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Objentive (s): Physicians are in the frontline of the distribution channel in the pharmaceutical value chain. The prescribing behavior of doctors influences the use of herbal medicines. This study investigated the effect of knowledge, attitude, and social marketing mix on doctors' prescribing behavior of herbal medicines. Methods: The current cross-sectional study was conducted in 2022 in Ahvaz, Iran. Its statistical population included 878 doctors working in medical centers and public and private offices in Ahvaz, and the data were collected using the census method. Data was collected using a self-designed questionnaire to measure the level of knowledge and attitude of doctors and the role of social marketing mix on doctors' prescribing behavior. Descriptive and analytical statistics, including Pearson's correlation, linear regression, t-test, and one-way analysis of variance were used to analyze the data. Results: The results showed a significant relationship between all research variables and doctors' prescribing behavior (p= 0.001), where the attitude showed the strongest positive relationship (r= 0.692). Regression analysis showed that the two factors of attitude and knowledge had a positive effect, and promotion strategy has a negative and inverse effect on doctors' prescribing behavior. Also, a significant relationship observed between doctors' prescribing behavior and gender (p= 0.001) and education level (p= 0.004). Conclusion: Knowledge, attitude, and promotion strategy are predictors of herbal medicine prescribing behavior by physicians.

Objective: Evaluate high school students' knowledge about basic life support and analyze the associations between the level of knowledge and sociodemographic and academic variables. Method: Quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional, and correlational study. The sample consisted of 59 high school students from a Secondary School in the metropolitan area of Porto - Portugal. Descriptive analyses, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and t test (or non-parametric tests when assumptions were not met) were used. Results: 35 (59.3%) had basic life support training, and 52 (88.1%) were interested in undergoing the training. Only seven (11.9%) were aware of an automatic external defibrillator and 14 (23.7%) identified when to seek specialized help. Conclusion: Knowledge about basic life support can contribute to achieving better outcomes in situations of cardiorespiratory arrest, and students should increase their skills in this area by using training in the school context.

Introduction: Saliva has a key role in protecting the oral environment and functions such as chewing, swallowing, lack of saliva can cause many problems and suffering for patients and affect people's quality of life. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the level of awareness of dentists in Yazd City regarding the causes and symptoms and how to treat dry mouth in 2022-2023. Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive study, 125 dentists of Yazd City were selected by convenience sampling method. A valid and reliable questionnaire was designed. The data were analyzed using t-test and ANOVA statistical tests and SPSS V.16. Results: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 125 dentists in Yazd City; they were selected by convenience sampling method, 65 of them were male (51.2%) and 60 were female (48.8%). The average of age, work experience and knowledge score of the examined dentists were 33.46±7.27, 6.79±6.57 and 15.24±2.90, respectively. There was no statistically significant relationship between knowledge score and gender and work experience and participate in retraining with P = 0.323, P = 0.120 and P = 0.167, respectively. But there was a statistically significant relationship between the knowledge score and age and university of study with P = 0.030 and P = 0.034. People with older age and educated in type 1 university had more knowledge about dry mouth. Conclusion: The results showed that the dentists of Yazd City had average knowledge about the causes, symptoms and how to treat xerostomia. And it is necessary to cooperate in holding refresher courses in this field.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Healthcare professionals’ knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs regarding skin cancer are important for reducing the future impact of the disease. OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated university students’ knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about skin cancer and examined the variables influencing their attitudes and beliefs about the disease. DESIGN AND SETTING: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at the Faculty of Health Sciences at Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey. METHOD: A total of 960 students participated in this study. Data were collected using the Student Introduction Form, Fitzpatrick Skin Type Scale, Skin Cancer and Sun Knowledge Scale (SCSKS), and Health Belief Model Scale for Skin Cancer (HBMSSC). RESULTS: The mean SCSKS score of the participants was 14.91 ± 4.23. The mean HBSSC scores of the participants were 23.58 ± 7.79 for perceived susceptibility, 14.79 ± 4.59 for perceived severity, 20.64 ± 6.60 for perceived benefits, 15.93 ± 4.09 for perceived barriers, and 21.78 ± 7.14 for self-efficacy. The mean SCSKS total scores of the university students were significantly and positively correlated with the HBMSSC subdimensions. Gender explained 1.58 of the variance in perceived benefits and 1.65 of the variance in self-efficacy, whereas the SCSKS score explained most other variables. CONCLUSION: The students’ knowledge of skin cancer and sun protection was moderate. Their attitudes and beliefs regarding skin cancer were unexpected. This study identified students’ knowledge of skin cancer and sun protection as the most important variables for improving their attitudes and beliefs about skin cancer.

