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Individuals with Williams syndrome (WS) demonstrate an abnormally positive social bias. However, the neural substrates of this hypersociability, i.e., positive attribution bias and increased drive toward social interaction, have not fully been elucidated. METHODS: We performed an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging study while individuals with WS and typically developing controls (TD) matched positive and negative emotional faces. WS compared to TD showed reduced right amygdala activation during presentation of negative faces, as in the previous literature. In addition, WS showed a unique pattern of right orbitofrontal cortex activation. While TD showed medial orbitofrontal cortex activation in response to positive, and lateral orbitofrontal cortex activation to negative, WS showed the opposite pattern. In light of the general notion of a medial/lateral gradient of reward/punishment processing in the orbitofrontal cortex, these findings provide an additional biological explanation for, or correlate of positive attribution bias and hypersociability in WS.

A probabilistic hydrodynamic model for the wet and dry zone on a permeable structure is developed to predict irregular wave action on the structure above the still water level. The model is based on the time-averaged continuity and momentum equations for nonlinear shallow-water waves coupled with the exponential probability distribution of the water depth. The model predicts the cross-shore variations of the mean and standard deviation of the water depth and horizontal velocity. The model is compared with four test series in which measurement was made of the wave overtopping rate and probability as well as the water depth, velocity, and discharge exceeded by 2% of incident 1,000 waves. The agreement is mostly within a factor of 2. Damage progression of a stone armor layer is predicted by modifying a formula for bed load on beaches with input from the hydrodynamic model. The damage progression model is compared with three tests that lasted up to 28.5 h. The model predicts the eroded area of the damaged armor layer well but overpredicts the deposited area because it does not account for discrete stone units deposited at a distance seaward of the toe of the damaged armor layer. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)WW.1943-5460.0000047 CE Database subject headings: Wave overtopping; Permeability; Damage; Probability; Numerical models. Author keywords: Wave overtopping; Rubble mounds; Permeability; Damage progression; Probability; Numerical model.

Velocities and sand concentrations measured along 20 transects at the Field Research Facility (FRF) at Duck, North Carolina during October 16-23, 1997 are analyzed to examine the cross-shore and longshore suspended sand transport in the FRF pier depression. The suspended sand volume [V.sub.s] per unit bottom area remains large outside the surf zone in the depression. The depth-integrated offshore and longshore suspended sand transport rates are shown to be estimated as a, [bar.U] [V.sub.s] and [bar.V] [V.sub.s], respectively, where the empirical parameter a is in the range of 0.1-0.4 in the depression, [bar.U] is the cross-shore current and [bar.V] is the longshore current. The offshore suspended sand transport rate at the end of the pier is estimated to be as large as 3.5 [m.sup.3]/h/m at the peak of a storm with an offshore significant wave height of 3.5 m. The sand transported offshore appears to have been supplied by the longshore sand transport toward the pier depression. CE Database subject headings: Littoral currents; Waves; Sand; Suspended sediment; Sediment transport; Beaches; Piers.

The prediction of berm and dune erosion during a storm is essential for storm damage assessment. Simple and transparent formulas for the cross-shore and longshore transport rates of suspended sediment and bed load on beaches are proposed and incorporated into a combined wave and current model to predict the berm and dune erosion under normally and obliquely incident irregular waves. Two small-scale experiments for two different berm profiles were conducted for the calibration of the developed numerical model. The calibrated numerical model is shown to predict the measured berm and dune erosion in these experiments as well as dune erosion measured in three large-scale tests with errors less than a factor of two. The numerical model is used to examine the effects of the wave period and incident wave angle on the berm and dune erosion. These effects are computed to be within a factor of two. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-950X(2009)135:1(1) CE Database subject headings: Berms; Dunes; Sand; Erosion; Beaches; Sediment transport; Bed loads; Storms; Surf zone.

The Delaware Atlantic coast of 40 km length is suffering from beach erosion. The State of Delaware placed approximately 1,100,0001 m3 sand on its four beaches in 1998. Beach profiles were surveyed along fixed 65 cross-shore lines almost semiannually for 9-11 times until 2005. The measured profiles are analyzed to obtain the shoreline displacement and the area changes in the landward and shoreward zones between the two successive profile surveys. The relations among these profile change parameters indicate that a standard one-line model may not be applicable to these nourished beaches because of the dominant summer and winter profile changes. An inverse method based on a two-line model is developed to estimate the cross-shore sediment transport rate and the gradient of the longshore sediment transport rate. The estimated rates indicate the importance of both cross-shore and longshore sediment transport to predict the evolution of these nourished beaches with large variabilities in time and space. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-950X(2008) 134:4(218) CE Database subject headings: Beach erosion; Beach nourishment; Monitoring; Surveys; Sediment transport; Delaware; Sand.

