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In order to increase the effectiveness of cancer treatment, new compounds with potential anticancer activities are synthesized and screened. Here we present the screening of a new class of compounds, 1-(2-picolyl)-, 4-(2-picolyl)-, 1-(2-pyridyl)-, and 4-(2-pyridyl)-3-methyl-1,2,3-triazolium salts and ‘parent’ 1,2,3-triazole precursors.

In this computational study, density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT methods (TD-DFT) were employed to study the optical properties of six families of molecules with donor (D), bridge (B), and acceptor (A) fragments that have potential for use as fluorescent molecular probes for the early detection of Alzheimer's disease. After validating our computational method against experimental data, using X-ray and absorption data, the equilibrium geometries and wave functions of the ground and first singlet excited states were systematically studied. Our simulations demonstrate that the S 1 states of these rod-like D-B-A fluorescent probes are twisted intramolecular charge transfer states with a predominant highest occupied molecular orbital-least unoccupied molecular orbital (HOMO-LUMO) character, the former localized primarily at the donor, whereas the latter at the acceptor site. Moreover, the influence of the bridge, donor, and acceptor fragments on molecules' absorption energies is explored, highlighting the influence of double and triple bonds and some specific modifications on the acceptor side, including the addition of electronegative atoms, pyranone derivatives, and their functionalization. By having the absorption energies of 324 probes in hand, machine learning models were trained to predict the absorption energies of molecules. The models were found to be predictive, which suggests a potential that predictive models for other crucial properties, such as emission and quantum yield, can also be trained if suitable training data sets are made available.

The aryl O -carbamate (ArOAm) group is among the strongest of the directed metalation groups (DMGs) in directed ortho metalation (D o M) chemistry, especially in the form Ar-OCONEt 2 . Since the last comprehensive review of metalation chemistry involving ArOAms (published more than 30 years ago), the field has expanded significantly. For example, it now encompasses new substrates, solvent systems, and metalating agents, while conditions have been developed enabling metalation of ArOAm to be conducted in a green and sustainable manner. The ArOAm group has also proven to be effective in the anionic ortho -Fries (A o F) rearrangement, Directed remote metalation (D re M), iterative D o M sequences, and D o M-halogen dance (HalD) synthetic strategies and has been transformed into a diverse range of functionalities and coupled with various groups through a range of cross-coupling (CC) strategies. Of ultimate value, the ArOAm group has demonstrated utility in the synthesis of a diverse range of bioactive and polycyclic aromatic compounds for various applications.

Fluorescent probes are a powerful tool for imaging amyloid β (Aβ) plaques, the hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Herein, we report the synthesis and comprehensive characterization of 21 novel probes as well as their optical properties and binding affinities to Aβ fibrils. One of these dyes, 1Ae, exhibited several improvements over FDDNP, an established biomarker for Aβ- and Tau-aggregates. First, 1Ae had large Stokes shifts (138-213 nm) in various solvents, thereby reducing self-absorption. With a high quantum yield ratio (φ(dichloromethane/methanol) = 104), 1Ae also ensures minimal background emission in aqueous environments and high sensitivity. In addition, compound 1Ae exhibited low micromolar binding affinity to Aβ fibrils in vitro (K d = 1.603 µM), while increasing fluorescence emission (106-fold) compared to emission in buffer alone. Importantly, the selective binding of 1Ae to Aβ 1-42 fibrils was confirmed by an in cellulo assay, supported by ex vivo fluorescence microscopy of 1Ae on postmortem AD brain sections, allowing unequivocal identification of Aβ plaques. The intermolecular interactions of fluorophores with Aβ were elucidated by docking studies and molecular dynamics simulations. Density functional theory calculations revealed the unique photophysics of these rod-shaped fluorophores, with a twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) excited state. These results provide valuable insights into the future application of such probes as potential diagnostic tools for AD in vitro and ex vivo such as determination of Aβ 1-42 in cerebrospinal fluid or blood., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.. All rights reserved.)

We have developed an efficient and versatile approach for the synthesis of a family of 1,2,3-triazole-based mesoionic N-heterocyclic olefin (mNHO) ligands and investigated their coordination to palladium, gold, and boron hydride experimentally and computationally. We reacted mNHOs obtained through deprotonation of the corresponding methylated and ethylated 1,3,4-triaryl-1,2,3-triazolium salts with [Pd(allyl)Cl] 2 to give the corresponding [Pd(η 3 -allyl)Cl(mNHO)] coordination complexes. 13 C NMR data revealed the strong σ-donor character of the mNHO ligands, consistent with the calculated bond orders and atom-condensed charges. Furthermore, we also synthesized [AuCl(mNHO)] and a BH 3 -mNHO adduct by reacting the triazolium salts with AuCl(SMe 2 ) and BH 3 ·THF, respectively. The BH 3 -mNHO adduct was tested in the reduction of select aldehydes and ketones to alcohols.

