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8. Fraction of apnea is associated with the required continuous positive airway pressure level and reflects upper airway collapsibility in patients with obstructive sleep apnea

Author

Nakayama, Hideaki, Takei, Youichiro, Kobayashi, Mina, Yanagihara, Mariko, and Inoue, Yuichi

Subjects
Male, Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine, Sleep Apnea, Obstructive, Continuous Positive Airway Pressure, Neurology, Polysomnography, Humans, Sleep, REM, Female, Neurology (clinical), Middle Aged, Scientific Investigations, Retrospective Studies
Abstract

STUDY OBJECTIVES: We aimed to determine whether the fraction of apnea (Fapnea) could be used as an alternative index to reflect upper airway collapsibility. METHODS: We retrospectively recruited 161 patients (16 women, mean age 47.8 years, body mass index [BMI] 28.0 kg/m(2), and apnea-hypopnea index 46.4 events/h) with moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea who had undergone nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) titration. Fapnea is defined as the percentage of apneic events relative to the total number of apneic and hypopneic events during sleep in a supine position on diagnostic polysomnography. We randomly split the data (70/30) into the development and validation datasets. In the development dataset, we conducted a multiple regression analysis to assess the association of variables, including age, sex, BMI, supine rapid eye movement (REM) sleep apnea-hypopnea index, and apnea with a CPAP level during supine REM sleep (REM_CPAP). Moreover, we developed an equation for predicting the CPAP level. Thereafter, we evaluated the correlation between the actual CPAP level and the value calculated using the model. RESULTS: BMI and Fapnea were the only significant factors that predicted the REM_CPAP level (adjusted r = .60, P

Published
2022

21. Feasibility study on real-time γ-ray spectrum / dose measurement system

Author

Kobayashi Mina, Sato Fuminobu, Kusaka Sachie, and Murata Isao

Subjects
Physics, QC1-999
Abstract

Recently, medical applications of radiation have been widely spread. However, exposure of medical staffs is sometimes not focused on because treatment of patients is the first priority. It is thus important to decrease exposure for them as much as possible. The purpose of this study is to develop a system which can measure energy spectrum and dose of gamma-rays at the same time in real time in medical application spots. As a result, the medical staff could be guided to aware the risk of radiation and finally the exposure dose to them could be suppressed substantially. We first decided to use a CsI(Tl) scintillator as the gamma-ray detection device. A Multi-Pixel Photon Counter (MPPC) was attached to the scintillator to detect gamma-ray signals. Pulse height spectra were measured with several standard gamma-ray sources. The detection efficiency and energy resolution were deduced from the measured results and the detection efficiency was compared with the calculation result by MCNP5. After evaluating the response function, the energy spectrum was derived with the spectrum type Bayesian estimation and the sequential Bayesian estimation procedure. From the result, it was confirmed that the sequential Bayesian estimation could be applied to real time measurement of gamma-ray energy spectrum and dose.

Published
2017
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22. Risk factors and clinical signs of severe Acanthamoeba keratitis

Author

Shimmura-Tomita,Machiko, Takano,Hiroko, Kinoshita,Nozomi, Toyoda,Fumihiko, Tanaka,Yoshiaki, Takagi,Rina, Kobayashi,Mina, and Kakehashi,Akihiro

Subjects
Acanthamoeba keratitis, genetic structures, keratoprecipitates, contact lens, aging, Clinical Ophthalmology, steroid eye drops, macromolecular substances, eye diseases, Original Research
Abstract

Machiko Shimmura-Tomita, Hiroko Takano, Nozomi Kinoshita, Fumihiko Toyoda, Yoshiaki Tanaka, Rina Takagi, Mina Kobayashi, Akihiro Kakehashi Department of Ophthalmology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama, Japan Purpose: To determine risk factors and clinical signs for severe Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) by comparing severe cases with mild cases with good prognosis.Patients and methods: We reviewed medical records of ten cases of AK (five males and five females) referred to our hospital and classified cases into two groups. One eye that required therapeutic keratoplasty and three eyes with a poor visual acuity (