Abdulwahhab Alshammari,1,2 Ibrahem Almaktoom1,2 1Health Informatics Department, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 2King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Ministry of the National Guard-Health Affairs(MNGHA), Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Abdulwahhab Alshammari, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Science, Mail Code: 2350, P.O. Box: 3660, Riyadh, 11481, Saudi Arabia, Tel +966-11-429-5480, Email shammaria@ksau-hs.edu.saPurpose: Studies show that Teledentistry helps enhance communication between dental peers and patients and improves time management and education. The knowledge and awareness of Teledentistry levels need to be measured for a wider adaption. This study aimed to explore the knowledge and awareness of Teledentistry among dental practitioners and patients who live in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia.Patients and Methods: This study is a descriptive cross-sectional study with two participant groups. It uses five-point Likert-type quantitative, valid, and reliable questionnaires, one for dental providers and one for patients. The providers’ questionnaire covers four domains: (1) Teledentistry system effectiveness to improve practice, (2) Teledentistry system usefulness for the dental practice, (3) Teledentistry system usefulness for patients, and (4) Concerns about confidentiality and security of Teledentistry. The patients’ questionnaire covers two domains: (1) Patients who have previous experience in Teledentistry and (2) Patients who did not have previous experience in Teledentistry. The Institutional Review Board (IRB) approved this study and distributed it at teaching, governmental hospitals, and private dental clinics. Convenience and snowball sampling were used to collect responses. All consent forms have been collected from the participants.Results: A total of 512 responses were collected using Google Forms, 203 from the dental healthcare provider and 309 from the patients. The collected data were coded and analyzed using Microsoft Excel and SPSS. More than 60% of dentists believe in the worth of Teledentistry, which helps patient education, monitors patients’ conditions, and improves the services provided to patients in remote areas. Also, more than 70% of patients believe that Teledentistry can significantly save time and money, and more than half wish that Teledentistry be applied to all hospitals.Conclusion: Dentists and patients generally showed optimism and support for the Teledentistry concept, in addition to how Teledentistry can be beneficial for both dentists and patients.Keywords: Teledentistry, Telehealth, dental care, cross-sectional, awareness, knowledge

Objective: To analyze the application of design thinking to the scientific production of a Postgraduate Nursing Program. Method: This is a documentary, descriptive, retrospective, and qualitative study of the scientific production of the Postgraduate Program in Nursing Care Management - Professional Modality, in Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil, from 2009 to 2022, based on dissertations published in a public directory. Results: Five academic master's theses were analyzed that applied all or part of the design thinking approach to the development of proposed products/services. All the studies aimed to solve problems identified in the researchers' professional contexts. The studies generated information, data, products, processes, and methodologies for nursing care. Conclusion: design thinking is an important reference point for nurses in the field of research and development, as well as contributing to the training of professionals who aim to solve complex problems in the field of health care, management, education, and research.

Background: Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic illness that is characterized by high blood sugar levels and is associated with high mortality and morbidity due to its long-term complications. Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is the gold standard test to assess glycemic control for a duration of three months. Therefore, awareness of diabetic patients regarding HbA1c is important for their appropriate management. Objective: To evaluate the pattern and knowledge regarding HbA1c testing among diabetic patients. Methods: Descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Internal Medicine, The Indus Hospital (TIH), Karachi, From October 21, 2018, to April 20, 2019. After taking informed consent, a total of 380 diabetic patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria were interviewed by a resident in Internal Medicine. Besides demographic data, the recent value of HbA1c and knowledge of HbA1c were recorded on a predesigned questionnaire. The lab results of HbA1c were taken through the Health management informatics system (HMIS). SPSS software version 20 was used for data analysis. Results: Out of a total of 380 patients, 131 (34.5%) were males and 249 (65.5%) were females. The mean age was 51.6±10.4 years. The majority of patients (64.5%) had no formal education. The mean BMI was 27.9kg/m2 . The mean duration of diabetes was 6.6+7.4 years. As far as knowledge about the HbA1c test was concerned, 14 patients (3.7%) had knowledge about the HbA1c test. 10 patients (2.6%) knew what the target HbA1c should be, 48 patients (12.6%) knew about the frequency of testing of HbA1c while 10 patients (2.6%) remembered their last HbA1c results. The patients who had knowledge about HbA1c were comparatively younger (mean age: 43.57 vs 51.98, p=0.003) Conclusion: The results of the current study indicate the lack of awareness and knowledge of HbA1c testing among diabetic patients. It is also concluded that there is a need to create awareness among diabetic patients regarding the HbA1c test for their appropriate management.

Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has shown efficacy and effectiveness in populations who practise high-risk sexual activity. Nurses’ knowledge and positive attitudes enhance PrEP implementation. Aim: This study aimed to investigate the knowledge of and attitudes towards PrEP among nurses in primary health care facilities. Setting: The study was conducted in 10 health facilities that offer comprehensive services in Tshwane, South Africa. Methods: A cross-sectional survey assessed the knowledge of and attitudes towards PrEP among 114 nurses. Univariate, bivariate and logistic regressions were performed to estimate odds ratios and to determine whether age, sex and education had an association with the knowledge and attitudes. Results: Majority of the study sample consisted of female nurses (92.1%), and most respondents (68%) had moderate PrEP knowledge. Logistic regression showed that age and education were not associated with high level of knowledge. Pre-exposure prophylaxis was viewed negatively by 84.5% of the respondents. The odds of positive attitudes towards PrEP were 1.92 times higher among males than females (95% CI 0.54–6.83) and 1.24 times higher among nurses who had bachelor’s degree than diploma holders (95% CI 0.51–3.01). Conclusion: This study found that there is a need to strengthen the dissemination of information about PrEP, and nurses in South Africa require training to improve their knowledge of and attitudes towards PrEP. Contribution: The findings of the study add to the current knowledge base regarding PrEP access in the public healthcare system and it highlights gaps in the training of healthcare providers.

