem). Our primary concern is with representations of reductive Lie groups, which involve both algebraic and analytic approaches. We divide branching problems into three stages: (A) abstract features of the restriction; (B) branching laws (irreducible decompositions of the restriction); and (C) construction of symmetry breaking operators on geometric models. We could expect a simple and detailed study of branching problems in Stages B and C in the settings that are {\it{a priori}} known to be "nice" in Stage A, and conversely, new results and methods in Stage C that might open another fruitful direction of branching problems including Stage A. The aim of this article is to give new perspectives on the subjects, to explain the methods based on some recent progress, and to raise some conjectures and open questions., Comment: to appear in Progress in Mathematics 312, Representations of Reductive Groups, In Honor of the 60th Birthday of David A. Vogan, Jr