Published
2018

25. Abstracts for the 6th Congress of Asian Sleep Research Society

Author

Kim, Seog Ju, Lyoo, In Kyoon, Lee, Yu-Jin, Jeong, Do-Un, Kanai, Hirohiko, Ookubo, Masanori, Yoshimura, Atsushi, Okawa, Masako, Yamada, Noto, Munezawa, Takeshi, Kaneita, Yoshitaka, Osaki, Yoneatsu, Kanda, Hideyuki, Ohtsu, Tadahiro, Minowa, Masumi, Suzuki, Kenji, Hijuchi, Susumu, Suzuki, Hiroyuki, Ohida, Takashi, Abe, Takashi, Komada, Yoko, Asaoka, Shoichi, Inoue, Yuichi, Lee, Jin-Seong, Cho, Sang-Yong, Kumar, Deependra, Mallick, Hruda N., Kumar, Velayudhan M., Kaushik, Mahesh K., Karashima, Akihiro, Katayama, Noiihiro, Nakao, Mitsuyuki, Nagendra, Ravindra P., Sulekha, Sathiamma, Narasappa, Sathyaprabha T., Nityanadan, Pradhan, Kutty, Bindu M., Nirmala, M., Ravindra, P. N., Tubaki, Basavaraj Ramappa, Sathyaprabha, T. N., Sudhakar, D., Lavekar, G. S., Chandrashekar, C. R., Kitaoka, Kazuyoshi, Shimizu, Mika, Chikahisa, Sachiko, Yoshizaki, Kazuo, Sei, Hiroyoshi, Kim, Jong-Won, Takegami, Misa, Yamazaki, Shin, Hayashino, Yasuaki, Ono, Rei, Otani, Koji, Sekiguchi, Miho, Konno, Shinichi, Fukuhara, Shunichi, Jakobson, Antonia J., Fitzgerald, Paul, Conduit, Russell, Li, Xin Shirley, Lam, Siu Ping Joyce, Yu, Wai Man Mandy, Wing, Yun Kwok, Okamoto-Mizuno, Kazue, Mizuno, Koh, Yamamoto, Mituaki, Shirakawa, Shuichiro, Doi, Hirokazu, Kato, Mikako, Shinohara, Kazuyuki, Tamaki, Masako, Matsuda, Shiori, Yamazaki, Katsuo, Hori, Tadao, Ogawa, Keiko, Takahashi, Kazumi, Kitahama, Kunio, Yamazaki, Katuo, Koyama, Yoshimasa, Shioda, Kohei, Ueda, Yugo, Nakamura, Yukiko, Inoue, Clara, Goto, Kazushige, Uchida, Sunao, Morita, Yuko, Honda, Yoshiko, Kodama, Tohru, Hagihara, Mari, Nakajima, Toru, Saito, Masato, Koga, Yoshihiko, Tanaka, Shinichiro, Yamadera, Hiroshi, Takahara, Madoka, Suwa, Sachiko, Onozuka, Minoru, Sato, Sadao, Togo, Fumiharu, Komatsu, Taiki, Mitani, Takeshi, Choi, Jongbae, Zhang, Bin, Sasai, Taeko, Mitsubayashi, Hiromi, Ohtsu, Mitsuhiro, Hasegawa, Isao, Ishii, Tatsuya, Komori, Akira, Suzuki, Asami, Nakahara, Yue, Hiroki, Mitsuyasu, Nakauma, Mariko, Someya, Nobuo, Ochiai, Tomomasa, Komori, Shouhei, Chiang, Rayleigh Ping-Ying, Yeh, Zai-Ting, Kim, Seong T., Yoon, Seung H., Kwon, Jeong S., Choi, Jong H., Ahn, Hyung J., Kim, Youngsoo, Yunren, Bolortuya, Chen, Lichao, Basheer, Radhika, Mccarley, Robert W., Strecker, Robert E., Honda, Makoto, Arai, Tetsuaki, Fukazawa, Miyuki, Honda, Yutaka, Tsuchiya, Kuniaki, Akiyama, Haruhiko, Mignot, Emmanuel, Jung, Ki-Young, Ko, Deokwon, Koo, Yong-Seo, Zhang, Jihui, Ping Lam, Siu, Hong, Seung Chul, Chung, Kyoo In, Lee, Sung Pil, Lee, Chung Tai, Seo, Ho Jun, Jeong, Jong Hyeon, Lim, Hyeon Kuk, Shin, Yoon Kyung, You, Ji