Immunomodulatory imide drugs (IMiDs) such as thalidomide, pomalidomide, and lenalidomide are the most common cereblon (CRBN) recruiters in proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC) design. However, these CRBN ligands induce the degradation of IMiD neosubstrates and are inherently unstable, degrading hydrolytically under moderate conditions. In this work, we simultaneously optimized physiochemical properties, stability, on-target affinity, and off-target neosubstrate modulation features to develop novel nonphthalimide CRBN binders. These efforts led to the discovery of conformationally locked benzamide-type derivatives that replicate the interactions of the natural CRBN degron, exhibit enhanced chemical stability, and display a favorable selectivity profile in terms of neosubstrate recruitment. The utility of the most potent ligands was demonstrated by their transformation into potent degraders of BRD4 and HDAC6 that outperform previously described reference PROTACs. Together with their significantly decreased neomorphic ligase activity on IKZF1/3 and SALL4, these ligands provide opportunities for the design of highly selective and potent chemically inert proximity-inducing compounds.

In the synergistic dual catalytic process, the kinetics of the catalytic cycles must be balanced for the successful outcome of the reaction. Therefore, the analysis of the kinetics of the independent catalytic cycles is essential for such reactions, as it enables their relational optimization as well as their design. Here we describe an analysis of the mechanism of a catalytic synergistic bimetallic reaction through the experimental study of a palladium-catalysed cross-coupling of aryl halides with terminal alkynes, an example of a monometallic dual catalytic process. The proposed mechanism of the investigated reaction was disassembled into two palladium catalytic cycles and further into elementary reactions, and each step was studied independently. The described mechanistic analysis allowed us to identify the rate-determining step of the catalytic process by comparing the rates of the elementary reactions under similar reaction conditions, balanced kinetics of the palladium catalytic cycles, and also in which step which reagent enters the catalytic cycle and how., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly contagious disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Initially identified in Wuhan (China) in December 2019, COVID-19 rapidly spread globally, resulting in the COVID-19 pandemic. Carriers of the SARS-CoV-2 can experience symptoms ranging from mild to severe (or no symptoms whatsoever). Although vaccination provides extra immunity toward SARS-CoV-2, there has been an urgent need to develop treatments for COVID-19 to alleviate symptoms for carriers of the disease. In seeking a potential treatment, deuterated compounds have played a critical role either as therapeutic agents or as internal MS standards for studying the pharmacological properties of new drugs by quantifying the parent compounds and metabolites. We have identified >70 examples of deuterium-labeled compounds associated with treatment of COVID-19. Of these, we found 9 repurposed drugs and >20 novel drugs studied for potential therapeutic roles along with a total of 38 compounds (drugs, biomarkers, and lipids) explored as internal mass spectrometry standards. This review details the synthetic pathways and modes of action of these compounds (if known), and a brief analysis of each study., Competing Interests: The authors declare the following competing financial interest(s): V.D. is an employee of Sanofi and may hold shares or options in the company. The other authors declare no competing financial interest., (© 2022 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.)

Herein, we report a computational algorithm that follows a spectroscopist-driven elucidation process of the structure of an organic molecule based on IR, 1 H and 13 C NMR, and MS tabular data. The algorithm is independent from database searching and is based on a bottom-up approach, building the molecular structure from small structural fragments visible in spectra. It employs an analytical combinatorial approach with a graph search technique to determine the connectivity of structural fragments that is based on the analysis of the NMR spectra, to connect the identified structural fragments into a molecular structure. After the process is completed, the interface lists the compound candidates, which are visualized by the WolframAlpha computational knowledge engine within the interface. The candidates are ranked according to the predefined rules for analyzing the spectral data. The developed elucidator has a user-friendly web interface and is publicly available (http://schmarnica.si).

Simultaneous introduction of two different palladium (pre)catalysts, one tuned to promote oxidative addition to (hetero)aryl bromide and another to activate terminal alkyne substrate, leads to productive Pd-Pd transmetalation, subsequent reductive elimination, and formation of disubstituted alkyne. This conceptually novel rational design of copper-free Sonogashira reaction enabled facile identification of the reaction conditions, suitable for the synthesis of alkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl substituted alkynes at room temperature with as low as 0.125 mol % total Pd loading.

