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Silver nitrate (AgNO3), trisodium citrate dihydrate (C6H5Na3O7 · 2H2O), sodium borohydride (NaBH4), and L-ascorbic acid (C6H8O6) were combined in distilled water to create a triangular silver nanoprism particle (AgNPRP) solution. UV-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy at wavelengths of 350–460 nm and 580–700 nm was observed, and as a result of them, the successful formation of the triangular AgNPRPs was confirmed. The prepared silver nanoprism particles were characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy(SEM), and transmission electron microscopy(TEM) and employed for the colorimetric detection of platinum(IV) ions in an aqueous solution containing Pt4+ ions. The color of the aqueous silver nanoprism particle solution, containing Pt4+ ions, changed from blue to light brown before turning colorless. Using UV-vis spectrophotometry, the detection limit of the Pt4+ ion concentration was determined to be 6.23 μM in an aqueous solution of silver nanoprism particles. The proposed method was applied for detecting Pt4+ ions in tap water samples.

This study investigates the physical, mechanical, and structural characteristics of handmade paper samples derived from cellulose extracted from grass clippings using two distinct methods as follows: (1) alkali treatment and (2) alkali treatment followed by bleaching, coupled with the incorporation of barium sulfate as a mineral filler. Our investigation revealed that the handmade paper samples' densities, moisture contents, and thicknesses varied within the ranges of 0.436 to 0.549 g/cm3, 5.60 to 2.51%, and 0.41 to 0.50 mm, respectively. The tensile strength and folding endurance of the papers produced through alkali treatment with barium sulfate were notably superior to those produced from bleached pulp and barium sulfate. Our analysis indicates that several critical factors, including paper density, thickness, the crystallinity index, and the microfibrillar structure of cellulose, intricately influence the mechanical and strength properties of the samples. Using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques, we identified characteristic cellulose bonds and examined cellulose's crystalline and amorphous phases. Additionally, the crystallinity index of the samples was determined using both the Segal and peak deconvolution methods. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs revealed interconnected networks of cellulose fibers with varying thicknesses and lengths, along with incorporated mineral filler within the cellulose fiber structure. Variations in mineral particle retention were attributed to the presence or absence of cellulose microfibrils. These findings contribute to our understanding of the observed strength characteristics of the paper samples and underscore the potential applications of cellulose derived from grass clippings, especially when combined with barium sulfate as a mineral filler in paper production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The liquid–liquid interfacial precipitation method was used to prepare C60 fullerene nanowhisker (FNW)–zeolitic imidazolate framework-67 (ZIF-67) composite from a ZIF-67 solution, C60-saturated toluene, and isopropyl alcohol. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to characterize the synthesized C60 FNW-ZIF-67 composite. Its catalytic activity for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol was confirmed by UV–visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy. C60 FNW–ZIF-67 as a catalyst displayed a reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) to 4-aminophenol (4-AP) for 20 min with a rate constant of 1.379 × 10−1 min−1 (at 25 °C), 5.761 × 10−2 min−1 (at 15 °C), and 3.113 × 10−2 min−1 (at 5 °C), respectively. A kinetics study indicated that the hybrid nanocomposite catalyzed the reduction of 4-nitrophenol according to a pseudo-first-order reaction rate equation. The thermodynamic parameters of activation, namely, the enthalpy of activation (ΔH) of 48.966 kJ mol−1, the entropy of activation (ΔS) of −97.479 J mol−1 K−1, and the activation energy (ΔEa) of 51.167 kJ mol−1, were obtained using the Eyring and Arrhenius equations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ZnS:Mn-gly and C60 fullerene nanowhisker–ZnS:Mn-gly composites were synthesized and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and Raman spectroscopy. The photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) under UV light irradiation was evaluated by UV-vis spectroscopy using ZnS:Mn-gly and C60 fullerene nanowhisker–ZnS:Mn-gly composites. The C60 fullerene nanowhisker–ZnS:Mn-gly composites showed better photocatalytic activity of MB degradation than the ZnS:Mn-gly composites. The kinetics study for the photocatalytic degradation of MB with ZnS:Mn-gly and C60 fullerene nanowhisker–ZnS:Mn-gly composites as photocatalyst under UV irradiation followed a pseudo-first-order reaction rate law. The stability of the photocatalysts after the photocatalytic reaction was studied using XRD and SEM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) was prepared from melamine (C3H6N6) by annealing it under an electric furnace at 550 °C for 3 h. The g-C3N4 solution was prepared by dissolving powdered g-C3N4 in an aqueous solution with polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP). The liquid–liquid interfacial precipitation (LLIP) method was used to prepare the