Hee, Suzuki, Jun-Ichi, Ogawa, Masahito, Liu, Xianchen, Ye, Wenyu, Watson, Peter, Dube, Sanjay, Wohlreich, Madelaine, Kwan, Benjamin C. H., Joseph, Francoise, Mckenzie, David M., Lee, Bonne, Lee, Sang-Ahm, Lee, Eun-Mi, Kim, Cheon-Sik, Nishijima, Tsuguo, Sakurai, Shigeru, Tokunaga, Jun, Takahashi, Susumu, Kanbayashi, Takashi, Hitomi, Jirou, Shimizu, Tetsuo, Murashima, Koji, Ozaki, Masayuki, Hang, Liang-Wen, Lin, Chen-Liang, Huang, Cheng-Ning, Huang, Wen-Yen, Choi, Ji Ho, Kim, Eun Joong, Kim, Tae Hoon, Lee, Sang Hag, Shin, Chol, Lee, Seung Hoon, Chen, Chia Chi, Lo, Men-Tzung, Lin, Chen, Lee, Min-Ying, Lin, Chia-Mo, Tsuiki, Satoru, Kobayashi, Mina, Takashima, Akiyo, Maeda, Keiko, Matsuura, Masato, Furukawa, Tomokazu, Nakano, Hiroshi, Hirayama, Kenji, Tanahashi, Tokusei, Yoshihara, Kazufumi, Kubo, Chiharu, Sudo, Nobuyuki, Kim, Eui-Joong, Ahn, Young Min, Shin, Hong-Beom, Kim, Jong Won, Matsuo, Akira, Nakai, Takayuki, Tsuiki, Storu, Chiba, Higoshige, Sawada, Koki, Chiba, Shintaro, Endo, Makoto, Moriwaki, Hiroto, Uchida, Ryo, Kim, Sung Wan, Chung, Dae Han, Shin, Seung Youp, Lee, Kun Hee, Cho, Joong Saeng, Tazoe, Mari, Ayuse, Takao, Yamamura, Satoshi, Kirkness, Jason P., Oi, Kumiko, Ishida, Katsunori, Kato, Masahiko, Kato, Yosuke, Yanagihara, Kiyotaka, Kinugasa, Yoshiharu, Sugihara, Shinobu, Hirai, Masayuki, Hamada, Toshihiro, Igawa, Osamu, Hisatome, Ichiro, Shigemasa, Chiaki, Shimizu, Noriyuki, Oura, Masahiro, Usui, Akira, Okajima, Isa, Matsuura, Noriko, Hiroki, Ikeda, Mitsuo, Hayashi, Choi, Jiae, Yoon, Inyoung, Furutani, Maki, Takase, M., Nakayama, K., Kita, Y., Sakohara, T., Yoshimura, H., Satoki, Y., Sakai, Y., Murakami, A., Kouno, K., Ikeda, R., Tanaka, H., Tanaka, Hideki, Yamano, Emi, Fukuda, Sanae, Joudoi, Takako, Mizuno, Kei, Tanaka, Masaaki, Kawatani, Junko, Takano, Miyuki, Tomoda, Akemi, Imai-Matsumura, Kyoko, Miike, Teruhisa, Watanabe, Yasuyoshi, Furihata, Ryuji, Uchiyama, Makoto, Takahashi, Sakae, Suzuki, Masahiro, Konno, Chisato, Ohsaki, Kouichi, Chiang, Hsin Ju, Tsai, Ling Ling, Weng, Chia Ying, Kawauchi, Tomomi, Tanaka, Yuu, Ohira, Hideki, Na, Hae-Ran, Kang, Eun-Ho, Sim, Hyun-Bo, Woo, Jong-Min, Yu, Bum-Hee, Ahmed, Wael, Kitanaka, Takahiro, Nishimura, Yoichi, Ando, Kayoko, Kurahashi, Hiroki, Abe, Akiko, Yamamoto, Ryuichiro, Matsuda, Michikazu, Ogawa, Toru, Ito, Toshimi, Suzuki, Tasuku, Sasaki, Keiichi, Shinno, Hideto, Otsuki, Manabu, Tsuchiya, Satoshi, Oka, Yasunori, Kawada, Seiichi, Innami, Toshihiko, Horikoshi, Tatsuru, Sasaki, Akira, Hineno, Takashi, Sakamoto, Tetsuro, Inami, Yasushi, Yamashita, Hidehisa, Mizuno, Soichi, Nakamura, Yu, Horiguchi, Jun, Iwanaga, Koichi, Kanemura, Takashi, Ohno, Mikako, Kato, Yuichi, Miyazaki, Soichiro, Maritani, Shinji, Ito, Yukihiko, Shen, Manzhen, Takahashi, Satomi, Kajiwara, Nobuko, Satoh, Makoto, Kinouchi, Kaori, Tokuyama, Kana, Akai, Yukiko, Fukuyama, Tomoko, Takahashi, Hiroe, Tanbara, Tadashi, Nishihara, Kyoko, Ozawa, Nobuyuki, Shin, Duk, Sakai, Hiroyuki, Uchiyama, Yuji, Wakita, Toshihiro, Sugi, Takenao, Yoshiyama, Hiroaki, Matsuoka, Genya, Sakai, Kazuhiro, Nakamura, Masatoshi, Cho, Yong