(1-(2,4-Dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-3-yl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl acetates substituted on nitrogen atom of quinolinedione moiety with propargyl group or (1-substituted 1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl group, which are available from the appropriate 3-(4-hydroxymethyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)quinoline-2,4(1H,3H)-diones unsubstituted on quinolone nitrogen atom by the previously described procedures, were deacetylated by acidic ethanolysis. Thus obtained primary alcohols, as well as those aforenamed unsubstituted on quinolone nitrogen atom, were oxidized to aldehydes on the one hand with pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC), on the other hand with manganese dioxide, and to carboxylic acids using Jones reagent in acetone. The structures of all prepared compounds were confirmed by 1H, 13C and 15N NMR spectroscopy. The corresponding resonances were assigned on the basis of the standard 1D and gradient selected 2D NMR experiments (1H-1H gs-COSY, 1H-13C gs-HSQC, 1H-13C gs-HMBC) with 1H-15N gs-HMBC as a practical tool to determine 15N NMR chemical shifts at the natural abundance level of 15N isotope.

The cationic palladium(II) complex 1 of pyridyl-mesoionic carbene ligand catalyzes Markovnikov-selective intermolecular hydroamination between anilines and terminal alkynes into the corresponding imines. The reaction proceeds at room temperature, in the absence of additives, with exquisite selectivity and diverse functional group tolerance. The key intrinsic feature of the catalyst is the pyridine wingtip confined to the proximity of the alkynophilic metal active site, which mimics the function of enzyme-like architectures by assisting entropically favored proton transfers.

Surfactants in commercial products commonly contain catanionic mixtures thus many studies of aqueous surfactant mixtures have been carried out. However, hardly any studies have been dedicated to pure catanionic surfactants often termed salt-free catanionic surfactants. One of the difficulties is in acquirement of samples with required purity due to difficult separation of these compounds from inorganic salts. In this work we present an alternative method of synthesis using dimethyl carbonate as the alkylating agent in order to obtain alkyl trimethylammonium alkanecarboxylates with medium alkyl chain lengths (6-10).

A robust, selective, and highly efficient method for the preparation of 1,3,4-triaryl 1,2,3-triazolium salts has been developed. It features arylation of a click triazole with a diaryliodonium salt in the presence of a copper catalyst under neat conditions. The presence of pyridine functionality is tolerated, enabling the first access to key precursors of pyridyl-mesoionic carbene ligands. The method has been integrated into a one-pot protocol with terminal alkyne, sodium azide, and diaryliodonium salt as starting compounds.

The high frequency of the synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) emergence renders this group of new psychoactive compounds particularly demanding in terms of detection, identification, and responding. Without the available reference material, one of the specific problems is differentiation and structure elucidation of constitutional isomers. Herein, we report a simple and efficient flow chart diagram applicable for a rapid nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) identification and differentiation between azaindoles, 4-, 5-, 6-, and 7-azaindole, which is a common structural motif of synthetic cannabinoids. The flow chart diagram is based on 1 H NMR and 1 H- 15 N NMR spectra, and to prove the concept, it has been tested on 5F-MDMB-P7AICA (1). Spectral and analytical data including standard 1D and 2D NMR spectra, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), Fourier transform infrared-attenuated total reflectant (FTIR-ATR), Raman, melting point, and combustion analysis are provided for compound 1., (© 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)

Purpose: Caution is warranted when in vitro results of biomarkers labeled with tritium were perfunctorily used to criticize in vivo data and conclusions derived with the same tracers labeled with positron emitters and positron emission tomography (PET). This concept is illustrated herein with the PET utilization of [ 18 F]FDDNP, a biomarker used for in vivo visualization of β-amyloid and tau protein neuroaggregates in humans, later contradicted by in vitro data reported with [ 3 H]FDDNP. In this investigation, we analyze the multiple factors involved in the experimental design of the [ 3 H]FDDNP in vitro study that led to the erroneous interpretation of results., Procedure: The present work describes full details on the synthesis, characterization, purity, and kinetics of radiolytic stability of [ 3 H]FDDNP. The optimal in vitro conditions for detecting tau and β-amyloid protein aggregates using macroscopic and microscopic autoradiography with both [ 18 F]FDDNP and [ 3 H]FDDNP are also presented. Macroscopic autoradiography determinations were performed with [ 3 H]FDDNP of verified purity using established methods described previously in the literature., Results: The autoradiographic results using phosphate buffered saline (PBS) with less than 1 % EtOH and pure, freshly prepared [ 3 H]FDDNP compared with the earlier reported data using [ 3 H]FDDNP of undetermined purity and PBS in 10 % EtOH demonstrate the critical importance of rigorous experimental design for meaningful in vitro determinations. [ 18 F]FDDNP binding to both amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles was confirmed by amyloid and tau immunohistochemical stains of adjacent tissues., Conclusions: This work illustrates the sensitivity of in vitro techniques to various experimental conditions and underscores that conclusions obtained from translational in vitro to in vivo determinations must always be performed with extreme care to avoid wrong interpretations that can be perpetuated and assumed without further analysis.