Caries are a common dental health problem in children. There are four causes of caries, namely host (host), agent (microflora), environment (substrate), and time. Individual counseling methods such as Irene's Donut method can lead parents to educate their children in maintaining dental health habits from an early age. This method aims to make parents aware of the risk factors for caries and provide a menu on how to deal with caries disease, in hope that it can empower the community to be independent. Dental health behavior includes knowledge, attitudes, and actions related to the concept of healthy and the prevention efforts for toothache. This type of research uses a quasi-experimental with a one-group pre-test post-test research design. The population and sample in this study were kindergarten students in the District of Ilir Barat I Palembang City. The number of samples was 68 pairs of students and mothers with a total of 136 with the random sampling technique. The data obtained were tested using the T-test analysis, used when the data is normally distributed. The results showed that there were differences in maternal knowledge and behavior before and after counseling with Irene's Donuts media. Irene's Donuts media is effective in increasing the knowledge and behavior of mothers in preventing dental caries in children in Kindergarten, Ilir Barat I District, Palembang City.

This article examines decolonial approaches to the nature of botanical gardens in Indonesia in the artworks of nine artists featured in the exhibition On the nature of botanical gardens: contemporary Indonesian perspective at Framer Framed, Amsterdam in 2020. Zico Albaiquini, Arahmaiani, Ade Darmawan, Edwin, Samuel Indratma, Lifepatch, Ipeh Nur, Elia Nurvista, and Sinta Tantra presented works which confronted the coloniality of botanical gardens. This article provides a historical reading of the content matter of the artworks presented from a decolonial standpoint as conceptualized by Aníbal Quijano, Walter Mignolo, and María Lugones. The article will demonstrate that the artists have applied various strategies and methods to uncover, criticize, and decolonize botanical gardens and their role in empire-building, knowledge development, and the exploitation of nature. Some artists take this farther and develop a decolonial aesthesis or sensibility in order to re-appropriate Indigenous knowledges and ways of being which were silenced and erased by coloniality.

İslam düşüncesinin erken döneminden itibaren kelâmcılar tarafından varlık, bilgi ve değer konusu hakkında çalışmalar yapılmıştır. Kimi kelâm-felsefe kitapları varlık konusu ile başlarken, kimileri de bilgi konusu ile başlatılmıştır. Bilginin iman ile yakın ilgisi bilinmektedir. Bu yakın irtibattan dolayı kelâmcılar; bilginin tanımı, sınırları, kaynakları, imkânı gibi başlıklar etrafında kendilerine özgü bilgi felsefesi inşa etmiştir. Öznel yönü ağır basan imanı tartışma konusu yapmak yerine daha nesnel bir alan olan bilgi alanı öne çıkarılmıştır. İmanın bilgiye aktarımı sayesinde insanlar rasyonel zeminde tartışmalarını yürütebilmiştir. İman tek başına tartışıldığında meselenin sonuçsuz kalacağı öngörülmüştür. Her insan doğru veya yanlış gözetmeksizin her şeye inanmakta özgürdür. Fakat aynı özgürlük bilgi alanında yoktur. Bilginin nesnel ve denetlenebilir bir yapısı vardır. İnancını başkalarına aktarmak gayretinde olan birinin mutlaka inancını rasyonel zeminde açıklaması gerekmektedir. İnancın paylaşımını yaygınlaştırmak için imanın bilgiye yaklaştırılması gerekmektedir. İnancı denetlemek olası değildir, ama bilgi denetimden çıkarılamaz. Bilginin inançla olan yakın ilgisi gözden kaçırılmamalıdır. Kelâmcılara göre inanç veya iman tasdikten ibarettir. Öyleyse bilgi nedir, bilmek ne demektir? Bilmek ile inanmak aynı mıdır? Bir şeyi bildiğini söyleyen kişi, bir şeye inandığını söyleyen kişiden farklı mıdır? Tüm bu sorular inanç kadar bilginin de tanımını yapmayı zorunlu kılmış gözükmektedir. İslam düşüncesinde ekollere ve düşünürlere göre bilginin tanımı değişmektedir. Mutlak bilgiyi bedihi sayarak tanımlanmayacağı iddiasında olan bir kesim vardır. Ancak kahir ekseriyete göre bilgi nazarîdir ve bu nedenle tanımı yapılabilir. Kelâm tarihinde farklı bilgi tanımları yapılmış ve eleştirilmiştir. Makalede bilginin “temyizi zorunlu kılan bir sıfat” şeklinde yapılan tanımı araştırılacaktır. Bu tanıma göre bilginin diğer önemli özelliği, temyizin çelişiğe ihtimali olmamasıdır. Nihai tahlilde bilginin kategorisi bir sıfattır. Bu sıfat sayesinde özne bilmektedir. Bilgi bir ayrıştırma faaliyetidir. Bilinen bir şey, bilgi sayılması için kesinlik taşımalı aksi ihtimal taşımamalıdır. Kesin olmayan bir idrak, kelâmcılara göre bilgi sayılmamaktadır. Müteahhir dönem kelâm kitaplarında kusursuz olarak takdim edilen bu bilgi tanımını Hatibzâde (öl. 901/1496) on açıdan eleştirmiştir. Buna karşı Hüsâm Çelebi (öl. 926/1520), Hatibzâde’nin on eleştirisinin tamamını farklı açılardan zayıf bulmuştur. Makalede ilk önce Hatibzâde’nin tenkitleri sırası ile izah edilecek, ardından Çelebi’nin karşı eleştirileri incelenecek ve tarafların açıklamalarındaki güçlü ve zayıf yönlere işaret edilecektir.