g-C3N4–C60 fullerene nanowhisker composites from g-C3N4 solution, C60-saturated toluene, and isopropyl alcohol (IPA). X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy were used to characterize the g-C3N4–C60 fullerene nanowhisker composites. These were further used for the photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) under ultraviolet (at 254 and 365 nm) irradiation. In addition, UV–vis spectroscopy was utilized to confirm the photocatalytic degradation activity of RhB over the g-C3N4–C60 fullerene nanowhisker composites. Under UV irradiation, the kinetics of photocatalytic degradation of RhB using g-C3N4–C60 fullerene nanowhisker composites followed a pseudo first-order reaction rate law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A silver nanoprism solution was prepared by reacting silver nitrate (AgNO3), trisodium citrate dihydrate (C6H5Na3O7·2H2O), sodium borohydride (NaBH4), and ascorbic acid (C6H8O6) in distilled water. The successful formation of the silver nanoprisms was confirmed by UV–visible spectroscopy considering the 350–400 nm and 600–650 nm wavelength ranges. The C60 fullerene nanowhisker-silver nanoprism composite was synthesized through a liquid-liquid interfacial precipitation (LLIP) method using C60-saturated toluene, the silver nanoprism solution, and isopropyl alcohol and characterized by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Its catalytic activity was assessed for the reduction of 2-nitrophenol by monitoring the reaction through UV–vis spectroscopy. A kinetics study was conducted, which indicated that the C60 fullerene nanowhisker-silver nanoprism composite catalyzed reduction of 2-nitrophenol follows a pseudo-first-order reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Composites comprising platinum nanoparticles loaded on [C60]fullerene nanowhiskers were prepared by a liquid-liquid interfacial precipitation method. The synthesized platinum nanoparticle-[C60]fullerene nanowhisker composites were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The catalytic activity of the platinum nanoparticle-[C60]fullerene nanowhisker composites was confirmed for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol by UV–vis spectroscopy. The reduction of 4-nitrophenol catalyzed by the platinum nanoparticle-[C60]fullerene nanowhisker composites followed the pseudo-first-order reaction rate law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nickel(II) oxide nanoparticles were prepared using the sol-gel method. Subsequently, a nickel(II) oxide nanoparticle-[C60]fullerene nanowhisker composite was synthesized using the nickel oxide(II) nanoparticle dispersion, C60-saturated toluene, and isopropyl alcohol via the liquid-liquid interfacial precipitation (LLIP) method. The resulting composite was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The catalytic activity of the nickel(II) oxide nanoparticle-[C60] fullerene nanowhisker composite for 4-nitroaniline reduction was evaluated with ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy. The kinetic study confirmed that the reduction of 4-nitroaniline using the hybrid nanocomposite followed a pseudo-first order reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanoparticles were synthesized from cadmium sulfate (CdSO4), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and sodium sulfide (Na2S) dissolved into distilled water, and the resulting solution was refluxed for 5 h. The precipitate was collected by centrifugation and dried at 100 °C for 12 h to obtain solid state CdS nanoparticles. The CdS nanoparticle solution was prepared by dissolving powdered CdS nanoparticles in an aqueous solution with the surfactant polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP). The [C60]Fullerene nanowhisker–CdS nanoparticle composite was prepared by the liquid–liquid interfacial precipitation (LLIP) method using C60-saturated toluene, the CdS nanoparticle solution, and isopropyl alcohol. The product of the [C60]fullerene nanowhisker–CdS nanoparticle composite was characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The photocatalytic activity of the [C60]fullerene nanowhisker–CdS nanoparticle composite assessed through degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) was confirmed by UV–vis spectroscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gadolinium oxide (Gd2O3) nanoparticles were prepared via the reaction of gadolinium nitrate hexahydrate (Gd (NO3)3·6H2O) and ethylamine (C2H5NH2), and their surface morphology, particle size, and properties were examined by using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and ultraviolet visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy. The Gd2O3 nanoparticles were used as the photocatalyst for the degradation of various azo dyes, such as methyl orange (MO), acid orange 7 (AO7), and acid yellow 23 (AY23) under irradiation with UV light. The effect of the experimental parameters (initial concentration of azo dyes, dosage of catalyst, and wavelength of UV light) on the photocatalytic properties of the Gd2O3 nanoparticles were investigated. At a constant H2O2 concentration, the photocatalytic degradation efficiency of the Gd2O3 nanoparticles for various azo dyes was in the order: methyl orange > acid orange 7 > acid yellow 23. The kinetics study showed that the photocatalytic degradation of azo dyes was followed by a pseudo first-order reaction rate law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]