Azocarboxamides occupy a special place among azo ligands owing to their versatility for metal coordination. Herein ruthenium complexes with two different azocarboxamide ligands that differ in the presence (or not) of a coordinating pyridyl heterocycle are presented. By making full use of the O,N(amide), N(azo), and N(pyridyl) coordinating sites, the first diruthenium complex that is bridged by an azo ligand containing two different binding pockets was obtained. Moreover, it was conclusively proven that, in the mononuclear complexes, oxidation at the ruthenium center leads to a complete change of coordination at the chelating binding pocket. The complexes were characterized by NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Additionally, the mechanism of the aforementioned redox-triggered change in the chelating binding pocket and the electronic structures of all the complexes were investigated by a combination of electrochemistry, UV/Vis/NIR/EPR spectroelectrochemistry, and DFT calculations. This is first instance in which a redox-driven change in the complete chelating binding pocket has been observed in a ruthenium complex as well as with azo-based ligands. These results thus show the potential of these versatile azocarboxamide ligands to act as redox-driven switches with possible relevance to electrocatalysis., (© 2018 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

The seminal contributions by Sonogashira, Cassar and Heck in mid 1970s on Pd/Cu- and Pd-catalysed (copper-free) coupling of acetylenes with aryl or vinyl halides have evolved in myriad applications. Despite the enormous success both in academia and in industry, however, critical mechanistic questions of this cross-coupling process remain unresolved. In this study, experimental evidence and computational support is provided for the mechanism of copper-free Sonogashira cross-coupling reaction. In contrast to the consensus monometallic mechanism, the revealed pathway proceeds through a tandem Pd/Pd cycle linked via a multistep transmetallation process. This cycle is virtually identical to the Pd/Cu tandem mechanism of copper co-catalysed Sonogashira cross-couplings, but the role of Cu I is played by a set of Pd II species. Phosphine dissociation from the square-planar reactants to form transient three-coordinate Pd species initiates transmetallation and represents the rate-determining step of the process.

This study reports the development of a multi-residue method for determining 48 compounds of emerging concern (CEC) including three diclofenac transformation products (TP) in Slovenian wastewater (WW) and surface water (SW). For solid-phase extraction (SPE), Oasis™ Prime cartridges were favoured over Oasis HLB™. The validated method was then applied to 43 SW and 52 WW samples collected at nine locations. Ten bisphenols in WW and 14 bisphenols in SW were traced in Europe for the first time. Among all of the 48 targeted CEC, 21 were >LOQ in the influents and 20 in the effluents. One diclofenac TP was also quantified in WWs (3.04-78.1 ng L -1 ) for the first time. As expected, based on mass loads in the wastewater treatment plant influents, caffeine is consumed in high amounts (105,000 mg day -1 1000 inhab. -1 ) in Slovenia, while active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are consumed in lower amounts compared to other European countries. Removal was lower in winter in the case of four bisphenols (17-78%), one preservative (36%) and four APIs (-14-91%), but remained constant for caffeine, one API, two UV-filters and three preservatives (all >85.5%). Overall, a constructed wetland showed the lowest (0-80%) and most inconsistent removal efficiencies (SD > 40% for some CECs) of CECs including caffeine, two UV-filters, two preservatives and two APIs compared to other treatment technologies. The method was also able to quantify Bisphenol S in SW (<36.2 ng L -1 ). Environmental risk was assessed via risk quotients (RQs) based on WW and SW data. Two UV-filters (oxybenzone and dioxybenzone), estrone and triclosan, despite their low abundance posed a medium to high environmental risk with RQs between 0.282 (for HM-BP) and 15.5 (for E1)., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Derivatives of 3-(1 H -1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)quinoline-2,4(1 H ,3 H )-dione unsubstituted on quinolone nitrogen atom, which are available by the previously described four step synthesis starting from aniline, were exploited as intermediates in obtaining the title compounds. The procedure involves the introduction of propargyl group onto the quinolone nitrogen atom of mentioned intermediates by the reaction of them with propargyl bromide in N , N -dimethylformamide (DMF) in presence of a potassium carbonate and the subsequent formation of a second triazole ring by copper catalyzed cyclisation reaction with azido compounds. The products were characterized by ¹H, 13 C and 15 N NMR spectroscopy. The corresponding resonances were assigned on the basis of the standard 1D and gradient selected 2D NMR experiments (¹H⁻¹H gs-COSY, ¹H⁻ 13 C gs-HSQC, ¹H⁻ 13 C gs-HMBC) with ¹H⁻ 15 N gs-HMBC as a practical tool to determine 15 N NMR chemical shifts at the natural abundance level of 15 N isotope.