ABSTRAK Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh Model discovery learning terhadap penguasaan konsep dan pengetahuan fisika SMA. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah meta-analisis. Teknik analisis data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan perhitungan nilai effect size untuk setiap artikel. Berdasarkan meta analisis yang dilakukan, dapat dinyatakan bahwa hasil penelitian ini yaitu : 1) pengaruh model discovery learning terhadap penguasaan konsep dan pengetahuan fisika SMA ditinjau dari tahun terbit artikel memberikan efek yang Sangat Tinggi terdapat pada tahun 2017,2018, dan 2020 dengan masing-masing rata-rata effect size yaitu 1,6; 1,15; dan 1,62. 2) pengaruh model discovery learning terhadap penguasaan konsep dan pengetahuan fisika SMA ditinjau dari tingkatan kelas memberikan efek Sangat Tinggi terdapat pada kelas XI dengan rata-rata effect size 1,25. 3) pengaruh discovery learning terhadap penguasaan konsep fisika SMA memberikan efek Sangat Tinggi terdapat pada artikel keenam (J6) dengan nilai effect size 2,38. 4) pengaruh discovery learning terhadap pengetahuan fisika SMA memberikan efek Sangat Tinggi terdapat pada artikel kesepuluh (J10) dengan nilai effect size 3,95. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat pengaruh model discovery learning terhadap penguasaan konsep dan pengetahuan fisika SMA. Kata kunci: Discovery Learning; Penguasaan Konsep; Pengetahuan. ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the discovery learning model on mastery of high school physics concepts and knowledge. The method used in this research is meta-analysis. The data analysis technique in this study uses the calculation of the effect size value for each article. Based on the meta-analysis carried out, it can be stated that the results of this study are: 1) the effect of the discovery learning model on mastery of concepts and knowledge of high school physics in terms of the year the article was published gave a Very High effect in 2017,2018, and 2020 with each the average effect size is 1.6; 1.15; and 1.62. 2) the influence of the discovery learning model on the mastery of concepts and knowledge of high school physics in terms of grade level gives a very high effect in class XI with an average effect size of 1.25. 3) the effect of discovery learning on mastery of high school physics concepts gives a Very High effect found in the sixth article (J6) with an effect size value of 2.38. 4) the effect of discovery learning on high school physics knowledge gives a very high effect in the tenth article (J10) with an effect size value of 3.95. This shows that there is an influence of the discovery learning model on the mastery of high school physics concepts and knowledge. Keywords: Discovery Learning; Concept Mastery; Knowledge.

The burden of breast and cervical cancer is increasing exponentially, especially among women in low- and mid-income countries. Early detection, hinged on screening uptake is a key to higher survival rate and managing cancer outcome. The present study assessed Nigerians and Egyptians’ knowledge of breast self-examination (BSE) and breast and cervical cancer screening. A cross-sectional questionnaire was utilized to obtain 1,006 respondents via a convenient sampling method. The mean age of respondents was 30.43 ± 6.69. About one-third of participants had good knowledge (> 66%) of breast cancer screening (42%), cervical cancer screening (44%) and BSE practice (36%). Age range (26–40 years), educational level (tertiary), and marital status were demographic data that influenced knowledge level. The screening uptake among the studied population is very poor as only (11%) had ever been screened and only (2.2%) ever vaccinated. The major reasons for poor screening uptake were “no awareness of where to be screened” and “no symptoms”. Assessing the knowledge and uptake level of African women through studies like this is crucial in identifying the loopholes in the fight against cancer. More efforts are required for promoting the utilization of cancer screening services, HPV vaccination, and BSE practice among African women. Doi: 10.28991/SciMedJ-2021-0303-3 Full Text: PDF

The spread of the covid-19 virus can be prevented by implementing health protocols such as washing hands regularly or using a hand sanitizer, using a mask, applying cough etiquette, and maintaining physical distance and social distancing. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between knowledge and attitudes on the implementation of health protocols in nursing students of STIK Siti Khadijah Palembang. The design of this study used a descriptive correlation method with a cross-sectional approach, a total sample of 191 respondents with a total sampling technique, and the data were analyzed using the Spearman Rank (Rho). Data collection using an online-based questionnaire (google form) regarding knowledge, attitudes, and actions regarding the implementation of health protocols. The results of the analysis showed that there was a positive correlation between knowledge and attitudes toward the implementation of health protocols (p-value=0,007; r=0,248; p-value=0,001; r=0,301). Compliance with health protocols during the new normal period is very important to break the chain of the spread of the covid-19 virus.

Objective: To relate knowledge, practice and barriers of diabetic foot self-care among people with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, according to gender and education. Method: Analytical cross-sectional study with 102 users of 4 basic units in the inland of the state of Piauí, Brazil. Socioeconomic and clinical data were collected between December 2018 and July 2019. Descriptive analysis was performed with the use of the Chi-square test. Results: Women showed greater knowledge and practice of moisturizing (p5cm (p=0.001) and

With the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, both teachers and students were forced to acquire competence remotely through online learning environments. This article aims to investigate how COVID-19 influenced the learning outcomes in Moldova and Nigeria from the perspective of educational psychology. Based on the complexity of the questions of the online survey, developed in Romanian and English, the scale for measuring learning outcomes in distance learning is established. The scale is composed of eight dimensions (i.e. the best teaching format, the best teaching method for a contemporary student, the most affordable category of methods, the most important method of learning, the most used digital resources, the most used method to evaluate students’ knowledge, the most appropriate statement of assessment and balance of assessment, measurement, and testing tools). It was concluded that respondents from both countries (N=182), choice face-to-face as the best teaching format and paper tests photographed and transmitted, as the most used method to evaluate students’ knowledge. The differences are in the perception of learning strategies and the best teaching methodology for achieving lifelong outcomes. Future research could improve understanding of these psycho-pedagogical issues.