Won, Lee, Joo Hwa, Jung, Sang Hun, Cho, Hwa Ra, Yi, Sang Doe, Kobayashi, Masato, Moromugi, Shunji, Sakamoto, Taichi, Ishimatsu, Takakazu, Lee, Jeong Su, Chung, Gih Sung, Park, Kwang Suk, Shin, Won Chul, Yoon, Jung Eun, Jang, Eun Joo, Sung, Min Jee, Cha, Hyun Keuk, Taguchi, T., Nakamori, M., Taneike, R., Hayashi, A., Sugimori, S., Kamiyama, J., Hamada, T., Itoi, H., Koyama, Emi, Kubo, Tomohide, Takahashi, Masaya, Sato, Tomoaki, Sasaki, Takeshi, Oka, Tatsuo, Iwasaki, Kenji, Son, Mia, Yeom, Myeonggul, Harma, Mikko, Wakamura, Tomoko, Tojo, Chiaki, Horita, Sachiko, Takahashi, Ken-Ichi, Sumi, Kensuke, Nakayama-Ashida, Yukiyo, Nakamura, Takaya, Minami, Itunari, Oka, Yasunari, Chin, Kazuo, Kadotani, Hiroshi, Hayashi, Etsuko, Kato, Rumiko, Tanaka, Yu, Yamamoto, Takuro, Yamashita, Shiko, Matsumoto, Masahiro, Nakashima, Yusaku, Soma, Haruhiko, Yasuda, Akio, Kuriki, Ayano, Hayashi, Mituo, MurakI, Takeya, Yamashiro, Keitaro, Aritomi, Ryoji, Sakurai, Shihomi, Kishi, Akifumi, Natelson, Benjamin H., Struzik, Zbigniew R., Yamamoto, Yoshiharu, Terashima, Ryuta, Nakade, Miyo, Murata, Chiyoe, Hirai, Hiroshi, Kondo, Katsunori, Tsutsui, Hideyo, Tsuboi, Hirohito, Ojima, Toshiyuki, Fu, Ying-Hui, He, Ying, Jones, Christopher, Fujiki, Nobuhiro, Nishino, Seiji, Ito, Asao, Fredholm, Bertil B., Hillman, David R., Hayashi, Mitsuo, Kennaway, David J., Mallick, H. N., Hui, David S., Chee, Michael W. L., Takahashi, Toshiharu, Sasaki, Mitsuo, Gedal, Lalaine, Honma, Sato, Yoshikawa, Tomoko, Hashimoto, Satoko, Honma, Ken-Ichi, Lee, Li-Ang, Li, Hsueh-Yu, Tsai, Ling-Ling, Hsieh, Shulan, Zucconi, Marco, Yang, Chien-Ming, Lo, Hsiao-Sui, Wu, Chia-Suo, Huang, Yen-Ling, Tsai, Ming-Chieh, Han, Fang, Yoshida, Kazuya, Mcardle, Nigel, Jung, Chul Ho, Choi, Ji Hye, Soon, Park Chan, Sarte, Michael Alexius A., Wai, Talen, Sasao, Yasuhiro, Liu, Lianqi, Owens, Judith, Shrivastava, Deepak, Kanabayashi, Takashi, Hishikawa, Yasuo, Naughton, Matthew T., Miyamoto, Masayuki, Lam, Jamie C., Dworak, Markus, Kalinchuk, Anna, Kim, Tae, Brown, Ritchie, Strecker, Robert, Huang, Yu-Shu, Tsou, Meng-Chen, Hsu, Shih-Pin, Vachiramon, Amornpong, Nakata, Seiichi, Luppi, Pierre-Herve, Chen, Ning-Hung, Mallick, Birendra N., Hong, Seung Bong, Ho, Crover K., Goh, Yau Hong, Mark, Ignatius, Opp, Mark R., Sullivan, Colin E., Kim, Kwang-Jin, Preutthipan, Aroonwan, Strohl, Kingman P., Fuller, Patrick, Wang, Yang, Bhatia, Manvir, Lee, Chul Hee, and Bassetti, Claudio L.