2-Arylazocarboxylate and 2-arylazocarboxamide derivatives can serve as replacements of typical Mitsunobu reagents such as diethyl azodicarboxylate. A systematic investigation of the reactivity and physical properties of those azo compounds has revealed that they have an excellent ability as Mitsunobu reagents. These reagents show similar or superior reactivity as compared to the known azo reagents and are applicable to the broad scope of substrates. p K a and steric effects of substrates have been investigated, and the limitation of the Mitsunobu reaction can be overcome by choosing suitable reagents from the library of 2-arylazocarboxylate and 2-aryl azocarboxamide derivatives. Convenient recovery of azo reagents is available by one-pot iron-catalyzed aerobic oxidation, for example. SC-DSC analysis of representative 2-arylazocarboxylate and 2-arylazocarboxamide derivatives has shown high thermal stability, indicating that these azo reagents possess lower chemical hazard compared with typical azo reagents.

A six-step synthetic route from 4-chloro-2-methylaniline to 5-chloro-2-(cyclobut-1-en-1-yl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-indole (1) has been reported. Compound 1a is a key impurity of reverse transcriptase inhibitor efavirenz, an important anti-HIV/AIDS drug. Synthetic challenges, dead ends, and detours are discussed.

Novel tetrachloridoruthenium(III) complex Na[trans-RuCl4(DMSO)(PyrDiaz)] (3) with pyridine-tethered diazenedicarboxamide PyrDiaz ligand (PyrDiaz = N1-(4-isopropylphenyl)-N2-(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)diazene-1,2-dicarboxamide) was synthesized by direct coupling of PyrDiaz with sodium trans-bis(dimethyl sulfoxide)tetrachloridoruthenate(III) (Na-[trans-Ru(DMSO)2Cl4]). Compound 3 is the analogue of the antimetastatic Ru(III) complex NAMI-A and NAMI-Pyr. Single crystal X.

Deposition of aggregates of hyperphosphorylated tau protein is a hallmark of tauopathies like Alzheimer and many other neurodegenerative diseases. A sensitive and selective method of in vivo detection of tau-aggregate presence and distribution could provide the means of an early diagnosis of tau-associated diseases. Furthermore, the use of selective molecular probes that enable histochemical differentiation of protein aggregates post-mortem would be advantageous for the insight into the properties of tau protein aggregates. We chose to design new molecular probes based on the structure of 2-(1-(6-((2-[ 18 F]fluoroethyl)(methyl)amino)-2-naphthyl)ethylidene)malononitrile to investigate their likelihood of fitting into VQIVYK tau protein binding channel model. In a modular approach, using cross-coupling reactions, we synthesized a series of candidates, radiolabeled them with fluorine-18 radioisotope, and determined their physicochemical and in vitro binding properties. Herein we report the synthesis of a series of molecular probes capable of detection of tau protein deposits in vitro.

In this study, a 50-membered library of substituted 4-hydroxyquinolin-2(1H)-ones and two closely related analogues was designed, scored in-silico for drug likeness and subsequently synthesized. Thirteen derivatives, all sharing a common 3-phenyl substituent showed minimal inhibitory concentrations against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra below 10 μM and against Mycobacterium bovis AN5A below 15 μM but were inactive against faster growing mycobacterial species. None of these selected derivatives showed significant acute toxicity against MRC-5 cells or early signs of genotoxicity in the Vitotox™ assay at the active concentration range. The structure activity study relation provided some insight in the further favourable substitution pattern at the 4-hydroxyquinolin-2(1H)-one scaffold and finally 6-fluoro-4-hydroxy-3-phenylquinolin-2(1H)-one (38) was selected as the most promising member of the library with a MIC of 3.2 μM and a CC 50 against MRC-5 of 67.4 μM., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Diaryltriazene derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their antimicrobial properties. Initial experiments showed some of these compounds to have activity against both methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococus aureus (MRSA) and Mycobacterium smegmatis, with MICs of 0.02 and 0.03 μg/mL respectively. Those compounds with potent anti-staphylococcal and anti-mycobacterial activity were not found to act as growth inhibitors of mammalian cell lines or yeast. Furthermore, we demonstrated that one of the most active anti-MRSA diaryltriazene derivatives was subject to very low frequencies of resistance at <10 -9 . Whole genome sequencing of resistant isolates identified mutations in the enzyme that lysylates phospholipids. This could result in the modification of phospholipid metabolism and consequently the characteristics of the staphylococcal cell membrane, ultimately modifying the sensitivity of these pathogens to triazene challenge. Our work has therefore extended the potential range of triazenes, which could yield novel antimicrobials with low levels of resistance., (Crown Copyright © 2016. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