A time-averaged probabilistic model is developed to predict irregular wave runup statistics on permeable slopes such as cobble beaches and revetments. The cross-shore variations of the mean and standard deviation of the free surface elevation and horizontal fluid velocities above and inside a porous layer are predicted using the time-averaged continuity, momentum, and energy equations. The mean and standard deviation of the shoreline elevation measured by a runup wire are estimated from the predicted mean and standard deviation of the free surface elevation. The wave runup height above the mean water level, including wave setup, is assumed to be given by the Rayleigh distribution. The wave reflection coefficient is estimated from the wave energy flux remaining at the still water shoreline. This computationally efficient model is shown to be in fair agreement with 57 small-scale tests conducted on 1/5 and 1/2 permeable slopes situated inside surf zones on impermeable gentle slopes. CE Database subject headings: Wave runup; Beaches; Shoaling; Wave reflection; Slopes; Probability.

This study evaluates the mental health of Japan Self-Defense Force (JSDF) members of the peacekeeping contingent in the Golan Heights before and since the Second Gulf War between 1998 and 2003. Before the war, the General Health Questionnaire 30 (GHQ30) scores during and after duty tended to be lower than those before duty; all scores were lower than those of adult Japanese men in general. After the war, GHQ30 scores did not significantly change between before, during, and after duty. Manifest Anxiety Scale (MAS) scores were not significantly different between groups. Stressors identified included problems with foreign language and familial matters at home. Post war stressors included work content and relationships with collaborating foreign army units. These findings suggest that the mental health of contingent members remained stable, with some variation in mental health conditions influenced by the situation in the Middle East. This study suggests that the stable mental condition of JSDF personnel during their deployment in the absence of combat, and that this could be enhanced by education about mental health issues and by providing counseling support to their families. Keywords: military psychiatry, community mental health, posttraumatic stress disorder

The morphology of intertidal multiple sand bars of Okoshiki Beach in Ariake Bay, Japan is examined to provide insight into the factors controlling the bar characteristics in the low wave environment. Cross-shore profiles of intertidal multiple sand bars were measured monthly for 2 years from July 2003 to July 2005. Each measured profile is separated into a mean profile and a bar geometry using quadratic polynomial fitting. Superimposed on the mild foreshore (1/250) are at least seven low height (0.1-0.6 m) ridges with an average wavelength of 40 m. The sand bar morphology appears to be a permanent feature in both form and position. The bars occur approximately between the mean high and low water levels during neap tides. This bar zone is related to the zone where the tide-induced moving shoreline velocity is largest in the cross-shore. The calculated depth-averaged tidal currents indicate that sediment movement occurs less than 4% of the tidal period of 12.5 h. The bed load transport rate estimated from the bar height and migration velocity is on the order of 1 X [10.sup.-4] [m.sup.2]/day and very small. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-950X(2007)133:5(343) CE Database subject headings: Sand bars; Morphology; Beach profile; Erosion; Field investigations; Tidal flats; Accretion.

A numerical model based on the time-averaged continuity, cross-shore momentum, longshore momentum, and energy equations is developed to predict the cross-shore variations of the mean and standard deviation of the free surface elevation and depth-averaged cross-shore and longshore velocities under obliquely incident irregular breaking waves. The suspended sediment volume per unit horizontal area is estimated using the computed energy dissipation rates due to wave breaking and bottom friction. The longshore suspended sediment transport rate is estimated as the product of the longshore current and suspended sediment volume. The developed model is compared with limited field and laboratory data. The calibrated model is in fair agreement with the data. The longshore suspended sediment transport rate is shown to be approximately proportional to the square of the longshore current. The developed model appears promising but will need to be evaluated using extensive data sets. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-950X(2007)133:4(296) CE Database subject headings: Littoral currents; Sediment transport; Sand; Beaches; Breaking waves; Suspended sediments; Surf zone.

Experiments were conducted in a wave flume to investigate wave seepage and overtopping of permeable stone slopes with wide crests. The numerical model based on the time-averaged continuity, momentum, and energy equations is extended to include the landward water flux due to wave seepage and overtopping. The measured wave runup distributions are fitted to the Weibull distribution whose shape parameter increases with the increase of the wave overtopping probability. The wave overtopping rate normalized by the wave-induced water flux at the still water shoreline is shown to depend on the wave overtopping probability and the horizontal number of stones above the maximum wave setup. A simple formula for the seepage rate is proposed by analyzing the seepage flow driven by the wave setup on the seaward slope. The extended numerical model is shown to be in agreement with the measurements of the free surface elevation, cross-shore velocity, wave runup, and seepage and overtopping rates but will need to be evaluated using more extensive data sets. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-950X(2007)133:4(245) CE Database subject headings: Seepage; Wave overtopping; Revetments; Beaches; Permeability; Breaking waves; Wave reflection; Slopes.