Introduction: Schizophrenia is a severe mental illness impacting not only on the lives of patients but also on their family members. No studies were conducted on family caregivers of patients with schizophrenia in Mauritius. Objectives: The aim of the study was to identify the impact of caregiving on the emotional, physical, social health and financial situations of family caregivers in Mauritius. Method: The study was conducted with 144 family caregivers of schizophrenia patients from the Brown Sequard Mental Health Care Centre. The caregivers were surveyed through a validated questionnaire and the data were analysed using the SPSS, Version 23. Results: Majority of the carers were female (65.3%), most were above 55 years and married (73.6%) and 46.5% studied up to secondary level. 89% did not have any informal training about caregiving and most were unaware of the name of the illness. The caregiver’s emotion, physical, social and financial health was positively correlated with age having Pearson Correlation values of 0.218, 0.205, 0.216 and 0.192 respectively and p-values 0.009, 0.014, 0.00 and 0.021 respectively. A significant number of the respondent (82%) always worried about their own safety when the patient became violent, and most of them avoidedlarge social events with their relatives. Moreover, majority of the caregivers (62.5%), mostly the females, complained of facing financial difficulties and were dissatisfied with the Social services received during the last 12 months. Conclusion: It may be concluded that an increase in care-giving role resulted in poor emotional well-being, poor physical and social health and an increase in financial worry. This study provides an insight that may help health professionals to plan and develop better health management programs to improve the quality of life and reduce burden of family caregivers of schizophrenia patients in Mauritius.

It is recognized that education makes men more free. Our world is currently experiencing unprecedented fundamental upsets: health, technological, climatic, demographic, economic, etc…, which pose new challenges for the future of work and for humanity as a whole. These global megatrends have a profound impact on skills that are likely to quickly become obsolete. Lifelong learning concerns us all. It starts from early childhood to the end of life. Today, everyone is concerned with knowledge, especially since the digital revolution makes knowledge more accessible to all generations. When the Lifelong learning was adopted as a fundamental concept of the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG), the purpose of it was not only quality education but also sustainable development. According to UNESCO, education for the environment and sustainable development (EEDD) is a holistic and transformational education that aims to be transdisciplinary depending on the specific socio-cultural and territorial contexts and their relationships with the outside world. Since its independence, Morocco’s efforts in the field of education have been indisputable, even if these remain insufficient, given demographic pressure, the high dropout rate and the need to support various technological advances. Our article attempts to highlight how certain actors in the educational community (teachers, school directors) decline the EEDD within their cognitive space, through personal experiences, extra-curricular activities, through their own experience, through formal and informal learning and use it to carry out sustainable projects. It mainly questions the correlation between the EEDD and the ATLV and is based on a qualitative survey based on semi-structured interviews as well as field observations in 11 Moroccan primary schools.

Introduction: Health care professionals are expected to have a basic understanding of all procedures performed on the patient. Their knowledge has direct implications on patients’ morbidity. Interns perform intravenous cannulation during their clinical rotation, their awareness about the procedure are unknown. The aim of this study was to find the knowledge of intravenous cannulation among the interns of the teaching hospital. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in a teaching hospital from November 2020 to October 2021 after clearance from the Institutional Review Committee (Reference number: 2611202002). A total of 151 interns were taken using the convenience sampling method. We prepared a structured questionnaire. This was distributed among interns who had completed 6 months of internship. Data entry and analysis was done using Microsoft Excel. Point estimate at 95% Confidence Interval was calculated along with frequency and proportion for binary data. Results: Out of 151 interns, 84 (55.62%) (47.70-63.54 at 95% Confidence Interval) had knowledge about intravenous cannulation. Most of the interns 117 (77.48%) had knowledge about the appropriate place for cannulation. Awareness about serious complications of cannulation was poor; 106 (70.19%) had never heard of these terms. Handwashing was implied as important by 70 (46.36%). Conclusions: The knowledge about intravenous cannulation among interns of teaching hospitals was poor compared to the similar study done in a similar setting.

Introduction: Third molar impaction is a common patient complaint in dentistry. Common symptoms are localized pain, swelling, bleeding, and difficulty in mouth opening. Since dental students deal with patients early in their education, for better skill, they should have knowledge of various teeth impactions. Hence, the objective was to find out the knowledge of impacted teeth among undergraduate dental students of a medical college. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among bachelor in dental surgery students of a medical college from November 30, 2020 to April 3, 2021. Data collection was done by convenience sampling after receiving ethical clearance from Institutional Review Committee (Reference 1208202006). A structured questionnaire in Google Forms was sent to 221 participants via Viber. Out of 213 responses received, 144 were analyzed in Excel after discarding for duplication and other errors. Descriptive statistics such as mean, standard deviation, frequency, and percentage were analyzed. Results: Out of the total of 144 participants, only 81 (56.3%) (47.89-91.4 at 95% Confidence Interval) had known about the term ‘impacted teeth’ before joining Bachelor in Dental Surgery course. The source of information was mostly the internet 27 (18.8%) followed by dentist 23 (16%). Most students 116 (80.6%) were familiar with third molar impactions, 62 (43.1%) knew about types of impacted teeth/impaction, and 100 (69.4%) were aware of the complications of not removing impacted teeth. Conclusions: Dental students should be provided with appropriate ‘impacted teeth’ education supported by practical experience. More detailed information regarding impacted teeth should be included in the curriculum for better understanding.