An unprecedented reactivity of 3-aminoquinoline-2,4-diones is reported. Under basic conditions, these compounds undergo molecular rearrangement to furnish 1,4-benzodiazepine-2,5-diones. The transformations take place under mild reaction conditions by using 1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine, NaOEt, or benzyltrimethylammonium hydroxide as a base. A proposed mechanism of the rearrangement and the conformational equilibrium of 1,4-benzodiazepine-2,5-dione rings are discussed.

Pyridine-appended triazolylidene donors have been recently used as ligands in various homogeneous catalytic processes. We present here a new pyrimidine substituted triazolium salt which was prepared and used in the coordination to Ru II and Os II . The new triazolium salt and the obtained complexes were characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy. The molecular composition of the mentioned compounds was confirmed by positive ion electrospray ionization (ESI+) mass spectra. The new pyrimidyl containing complexes, as well as the related pyridyl-triazolylidene containing complexes, were applied in transfer hydrogenation reactions of carbonyls, alkenes, imines and nitroarenes. The pyrimidyl containing complexes reveal an over-all better activity in comparison to their pyridine bearing analogues. The studies of electronic effects of the ligands, as well as mechanistic insights for the reduction of nitrobenzene with three selected precatalysts are presented.

An investigation of the recently reported "fully catalytic Mitsunobu reaction" using catalytic amounts of a phosphine reagent and an azo reagent has shown that although benzyl 4-nitrobenzoate is formed under the fully catalytic conditions, the same result is obtained if the hydrazine catalyst is omitted, indicating that this is not a Mitsunobu reaction. In addition, when the reaction between (-)-ethyl lactate and 4-nitrobenzoic acid was carried out using the "fully catalytic" method, the corresponding ester was formed but in very low yield and with predominant retention of configuration. Unfortunately, the system catalytic in phosphine reagent is incompatible with that in the azo reagent.

Ethyl 2-arylhydrazinecarboxylates can work as organocatalysts for Mitsunobu reactions because they provide ethyl 2-arylazocarboxylates through aerobic oxidation with a catalytic amount of iron phthalocyanine. First, ethyl 2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)hydrazinecarboxylate has been identified as a potent catalyst, and the reactivity of the catalytic Mitsunobu reaction was improved through strict optimization of the reaction conditions. Investigation of the catalytic properties of ethyl 2-arylhydrazinecarboxylates and the corresponding azo forms led us to the discovery of a new catalyst, ethyl 2-(4-cyanophenyl)hydrazinecarboxylates, which expanded the scope of substrates. The mechanistic study of the Mitsunobu reaction with these new reagents strongly suggested the formation of betaine intermediates as in typical Mitsunobu reactions. The use of atmospheric oxygen as a sacrificial oxidative agent along with the iron catalyst is convenient and safe from the viewpoint of green chemistry. In addition, thermal analysis of the developed Mitsunobu reagents supports sufficient thermal stability compared with typical azo reagents such as diethyl azodicarboxylate (DEAD). The catalytic system realizes a substantial improvement of the Mitsunobu reaction and will be applicable to practical synthesis.

An efficient, highly regioselective hydrolysis and transesterification of dimethyl 3-benzamidophthalates into the corresponding carboxylic acid monoesters and mixed esters (including tert-butyl esters) under basic conditions is presented. The selectivity is governed by the neighboring 3-benzamido moiety's participation and by the nature of the solvent. In alcohols the reaction occurred exclusively at the ortho-position to the benzamido functionality, in pyridine or acetonitrile at both ester groups. An insight into the mechanistic pathway was obtained from a (1)H NMR study in perdeuteromethanol.

A novel bis(pyridyl-functionalized 1,2,3-triazol-5-ylidene)-palladium(II) complex [Pd(Py-tzNHC)2](2+) catalyses the copper-, amine-, phosphine-, and additive-free aerobic Sonogashira alkynylation of (hetero)aryl bromides in water as the only reaction solvent. The catalysis proceeds along two connected Pd-cycles with homogeneous bis-carbene Pd(0) and Pd(II) species, as demonstrated by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.

