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THE AUTHOR DISCUSSES THE PROBLEMS RATHER THAN THE ASSETS ASSOCIATED WITH BILINGUALISM IN NEW MEXICO AND TEXAS SCHOOLS. HE STATES THAT MANY SPANISH-SPEAKING STUDENTS DO NOT LEARN BECAUSE THE SCHOOLS ARE BIASED AGAINST THEM IN THE FOLLOWING WAYS--(1) THE LOW TAXING ABILITY OF THE COMMUNITY PROVIDES ONLY FOR ILL-STAFFED AND ILL-EQUIPPED SCHOOLS, (2) THE STUDENTS CANNOT LEARN OTHER SUBJECT MATTER, AS EXPECTED, BEFORE THEY MASTER ENGLISH, AND (3) SPANISH-SPEAKING CHILDREN LEARN TO REGARD THEIR NATIVE LANGUAGE AND CULTURE AS INFERIOR TO THAT OF THE ANGLO-AMERICANS. THE AUTHOR CONCLUDES THAT THE SCHOOLS SHOULD TEACH THESE STUDENTS IN THEIR NATIVE LANGUAGE WHILE THEY ARE MASTERING ENGLISH, TO ENABLE THEM TO LEARN OTHER SUBJECT MATTER EARLIER AND DEVELOP AN APPRECIATION OF THEIR NATIVE LANGUAGE AND CULTURE. HE SUGGESTS THAT CREATIVE SYNTHESIS OF THE SOUTHWEST CULTURES WILL PRODUCE CLASSROOMS IN WHICH THE FULLEST POTENTIAL OF THE ANGLO-AMERICAN, MEXICAN-AMERICAN, AND INDIAN CULTURES WILL BE ATTAINED. THIS IS A SPEECH PREPARED FOR DELIVERY TO THE MEETING OF STAFF AND FACULTY OF ANTHONY SCHOOL DISTRICT (ANTHONY, NEW MEXICO, DECEMBER 8, 1965). (CL)

The nine papers contained in this symposium report deal with changes in a wide variety of social, economic, and cultural patterns of the Indians and Spanish speaking peoples of the Southwest, with emphasis on land use practices. Historical perspectives are presented to illustrate the gradual shift of these peoples from a pastoral, semi-agricultural society to one based on menial or migratory labor. Emphasis is also given to the need for development of a philosophy and planning techniques which would eliminate, in the future, some of the problems evident today. (DK)

NORTHERN NEW MEXICO IS DEFINED TO INCLUDE THOSE NORTHERN COUNTIES DOMINATED BY RURAL, SPANISH-AMERICAN CULTURE, GEOGRAPHIC FEATURES AND HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS ARE DESCRIBED. THE STUDY PRESENTS DATA ON PRESENT ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL CONDITIONS, OBSERVATIONS AS TO CAUSES OF THESE CONDITIONS, INCLUDING REASONS FOR UNSUCCESSFUL GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATE PROGRAMS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT OF CONDITIONS. IT DISCUSSES STATE AND LOCAL PER CAPITA INCOME, DEPENDENCE OF THE AREA ON WELFARE, DIFFERENCE IN CULTURAL VALUES, HISTORIC CULTURE CONFLICTS, AND TRANSITION OF THE PEOPLE FROM AN ECONOMY DEPENDENT ON SELF-CONTAINED VILLAGES TO LOSS OF THEIR LAND HOLDINGS, FORCING AGRICULTURAL MIGRANCY UPON THEM. REASONS CITED FOR FAILURE OF GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATE PROGRAMS IN THE AREA WERE CULTURE CONFLICTS, RIGIDITY OF PROGRAMS, AND FAILURE OF PROGRAMS TO MEET BASIC NEEDS OF THE AREA. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT INCLUDE FLEXIBLE, COMPREHENSIVE PROGRAMS DESIGNED TO THE CONDITIONS OF THIS REGION, UNDERSTANDING BETWEEN CULTURES, DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF NATURAL AND RECREATION RESOURCES, IMPROVEMENTS IN LAND USE AND AGRICULTURAL TECHNIQUES, MARKETING-COOPERATIVE FORMATION, EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM IMPROVEMENT, AND SMALL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT. (FS)