This research was motivated by the policies of the Central Java provincial government in overcoming the problem of distributing subsidized fertilizers through the farm card program, which in the implementation still had problems, especially at the farmer level. The study aimed to describe the implementation of Farmer Card Program (Program Kartu Tani) and to analyse the relationship between knowledge level of farmers and the effectiveness of Farmer Card Program (Program Kartu Tani) in Semarang Regency. This research was conducted from February to May 2018. Survey method was used in this study. Multistage random sampling method was used for determining respondents. Data collection was done by interview using a questionnaire. Data analysis were descriptive analysis and Rank Spearman correlation analysis using SPSS. This research showed the level of farmers knowledge about Farmer Card Program (Program Kartu Tani) was in the category of knowless. The level of effectiveness about implementation of the Farmer Card Program (Program Kartu Tani) was in the effective category. While the implementation of Farmer Card Program (Program Kartu Tani) at farmer level was effective because of the role farmer group in implementing program assisted by extension agent and related government institution although there were still face some obstacles that need to be improved to increase effectivity of farmer card implementation. There was a strong and significant relationship between the knowledge level and effectiveness of the Farmer Card Program (Program Kartu Tani), with the coefficient number 0.568.

Bijay Khatri,1 Anjana Khadka,2 Archana Amatya,3 Sushan Man Shrestha,4 Rajan Paudel4 1Academic and Research Department, B.P. Eye Foundation, Kathmandu, Nepal; 2Department of Health Services, Ministry of Health, Kathmandu, Nepal; 3Save the Children International, Nepal Country Office, Kathmandu, Nepal; 4Central Department of Public Health, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, NepalCorrespondence: Bijay KhatriAcademic and Research Department, B.P. Eye Foundation, Kathmandu, NepalTel +977 984 146 3005Email bj.khatri@gmail.comPurpose: The copper-T (TCu-380A), an intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD), is widely available and is highly effective in terms of safety and effectiveness. Despite this fact, there is low utilization of IUCD in Nepal. This paper describes the perception and use of IUCD among married women of reproductive age attending an institutional clinic in Bhaktapur, Nepal.Methods: An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 273 married women attending the institutional clinic of Bhaktapur hospital who were interviewed by trained staff nurses using semi-structured questionnaires. Systematic random sampling method was applied to select the participants. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the relationship between factors associated with utilization of IUCD.Results: Just below half (48.7%) of the participants had heard about IUCD. Only 7.0% of the potential users were currently using IUCD, and all of them had discussed using it with their husbands. Among women aware of IUCD, nearly a quarter of them (23.8%) did not want to use it because of their husband’s disapproval and their assumed fear of decreased sexual pleasure. There was a significant association between previous abortion and use of IUCD, where the women who had a history of abortion had increased odds of using the IUCD by 5.45-times compared to those who had not (p=0.01). The women who were counseled about IUCD by health workers were 2.83-times more likely to use an IUCD than those who were not. The women who had a good knowledge level about IUCD as a method of modern contraception had 2.85-times increased odds of using the IUCD compared to those who had poor or no knowledge about it.Conclusion: The use of IUCD depends on the support of husbands, knowledge about its safety, efficacy, and counseling.Keywords: husband, abortion, counseling, knowledge

Introduction: Aim of this study was to explore the level of knowledge and attitude towards diabetic retinopathy screening as well as predictors of its utilization amongst People Living With Diabetes (PLWD) in Nairobi County, Kenya. Methods: A mixed-method cross-sectional study design was employed. Multistage sampling technique was adopted for selecting persons with diabetes attending ‘level three’ health facilities. A questionnaire ad hoc was developed and used. Ordinal logistic regression models with stepwise method were employed on variables with statistical significance at chi square tests (P < 0.05) to determine the significant predictors of diabetic retinopathy screening. Results: A total of 200 patients (rate of respondents: 96%) participated in the study. Our findings revealed a low utilization level (n = 21, 10.5%) of diabetic retinopathy screening by participants. Significant predictors of utilization of diabetic retinopathy screening were education level [(OR = 4.411; 95% Confidential Interval (CI) 1.504 to 28.636; P = 0.018)], presence of family history of diabetes (OR = 11.112; CI 1.554 to 59.444; P = 0.016), and primary clinician referral (OR = 3.263, CI 1.498 to 21.357; P = 0.027). Discussion and Conclusion: There is poor knowledge by PLWD in Kenya on the recommended frequency of diabetic retinopathy screening. Moreover, PLWD showed poor attitude towards DR screening utilization, which could be attributed to insufficient knowledge on the importance of regular retinal examination. Educational messages developed by government and policymakers should focus on the recommended interval for eye examinations, importance of regular diabetic retinopathy screening and empowering PLWD to request/demand for eye examination. Target population should include PLWD, their families, health care providers and the general public.

Background and Objectives: Education is a complicated process, which any simplistic approach to it can lead to waste of forces and facilities and lack of access to educational goals. This issue is of great importance in nursing education. Thus, the present research was performed to investigate the problems of clinical education of nursing students in Islamic Azad University, Qom branch. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 75 nursing students in the final semester. The sampling was done using census method. Data collection was performed using a researcher-made questionnaire that its validity and reliability had been confirmed. The students responded in terms of different challenges in 6 domains, including aims and educational program, clinical evaluation, educational environment, trainer, and communication with student. Results: In this study, most of the problems were related to not paying attention to the student’ point of view in apprenticeship programming, students unawareness of manner of clinical evaluation at the beginning of the period, unsuitable number of student, causing stress in the student by trainer, low number of patients, and lack of student’s decision making power in the planning for patient care. The most important problem in all areas was the high number of students in the ward. Conclusion: Realization of the aims of nursing education goals requires optimal planning in each effective factors (aims, content, trainers, and evaluation) in clinical education. Therefore, improvement of existing problems and barriers is possible by cooperation between trainers, employees, and related authorities.