Published
2009
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42. For restructuring of the syllabus : The meaning and limitations of Japanese native speaker evaluation

Author

Kobayashi, Mina

Abstract

How do Japanese native speakers evaluate learners' Japanese performance? In this paper, I report on a preliminary research study carried out on this topic, and reexamine the working hypothesis that has been obtained. Next, I introduce the outline of a "Japanese evaluation" research project on which we have been working during the current year, and confirm the significance of this research. It is pointed out that there is a possibility that its results are not being considered though restructuring the syllabus, and that this restructuring is a pressing need in the field of Japanese language education.

Published
2000

43. Words expressing approximation : A study based on an academic proceedings corpus

Author

Kobayashi, Mina

Subjects
ほぼ, 約, 概数をあらわす語, コーパス, およそ, 学会抄録論文
Abstract

理系学会大会の抄録論文等を第一次資料とするコーパス（＝学会抄録コーパス）を作成し、「概数をあらわす語（約、ほぼ、およそ等）」の意味、用法について、特に後接する語の種類に注目して分析した。それにより、次の5点がわかった。1）コーパスにあらわれた7種類の「概数をあらわす語」は、「頻繁に使用される語」、「あまり使用されない語」、「ほとんど使用されない語」の3つの語群に分類できる。2）「約」と「ほぼ」には「約+数値」、「ほぼ+数値以外」というすみわけがみられる。3）「約+数値以外」の用例はすべて「半～」という語句であった。このことから、「約」に後接可能という意味では「半数、半生、半分」は「数値」と等しいと言える。4）「ほぼ+数値」の半数以上の用例が「極限の意味を含む数値あるいは文脈」であり、これは「ほぼ+数値以外」の用例にも共通する特徴である。5）「ほぼ+数値以外」が使われるのは、「ある基準あるいは定義に照らしてその状態である」といった文脈であることが非常に多い。これらの知見は母語話者の内省や既存の国語辞書の記述からは得られないものである。また、日本語教育への還元という意味では、適切な産出のために必要な情報提供という点で有益なものと思われる。, This paper investigates the usage of words expressing approximation. Careful observation based on an academic proceeding corpus suggests the following findings. 1) The following seven words expressing approximation are observed in the corpus : yaku, hobo, oomune, ooyoso, oyoso, daitai and ookata. They can be classified into three groups by frequency : frequent words (yaku, hobo), relatively infrequent words (oomune, ooyoso, oyoso), and rarely used words (daitai, ookata). 2) Both yaku and hobo are used frequently, but they differ in the kind of words which commonly follow them: in the vast majority of cases, yaku is used with numbers and hobo with non-numbers. 3) Number words which collocate with yaku include hansuu, hansei, hanbun. 4) Over half the combination of hobo + number carry the meaning of a limit. This meaning is also observed in combinations of hobo + non-number 5) Combinations of hobo + non-number are often used in sentences with the contextual meaning 'be in a certain condition accruing to some criterion'. These findings could not be arrived at through the intuition of native speaker or Japanese dictionaries, and they provide useful information for acceptable Japanese production.

Published
1999

45. How do Japanese learners syllabify word-final [t/d] ?

Author

Kobayashi, Mina

Subjects
開音節化, 日本語化規則の習得, 母音の添加, 解答の一貫性, 外来語表記
Abstract

外国語（主として英語）が日本語の体系に外来語として取り込まれる際に適用される日本語化規則の習得過程を調べるために、「英単語を見て、日本語の外来語としてかたかなで、表記する」という調査を実施した。本稿では、このうち、米国の大学で日本語を学ぶ初級学習者（60名）を対象とする調査の結果を取り上げ、単語末の[t]、[d] の開音節化について考察した。語末に[t/d]をもつ調査語（5語/4語）に対する解答がどれだけ一貫しているかによって、被験者を3つのグループにわけ、分散分析を行った。その結果、各グループ間には1%水準で有意差が認められ、正答であれ誤答であれ解答に一貫性がみられる被験者は、開音節化規則全体の得点も高いことが検証された。これは、日本語学習者にとっての外来語の習得というものが、個別的な単語の暗記－即ち語彙数の増加－ではなく、日本語化規則の体系を自己の中に構築しながら進んでいくプロセスであることを意味している。, This study focusses on the question of how learners of Japanese syllabify English word-final [t/d] in Japanese loanwords. A test requiring 48 English words to be rendered in katakana was conducted with 60 native speakers of English enrolled in elementary Japanese classes. Three groups of subjects were identified on the basis of their responses. Answers were processsed by personal computer. A statistically significant difference at a level of 1% was found between the three groups, and subjects who answered consistently, whether correctly or incorrectly, were shown to score highly on all syllabification rules. This finding shows that the acquisition of loanwords by learners of Japanese does not proceed through word-by-word memorization, but through the construction of a system of Japanization rules.