IN THIS SPEECH TO THE TEACHERS OF LAS VEGAS, NEW MEXICO, THE AUTHOR REFERS TO THE RICH SPANISH, MEXICAN, AND INDIAN CULTURES AVAILABLE FOR SOCIOLOGICAL STUDY IN NORTHERN NEW MEXICO AND SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES. HE BELIEVES THE PLIGHT OF THE INDIANS AND THE SPANISH AMERICAN PEOPLE IS DUE TO DEPRIVATION FROM POLITICAL OFFICE, SOCIOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENT, ECONOMIC SECURITY, EDUCATIONAL SUCCESS, AND FROM LACK OF KNOWLEDGE OF THE GREAT ACHIEVEMENTS IN THEIR OWN HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL BACKGROUNDS. THIS DEPRIVATION RESULTS FROM THE ANGLO-AMERICAN CONTROL AND INFLUENCE IN SCHOOL AND GOVERNMENT. TO PROMOTE THE SPANISH AMERICAN CAUSE, THE AUTHOR PROPOSES A PLAN WHICH IS--(1) TO EVALUATE THE SPANISH AMERICAN HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL ROLES IN THE FUTURE OF THE SOUTHWEST, (2) TO MAKE THE SPANISH AMERICAN PEOPLE AND ENTIRE NATION AWARE OF THEIR TRAGIC EXPERIENCES, (3) TO AROUSE THE FEDERAL AND STATE GOVERNMENTS SO THAT THE CONDITIONS OF POVERTY, DISCRIMINATION, AND APATHY MAY BE OVERCOME, AND (4) TO INSTRUCT THE BILINGUAL MEXICAN AMERICAN AND SPANISH AMERICAN STUDENTS IN BOTH SPANISH AND ENGLISH. DR. KNOWLTON CONCLUDES BY SAYING THAT THE RESULTANT BETTER EDUCATION WILL ENABLE THESE PEOPLE TO BECOME MORE ACTIVE IN ASSUMING THEIR RIGHTFUL PLACE IN SOCIETY. THIS SPEECH WAS PREPARED FOR THE 1966 TEACHER ORIENTATION (WEST LAS VEGAS, NEW MEXICO CITY SCHOOLS, AUGUST 31, 1966). (JH)

THE SPANISH AMERICANS OF NORTHERN NEW MEXICO HAVE CONSTITUTED ONE OF THE UNRECOGNIZED DISADVANTAGED GROUPS. PER CAPITA INCOME IS LOW AND THE RATES OF UNEMPLOYMENT AND WELFARE ARE HIGH. THE CAUSES OF THE PRESENT SITUATION ARE--(1) LOSS OF LAND, (2) CULTURAL AND LINGUISTIC DISCRIMINATORY ATTITUDES, (3) NON-PROVISION OF ADEQUATE PROGRAMS TO ACCELERATE THE ACCULTURATION PROCESS, (4) TOO LIMITED DEVELOPMENT OF FLOOD AND IRRIGATION SYSTEMS, (5) INADEQUATE SCHOOL SYSTEMS, (6) INEFFICIENT FARMING PRACTICES, AND (7) LACK OF DEVELOPMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES. RECOMMENDATIONS MADE TO IMPROVE THE SITUATION INCLUDE--PROGRAMS OF ACCULTURATION, ECONOMIC PROGRAMS, SYSTEMATIC IDENTIFICATION AND UTILIZATION OF SPANISH AMERICAN LEADERS, A SYSTEM TO PROVIDE LAND, VILLAGE IRRIGATION SYSTEMS, AND VOCATIONAL EDUCATION PROGRAMS. (JS)

THERE ARE FEW AREAS IN THE UNITED STATES THAT OFFER SUCH ABUNDANT OPPORTUNITIES FOR SOCIAL RESEARCH AND STUDY AS DOES THE SOUTHWEST. THIS POTENTIAL IS NOT USED DUE TO A LACK OF RESEARCH FUNDING AND A LACK OF INTELLECTUAL FREEDOM WHICH ENCOURAGES RESEARCH. THE PROGRESS OF THE REGION IS HANDICAPPED BY THE LACK OF NEEDED INFORMATION AND DATA. THE HISTORY OF THE SOUTHWEST'S THREE MAJOR CULTURAL GROUPS, ANGLO-AMERICAN, MEXICAN-AMERICAN AND INDIAN, HAS SHOWN MAJOR CONFLICTS AND HOSTILITIES. MODERN PLANNERS HAVE NOT RECOGNIZED THESE CULTURAL DIFFERENCES. COMPETITION BETWEEN URBANIZATION AND INDUSTRIALIZATION FOR LIMITED AND DIMINISHING WATER SUPPLIES AND LACK OF CITY PLANNING ON URBAN PROBLEMS OF ZONING, SLUM FORMATION, STREET PLANNING, EDUCATIONAL NEEDS, AND LACK OF IMPORTANT CULTURAL FACILITIES ARE CITED. THE AUTHOR FEELS THAT THE SOUTHWEST IS A NATURAL SOCIAL LABORATORY IN WHICH THE PROCESSES OF URBANIZATION, ACCULTURATION, ACCOMMODATION, RACE AND CULTURE CONFLICTS, STRATIFICATION, AND SOCIAL AND CULTURAL CHANGE CAN BE EXPLORED. (SF)