The food industry constantly attempts to improve its production processes in order to develop products with higher value added and lower cost. One of the solutions to this is to use the value analysis method. Given this scenario, this paper aims to perform a value analysis of the production processes of a line of products in the food industry in order to generate knowledge to improve such processes. For that, a qualitative and exploratory case study was performed. The results reveal that the most important process of the object of this study was to ‘pack the powder’ and that such a process generates the so-called ‘empty cartridge’ fault. In addition, the results show the possible optimization of the production process through the automation of the process that produces the ‘empty cartridge’ failure. Therefore, this study presents the knowledge obtained with the value analysis performed in a food industry company, with the hope that companies in this sector have a clearer look at the benefits that can be achieved through the use of value analysis method for process improvement production and to reduce production costs.

Introduction: This study aims to analyze whether there is motivation of knowledge, regulations, and costs on the effect of the application of Green Manufacturing. Part of green manufacturing has been implemented. However, its implementation is not easy for various reasons and it has not a significant effect on the industrial world from several sectors. Methods: Data collection methods include questionnaires and interviews. This study uses primary data obtained through direct respondents. The statistical analysis tool in this study uses SPSS. Results: Based on the results of data analysis and discussion, it shows that the knowledge variable has a positive effect on the motivation to implement green manufacturing. In addition, the second variable, namely regulation, also shows a positive effect on the motivation to implement green manufacturing. However, the third variable shows that costs have a negative effect on the motivation to implement green manufacturing. Conclusion and suggestion: The results of the analysis prove that the tempe business motivation in Ngawi on implementing green manufacturing tends to be low. This requires synergy between the government and tempe entrepreneurs to applicate the green manufacturing. For the government, there is a need some socialization regarding the application of green manufacturing so that your knowledge of the application of green manufacturing will increase.

Objetivo: identificar o conhecimento e o enfrentamento do diabetes junto a pessoas com diabetes em diálise. Método: estudo transversal, realizado com pacientes com diabetes tipo 2. Os instrumentos utilizados foram o Diabetes Knowledge Scale Questionnaire (DKN-A) e o Diabetes Attitude Questionnaire (ATT-19). Resultados: participaram 71 pacientes, com idade média de 61,81±14,93 anos. A retinopatia diabética foi a complicação prevalente (81,69%); hipertensão arterial sistêmica foi a comorbidade (83,09%). A glicemia em jejum apresentou mediana de 152 (124-228,5) mg/dl e a hemoglobina glicada de 7,5 (6,42-8,27) mg/dl. O DKN-A apresentou escore médio de 7,84±2,55 pontos; seu item com maior número de acertos foi a conduta em caso de hipoglicemia; enquanto o com menor número de acertos foi em relação à cetonúria e substituições alimentares. O instrumento ATT-19 obteve média de 50,26±11,7 pontos. Conclusão: pessoas com diabetes, em diálise, apresentam conhecimento deficiente em relação ao diabetes, assim como baixo enfrentamento da doença. ABSTRACT Objective: to identify knowledge of, and coping with, diabetes mellitus among diabetics undergoing dialysis. Method: in this cross-sectional study of patients with type 2 diabetes, the instruments used were the Diabetes Knowledge Scale Questionnaire (DKN-A) and Diabetes Attitude Questionnaire (ATT-19). Results: mean age of the 71 participants was 61.81 ± 14.93 years. The most prevalent complication was diabetic retinopathy (81.69%), and the most prevalent comorbidity was systemic arterial hypertension (83.09%). Median fasting glycemia and glycated hemoglobin were 152 (124-228.5) mg/dl and 7,5 (6,42-8,27) mg/dl, respectively. Average DKN-A score was 7.84 ± 2.55; the highest success rate was on how to respond to hypoglycemia; the lowest was about ketones in urine and substitute foods. Mean ATT-19 score was 50.26 ± 11.7. Conclusion: the diabetics in dialysis showed deficient knowledge of diabetes and had negative attitudes to the disease. RESUMEN Objetivo: identificar el conocimiento y el afrontamiento de la diabetes mellitus entre los diabéticos en diálisis. Método: en este estudio transversal de pacientes con diabetes tipo 2, los instrumentos utilizados fueron el Diabetes Knowledge Scale Questionnaire (DKN-A) y Diabetes Attitude Questionnaire (ATT-19). Resultados: la edad media de los 71 participantes fue de 61,81 ± 14,93 años. La complicación más prevalente fue la retinopatía diabética (81,69%) y la comorbilidad más prevalente fue la hipertensión arterial sistémica (83,09%). La mediana de la glucemia en ayunas y la hemoglobina glucosilada fueron 152 (124-228,5) mg / dl y 7,5 (6,42-8,27) mg / dl, respectivamente. La puntuación promedio de DKN-A fue de 7,84 ± 2,55; la tasa de éxito más alta fue sobre cómo responder a la hipoglucemia; el más bajo fue sobre las cetonas en la orina y los alimentos sustitutos. La puntuación media de ATT-19 fue 50,26 ± 11,7. Conclusión: los diabéticos en diálisis mostraban un conocimiento deficiente de la diabetes y actitudes negativas hacia la enfermedad.