1,3-Diaryltriazenes (1) were let to react with [RuCl2(p-cymene)]2 in the presence of trimethylamine to give neutral 1,3-diaryltriazenido(p-cymene)ruthenium(II) complexes, [RuCl(p-cymene)(ArNNNAr)] (2). The molecular composition of the products 2 was confirmed by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The structures of the selected complexes were confirmed by a single crystal X-ray analysis. All triazenido-ruthenium complexes were highly cytotoxic against human cervical carcinoma HeLa cells with IC50 below 6μM, as determined by a spectrophotometric MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide) method. The most active was [RuCl(p-cymene)(ArNNNAr)] (Ar=4-Cl-3-(CF3)-C6H3) (2g) with IC50 of 0.103±0.006μM. In comparison with the data for the non-coordinated triazenes 1, the triazenido-ruthenium complexes 2 exhibited up to 560-times higher activity. Three selected complexes were highly cytotoxic also against several tumor cell lines: laryngeal carcinoma HEp-2 cells and their drug-resistant HEp-2 subline (7T), colorectal carcinoma HCT-116 cells, lung adenocarcinoma H460 cells, and mammary carcinoma MDA-MB-435 cells. The compounds 2g and [RuCl(p-cymene)(ArNNNAr)] (Ar=4-I-C6H4) (2j) were similarly cytotoxic against parental and drug-resistant cells. Time and dose dependent accumulation of the cells in the S phase of the cell cycle was induced by the compound 2g, triggering apoptosis. Our preliminary results indicate triazenido-ruthenium complexes as promising anticancer drug candidates., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Chelating ligands with one pyridine donor and one mesoionic carbene donor are fast establishing themselves as privileged ligands in homogeneous catalysis. The synthesis of several new Ir(III)-Cp*- and Os(II)-Cym complexes (Cp* = pentamethylcyclopentadienyl, Cym = p-cymene=4-isopropyl-toluene) derived from chelating pyridyltriazolylidenes where the additional pyridine donor was incorporated via the azide part of the triazole is presented. Furthermore, different 4-substituted phenylacetylene building blocks have been used to introduce electronic fine-tuning in the ligands. The ligands thus can be generally described as 4-(4-R-phenyl)-3-methyl-1-(pyridin-2-yl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-5-ylidene (with R being H (L(1)), Me (L(2)), OMe (L(3)), CN (L(4)), CF3 (L(5)), Br (L(6)) or NO2 (L(7))). The corresponding complexes (Ir-1 to Ir-7 and Os-1 to Os-7) were characterized by standard spectroscopic methods, and the expected three-legged, piano-stool type coordination was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis of selected compounds. Together with Ru(II) analogues previously reported by us, a total of 21 complexes were tested as (pre)catalysts for the transfer hydrogenation of carbonyl groups, showing a remarkable reactivity even at very low catalyst loadings. The electronic effects of the ligands as well as different substrates were investigated. Some mechanistic elucidations are also presented., (© 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

A general protocol to independently access stereoisomerically pure β'-hydroxy-β-amino acid derivatives that is based on dibutylboron triflate-mediated aldol reaction of suitably protected β-amino acids bearing chiral oxazolidinone auxiliary is reported. The method smoothly afforded syn-aldol (α,β'-syn) products in pure form and excellent isolated yield. Both α,β-syn and α,β-anti isomers are readily accessible solely through the choice of the oxazolidinone chirality. This method allows for the preparation of stereoisomeric β'-hydroxy-β-amino acid derivatives that were previously unreported.

Cp*-Ir(III) complexes with additional chelating ligands are known active pre-catalysts for the oxygenation of C-H bonds. We present here eight examples of such complexes where the denticity of the chelating ligands has been varied from the well-known 2,2'-bpy through pyridyl-triazole, bi-triazole to ligands containing pyridyl-triazolylidene, triazolyl-triazolylidene and bi-triazolylidenes. Additionally, we also compare the catalytic results to complexes containing chelating cyclometallated ligands with additional triazole or triazolylidene donors. Single crystal X-ray structural data are presented for all the new complexes that contain one or more triazolylidene donors of the mesoionic carbene type. We present the first example of a metal complex containing a chelating triazole-triazolylidene ligand. The results of the catalytic screening show that complexes containing unsymmetrical donors of the pyridyl-triazole or pyridyl-triazolylidene types are the most potent pre-catalysts for the C-H oxygenation of cyclooctane in the presence of either m-CPBA or NaIO4 as a sacrificial oxidant. These pre-catalysts can also be used to oxygenate C-H bonds in other substrates such as fluorene and ethyl benzene. The most potent pre-catalysts presented here work with a lower catalyst loading and under milder conditions while delivering better product yields in comparison with related literature known Ir(III) pre-catalysts. These results thus point to the potential of ligands with unsymmetrical donors obtained through the click reaction in oxidation catalysis.