DATA FOR THIS PAPER WERE OBTAINED FROM EXAMINATION OF AVAILABLE LITERATURE AND FROM FIELD WORK IN SAN MIGUEL AND MORA COUNTIES OF NORTHERN NEW MEXICO. THE EXTENDED PATRIARCHAL FAMILY WAS THE PRIMARY SOCIAL SYSTEM AMONG THE SPANISH AMERICANS, OFTEN CONSISTING OF MEMBERS OF THREE OR FOUR GENERATIONS HEADED BY THE GRANDFATHER. THIS FAMILY COOPERATED AS A SINGLE, TIGHTLY KNIT, POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, AND SOCIAL UNIT. DOMINANCE AND AUTHORITY WERE RELATED TO SEX AND AGE -THE MALES WERE DOMINANT OVER FEMALES AND THE OLDER MEMBERS HAD AUTHORITY OVER THE YOUNGER FAMILY MEMBERS. THE PRESSURES OF URBANIZATION, INDUSTRIALIZATION, AND LAND LOSSES HAVE BROKEN THIS TRADITIONAL FAMILY PATTERN IN ALL BUT THE MOST REMOTE VILLAGES. THE ADJUSTMENT OF THE LOWER-CLASS SPANISH AMERICAN FAMILY TO URBAN LIVING DEPENDS UPON THE HUSBAND'S SALARY. IF IT IS NOT ADEQUATE, THE WIFE MUST SEEK EMPLOYMENT, THUS STRENGTHENING HER ROLE AND DIMINISHING THE HUSBAND'S ROLE. THE MORE EDUCATED AND ACCULTURATED SPANISH AMERICAN FAMILIES TEND TO EMULATE THE NUCLEAR FAMILY MODEL OF THE ANGLO AMERICAN. (SF)

THE SPANISH AMERICANS IN NEW MEXICO ARE UNDERGOING GREAT SOCIAL AND CULTURAL CHANGE. THEIR VILLAGE CULTURE, FORMED IN ISOLATION NEAR IRRIGATED LAND WHICH HAD REMAINED REMARKABLY STABLE FOR SEVERAL HUNDRED YEARS, IS BREAKING DOWN. THE SPANISH AMERICANS ARE LEAVING THEIR VILLAGES AND MIGRATING TO INDUSTRIAL CENTERS. FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THIS ARE--(1) LOSS OF MILLIONS OF ACRES THROUGH LAW SUITS, TAX SALES, AND PRECISE LAND REGISTRATION, (2) DECLINE OF THE SHEEP INDUSTRY, THE TRADITIONAL LIVESTOCK OF THE SPANISH AMERICANS, AND (3) EXPANDING PURCHASE OF LAND BY OUTSIDE INTERESTS FOR SUMMER RANGE AND INCOME TAX WRITE-OFF. THE AUTHOR CALLS FOR STUDIES OF THE SPANISH AMERICAN IN THE PROCESS OF CHANGE TO INDUSTRIALIZATION AND URBANIZATION. (SF)