Published
1998

48. Principal Component Analysis of Multimodal Neuromelanin MRI and Dopamine Transporter PET Data Provides a Specific Metric for the Nigral Dopaminergic Neuronal Density

Author

Kawaguchi, Hiroshi, primary, Shimada, Hitoshi, additional, Kodaka, Fumitoshi, additional, Suzuki, Masayuki, additional, Shinotoh, Hitoshi, additional, Hirano, Shigeki, additional, Kershaw, Jeff, additional, Inoue, Yuichi, additional, Nakamura, Masaki, additional, Sasai, Taeko, additional, Kobayashi, Mina, additional, Suhara, Tetsuya, additional, and Ito, Hiroshi, additional

Published
2016
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50. How do Japanese learners create an open syllable in loanwords? : a case of non-English speakers

Author

Kobayashi, Mina

Subjects
開音節化, S-P表, 日本語化規則の習得, 音韻規則, 母音の添加と挿入, 外来語表記
Abstract

論文中の「表4:チェックポイン卜に基づくS-P表」については、一枚の表を2ページに分割して掲載しております。, 日本語学習者が、外国語が外来語として日本語にとりこまれる際の日本語化規則を習得する過程を調べるために、初級の日本語学習者（17名）を対象に、「英語を日本語の外来語としてかたかなで表記する」という48の英単語からなる調査を実施した。学習者の回答をパーソナルコンピュータ上でデータベースに入力し、正解率、誤答例などを日本語化規則ごとに出力した。本稿では、このうち、開音節化に関する規制をとりあげ、考察する。開音節化規則の平均正解率は56.43%であり、音韻に関する規則の中で、もっとも高かった。しかし、「かたかなで表記する」という調査方法そのものが、開音節化と直結しているため、学習者が本当の意味で日本語の音韻体系の習得に成功しているかどうかについては、本調査の結果からは判断することはできない。次に、開音節化規則が適用された36語、延べ55箇所（=チェックポイント）に対する回答に基づいて、S-P表を作成し分析したところ、次の3点がわかった。1）17名の学習者は、開音節化規則について等質と考えられる。2）問題項目としての開音節化規則も、ほぼ等質と考えられる。しかし、[t / d / dʒ / tʃ / m] の開音節化規則については、異質であることが観察される。3）前舌母音に後続する[k]、[tʃ / dʒ / ʃ / θ ] 、音節末の[ŋ]、音節末以外の[p]、[u] が添加される[t]、は習得しにくい。以上のことから、音韻論上の制約、また、年代的に古い外来語などにしか適用されない生産性の低さ、などの点で、開音節化規制において例外といえる規則は、習得の面においても、習得しにくい、言い換えれば、有標（marked）な規則であることが示唆される。また、本調査の被験者間にみられた習得の傾向が、縦断的な習得のプロセスを反映しているとすれば、日本語学習者は「基本的な開音節化規則→子音による例外規則→語彙による例外規則」の順で、開音節化規則を習得していることが推測される。, This study focuses on the question of how Japanese learners create an open syllable to, adapt English words into Japanese loanwords. A test consisted of 48 English words required them to spell out in katakana, and it was conducted on 17 non-English native speakers who enrolled am elementary Japanese class. The answers were fed into a personal computer, from which I generated a Student-Problem Score Table (S-P table). Through careful observation of S-P table I identified the following three points: 1) In spite of the differences of their native languages, answers of 17 subjects in this study have same features. 2) Though most of rules about creation open syllables have same features, the rules related to consonants [t / d / dʒ /tʃ / m] were different. 3) It is possible to say that the rules on the following consonants are hard to acquire to Japanese learners: [k] which is followed the front vowels, [tʃ / dʒ / ʃ / θ], [ŋ] which placed at the end of syllable, [p] which placed head or middle of syllable and [t] which follows [u]. From these findings above, we may say that the marked rules considered "marked" from a phonological point of view can be also treated as "marked" from an acquisition point of view. It is also suggested that the variation among the subjects of this study reflects a longitudinal process of the acquisition of Japanese.

Published
1997

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