Azocarboxamide (azcH) has been combined for the first time with [Ru-Cym] to generate metal complexes with N,N- and N,O-coordination mode, [(Cym)Ru(azc)Cl] and [(Cym)Ru(azcH)Cl](+) [PF6 ](-). Geometric and electronic structures of the complexes are reported along with their in vitro activities against different tumour cell lines and preliminary results on solution chemistry. Compound [(Cym)Ru(azc)Cl] exhibited remarkable cytotoxic properties. It was cell-type specific and had comparable IC50 values towards both cancer cells and their drug-resistant subline. A tenfold increase in the sensitivity towards [(Cym)Ru(azc)Cl] was noted for the tumour cells with depleted intracellular glutathione (GSH) level, suggesting the essential role of GSH in cell response to this compound., (© 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

N-(α-ketoacyl)anthranilic acids reacted with phenylhydrazinium chloride in boiling acetic acid to afford 2-(indol-2-carboxamido)benzoic acids in good to excellent yields and 2-indolyl-3,1-benzoxazin-4-ones as by-products. The formation of the latter products could easily be suppressed by a hydrolytic workup. Alternatively, by increasing the reaction temperature and/or time, 2-indolyl-3,1-benzoxazin-4-ones can be obtained exclusively. Optimisations of the reaction conditions as well as the scope and the course of the transformations were investigated. The products were characterized by (1)H, (13)C and (15)N NMR spectroscopy. The corresponding resonances were assigned on the basis of the standard 1D and gradient selected 2D NMR experiments ((1)H-(1)H gs-COSY, (1)H-(13)C gs-HSQC, (1)H-(13)C gs-HMBC) with (1)H-(15)N gs-HMBC as a practical tool to determine (15)N NMR chemical shifts at the natural abundance level of (15)N isotope.

The rapid generation and spread of the drug resistant tuberculosis has led to an ongoing demand for novel compounds for therapeutic use. Identification and study of compounds with the ability to inhibit Mycobacterium tuberculosis is of paramount importance. For this reason, a library of substituted 1,3-diaryltriazenes based on the acting component of the anti-trypanosomal drug, diminazene aceturate was created and evaluated for its potential as anti-tubercular agent. Several compounds were identified with sub-micro molar inhibitory concentrations against M. tuberculosis and other clinically relevant mycobacterial species such as Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium ulcerans. Although the library of the compounds showed a considerable acute cytotoxicity, a genotoxicity could not be observed. Finally, the triazene 14 was selected with the best biological properties (IC50 = 3.26 μM, NI50 = 24.22 μM, SI = 7.44). The compound 14 showed the ability to inhibit the growth of intracellular replicating and multi-drug resistant M. tuberculosis. The results suggest the molecule to be an interesting scaffold for further study and optimization., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Despite efforts made in chemotherapeutic research in the past and present, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), the etiological agent of tuberculosis, still causes more than a million deadly casualties each year, second only to HIV. The rapid generation and spread of drug resistant strains, a problem exacerbated by co-infection with HIV demands further efforts in the investigation of novel classes of anti-tubercular compounds. A library of eight substituted diazenecarboxamides, three carbamoyldiazenecarboxylates and four diazene-1,2-dicarboxamides was synthesized in a straightforward manner followed by a biological evaluation of the compounds. We observed minimal inhibitory concentrations below 10 μg/mL against the H37Rv lab strain of M.tb. Three compounds that showed a potency of 90% growth inhibition of M.tb at a concentration lower than 10 μg/mL were further evaluated and showed potency against other clinically relevant mycobacterial species such as Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium ulcerans. The selected compounds were examined for acute cell toxicity on a murine macrophage like monocyte cell line J774 A.1 in which the cell viability was reduced by 50% at concentrations ranging from 7.4 μg/mL to 20.7 μg/mL. Neither of the three compounds showed signs of genotoxicity by VITOTOX or by Comet assay. The study was complemented by demonstration of the inhibition of intracellular replication of M.tb H37Rv inside J774 A.1 cells at 2 μg/mL concentration and the susceptibility of a MDR LAM-1 strain at concentrations between 5 and 1 μg/mL of the most active compound., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

A selective and highly efficient strategy to obtain a library of pyridine appended 1,4-disubstituted-3-methyl-1,2,3-triazolium salts is described. It features pyridine nitrogen protection at click-derived pyridyl-triazoles through N-oxidation with subsequent N3 alkylation of the triazole ring and deprotection. Triazolium salts are obtained in high yield and purity in either a stepwise or one-pot protocol. Preliminary data indicate their remarkable efficiency in palladium-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura catalysis in the environmentally benign solvent water.