THE MEXICAN AMERICAN POPULATION IN NORTHERN NEW MEXICO ORIGINALLY HAD LAND GRANTS FROM THE SPANISH CROWN. LACK OF UNDERSTANDING OR ACCEPTANCE OF THE AMERICAN SYSTEM OF INDIVIDUAL OWNERSHIP HAS CAUSED THE MEXICAN AMERICAN TO LOSE MUCH OF THE ORIGINAL GRANT LANDS. THE MEXICAN AMERICAN SOCIAL ORGANIZATION, ORIGINALLY STRUCTURED UPON THE FARM VILLAGE, PATRIARCHAL FAMILY, PATRON SYSTEM, AND THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH, HAS BEEN QUITE RESISTANT TO ACCULTURATION. THE LACK OF ACCULTURATION AMONG THE PEOPLE, RIGIDITY OF PROGRAMING, AND SPECIALIZED APPROACH TO PROBLEMS HAVE BEEN THE MAIN REASONS FOR THE FAILURE OF GOVERNMENTAL PROGRAMS. INADEQUATE SCHOOLING COMPOUNDS THE SITUATION. RECOMMENDATIONS INCLUDE PLACING NORTHERN NEW MEXICO UNDER A REGIONAL AUTHORITY, USING THE VILLAGE FOR PLANNING AND RESEARCH, DEVELOPING LOCAL LEADERSHIP, DESIGNING GROUP PROGRAMS, RESTORING LAND TO THE VILLAGE, ADOPTING A PROPERTY TAX EXEMPTION FOR SUBSISTENCE FARMS UNDER FIFTEEN ACRES, PROMOTING HANDICRAFTS, BUILDING SMALL VILLAGE DAMS, CHANGING THE SCHOOL SYSTEM IN NORTHERN NEW MEXICO, BUILDING A NETWORK OF ROADS, DEVELOPING COOPERATIVE SALES SERVICE, DOING AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH, PREPARING AGENCY WORKERS FROM THE RESIDENT POPULATION, AND ESTABLISHING NORTHERN NEW MEXICO AS A TESTING GROUND FOR FEDERAL PROGRAMS. (JS)

DATA FOR THIS PAPER, PRESENTED AT THE TWENTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF THE SOUTHERN SOCIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AT ASHEVILLE, NORTH CAROLINA ON APRIL 17, 1964, WERE DERIVED FROM THE AUTHOR'S RESEARCH ACTIVITIES AMONG THE SPANISH SPEAKING PEOPLE OF NORTHERN NEW MEXICO AND FROM HIS PARTICIPATION IN COUNTY AND REGIONAL PLANNING ORGANIZATIONS. THE GEOGRAPHIC REGION OF NORTHERN NEW MEXICO IS A SOUTHERN EXTENSION OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS DESCRIBED AS A WOODED UPLAND PENINSULA RISING ABOVE THE GENERAL SEMI-DESERT. THE HISTORY OF THE SPANISH AMERICAN CULTURE OF THIS REGION DESCRIBES A PATRON-PEON SYSTEM, COMMUNAL LAND GRANTS, AND ISOLATED, SELF-SUFFICIENT SOCIAL VILLAGES. MAJOR OBSTACLES TO EFFECTIVE PLANNING INCLUDE (1) STEREOTYPED ATTITUDES, (2) LANGUAGE BARRIER, (3) FAILURE TO CONTACT THE REAL SPANISH AMERICAN LEADERS, (4) FAILURE TO RECOGNIZE THE NATURE OF THE VILLAGE ECONOMY, AND (5) FAILURE TO DEVELOP PROGRAMS SPECIFIC TO THE AREA AND NEEDS. FOURTEEN SUGGESTED TOPICS FOR RESEARCH ARE OFFERED. (SF)

THE SOUTHWEST IS SEEN AS A REGION LONG DOMINATED BY RANCHING, MINING, AND IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE. RAPID URBANIZATION AND INDUSTRIALIZATION IS RESULTING IN WATER PROBLEMS SIGNIFICANT TO A SOCIOCULTURAL AND A PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT. THE FIRST GROUP OF PROBLEMS IS CHARACTERIZED BY INDIFFERENCES TO DROUGHT AND WATER DEPLETION POTENTIAL SINCE WATER USERS DO NOT COOPERATE IN CONSERVATION OF WATER. THE LATTER GROUP OF PROBLEMS INCLUDE DECLINING WATER TABLES, EROSION, SALINATION, AND SEDIMENTATION OF RIVERS. THIS PAPER CALLS FOR--(1) CAREFUL UTILIZATION OF EXISTING WATER SUPPLIES, (2) A THOROUGH HYDROLOGICAL SURVEY, (3) WISE LEGISLATION ON WATER USE AND RIGHTS CONTROL, AND (4) PROGRAMS OF EDUCATION TO INFORM INHABITANTS OF WATER PROBLEMS. THIS PAPER WAS PREPARED FOR PUBLICATION IN "WESTERN REVIEW," AUGUST 1964. (SF)

This collection consist of one, 3x5 black and white photograph of the Clark S. Knowlton family? The photograph was taken in front of a house, on March 25, 1951., Family Snapshot; 1 Unidentified people, March 25, 1951.