A numerical model based on time-averaged continuity, momentum, and energy equations is developed to predict the mean and standard deviation of the free surface elevation and horizontal fluid velocities above and inside a porous submerged breakwater. The energy dissipation rate due to irregular breaking waves is estimated using an existing formula that is modified for intense wave breaking on the steep seaward slope of the breakwater. This computationally efficient numerical model is an extension of the existing time-averaged model which is widely used to predict irregular breaking wave transformation on impermeable beaches. The developed model is shown to predict the cross-shore variations of the mean and standard deviation of the free surface elevation measured in a laboratory experiment where a submerged porous breakwater was placed on a gentle impermeable slope. The agreement for the measured horizontal velocity is marginal partly because this one-dimensional model does not predict the vertical velocity variation. This semiempirical model calibrated using the present experiment will need to be compared with additional experiments. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-950X(2007)133:2(104) CE Database subject headings: Breakwaters: Shoaling; Numerical models: Porous materials: Velocity.

Mudflat profiles were measured monthly along two cross-shore lines exceeding 1,000 m in the vicinity of a river mouth for 2 years. All the measured profiles are shown to be approximated within average errors of 3 cm by a quadratic profile with three parameters that vary with time. The temporal variations of the quadratic profile represented by the quadratic convexity, mean slope, and vertical displacement are correlated with available data on the tide level and range, significant wave height, wind speed, and river discharge in the vicinity of the field site. The vertical displacement varied in phase with the annual tide level variation of 40 cm, but the mudflat displacement was only 20% of the tide level displacement. The mudflat slope became gentler or steeper as the tide level rose or fell annually. The proposed quadratic profile approach may be useful in examining intertidal mudflat morphology at other sites. CE Database subject headings: Slopes; Sea level; Erosion; Accretion; Surveys; Tides.

Taijinkyofusho is a culture-related syndrome conceptualized in Japan. While previous studies suggest its psychopathological similarities to social phobia and obsessive-compulsive disorder, introspection regarding shame and low self-esteem is particularly linked to Japanese culture. We present three cases of Taijinkyofusho: Cases 1 and 2 show neurotic features while Case 3 shows delusional thoughts. Paroxetine was used for treatment but was productive in only the first two cases. Phobic and obsessive thought patterns were altered in Cases 1 and 2, suggesting that the significant core symptoms were responding to the treatment. In the future, large-scale pharmacological studies will be necessary to investigate treatment outcomes Taijinkyofusho. Such studies would contribute to providing information for effective treatment as well as for examining relationships between Taijinkyofusho and related disorders.

A synthesis of existing models and formulas is made to compute the virtual performance of rubble mound structures in shallow water under combined storm surge and breaking waves for sequences of hurricanes. The computed results for ten 500-year simulations are presented for a typical structure as an example. The crest height and armor weight of the structure are designed against the peak of a 100-year storm. The structure designed conventionally is exposed to approximately 350 storms for each 500-year simulation. The computed wave overtopping rate and volume during the entire duration of each storm are analyzed to assess the severity of flooding hazards. The computed progression of damage to the armor layer is caused episodically by several major storms but slows down as the structure ages. The computed results are also used to quantify the equivalent duration of the peak of a storm that yields the same overtopping water volume and damage increment as those computed for the entire storm duration. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-950X(2003)129:5(219) CE Database subject headings: Rubble-mound breakwaters; Hurricanes; Storm surges; Wind waves; Overtopping; Coastal structures.

A time-dependent cross-shore model for sand suspension and transport in the surf zone on a beach is compared with an irregular wave experiment that was conducted on an equilibrium terraced beach, consisting of fine sand in a wave flume. The measured free surface elevations and cross-shore velocities dominated by irregular wave motions are predicted within errors of the order of 20%. The measured sand concentrations dominated by intermittent high suspension events are predicted only within a factor of about two, because this 1D numerical model does not account for sand suspension processes due to eddies and turbulence generated by irregular breaking waves. The computed net cross-shore sediment transport rate is relatively small and is not zero when the net rate must be zero for the equilibrium beach. Relatedly, the computed difference between the time-averaged sand suspension and settling rates is relatively small and is not zero. A better understanding of sand suspension processes will be required to predict the small net rates more accurately. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-950X(2002)128:6(238) CE Database keywords: Sand transport; Suspension; Beaches; Surf zone.