Introduction: Health care workers are at higher risk of infection with the coronavirus disease as they are directly involved in the treatment of infected patients and perform aerosol-generating procedures. Proper knowledge of this disease can influence the positive attitude, good practices and enhance their safety. We aim to study the knowledge of COVID-19 among health care workers of the tertiary care hospital of Nepal. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among health care workers of Shahid Gangalal National Heart Centre from May 20 to June 19, 2020. Ethical approval was taken from the Institutional Review Board (IRB No: 4-2020). Written informed consent was taken from all respondents. Correct answers were summated to reflect the mean knowledge, expressed as a percentage. Data analysis was done using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 21. Results: The mean general knowledge score was 95.7%. The mean medical knowledge score was 70.5%. Only 42 (56.8%) of physicians and 103 (53.6%) of nurses had a higher level of medical knowledge regarding COVID-19. Likewise, very few lab technicians 7 (21.9%) and none of the pharmacists had a higher level of medical knowledge. Conclusions: The healthcare workers of this centre have adequate knowledge regarding COVID-19. However, periodic training for all workers, especially the nurses and allied workers, may help to update the knowledge and hence enhance their safety and that of their patients.

Introduction: Complementary foods fill the gap between the total nutritional needs of the child and the amounts provided by breast milk. Inappropriate feeding practices are a major cause of the onset of malnutrition in young children. The objective of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practices of mothers of children between 6 to 24 months of age regarding complementary feeding. Methods: This Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Study was conducted among 250 mothers in Kathmandu Medical College and Teaching Hospital from June 2019 to November 2019 after obtaining ethical approval from the institutional review committee (Ref no. 150320199). Convenient sampling method was applied. The mothers of children between 6 to 24 months were interviewed using a structured questionnaire to ascertain the knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding complementary feeding. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 20. Results: Two hundred and fifty mothers were interviewed. 151 (60.4%) mothers knew initiation of breastfeeding soon after birth and 179 (71.6%) were knowledgeable about exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months. 161 (64.4%) mothers knew the proper age of initiating complementary feeding but only 139 (55.6%) mothers practiced it. Early initiation of complementary feeding was done by 87 (34.8%) mothers while 24 (9.6%) mothers delayed it beyond 6 months. Conclusions: There was a gap in knowledge and practice among mothers regarding adequate age of initiation of complementary feeding, complementary foods, preparation, and practices.

Introduction: Currently, coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has become pandemic and spread globally. In Nepal, the number of COVID-19 is increasing day-by-day. This research was done to find out the impact of COVID-19 on dentists, patients, and dental practice in Nepal. Methods: This study is a cross-sectional study conducted using an online survey from May 10 to17, 2020. A questionnaire was designed and uploaded in Freeonlinesurveys.com. Following ethical approval, the questionnaire was distributed among 500 dentists, and 406 dentists participated in the study. The survey link was dispersed to the Nepali dentists through social media and e-mail, and the results of the responses were received online. The questionnaire consisted of a total of 34 closed-ended questions containing three parts; demographic details, knowledge of dentists on COVID-19, and the impact of COVID-19 on dentists, patients, and dental treatments. Results: It showed that majority of the participants were females 243 (60%) of the age group 25-29 years with the clinic as the workplace. Patients receive dental treatments only from 40 (10%) of the dentist. A high number of dentists: 284 (70%) were severely affected by the financial burden and were not receiving a salary during this lockdown. About 349(86%) of the dentist think they should do regular dental treatments, but only 101 (25%) think the dentist should do only dental emergency treatments for COVID-19 infected cases. Conclusions: Dentists, patients, and dental practice are severely affected by the COVID-19.The majority of the dentists have faced financial burdens. The dental treatments should be done with high standards of care and infection control following proper recommendations.

Introduction: The lack of knowledge among health care professionals leads to diagnostic delays, further spread of disease, and poor infection control practices. Health care professionals must be updated knowledge regarding COVID-19. This study aims to assess the knowledge of health care professionals regarding COVID -19 in a medical college in Chitwan. Methods: A Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Study was carried out in a tertiary care hospital in Chitwan, Nepal from April 22, 2020, to April 28, 2020. The institutional review committee of Chitwan Medical College provided ethical approval for the research. Data were collected with an online questionnaire using Google forms. The questionnaire was sent out to 724 potential responders who included health care professionals from medical, dental, nursing, and allied health sciences in Chitwan Medical College. A convenient sampling method was used for data collection. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package of Social Sciences. Results: A total of 181 respondents completed the web survey. Overall, a total of 35 (19.3%) respondents were found to have “Good” knowledge; 105 (58%) respondents had “Fair” knowledge and 41 (22.7%) respondents had “Poor” knowledge regarding various aspects of COVID-19. There was no significant difference among the various health professional groups in their knowledge scores under the four knowledge domains. Conclusions: The study of knowledge of health care professionals could act as a reference for the prevention and better management of COVID-19. This study shows that there is a need to implement periodic educational interventions and training programs on infection control practices for COVID-19 across all healthcare professions.

Objective: to analyze the knowledge of people with diabetes mellitus about preventive measures for the development of diabetic foot. Methods: cross-sectional study, carried out with 171 diabetic people treated in the Family Health Strategy. A form was applied to obtain sociodemographic and clinical variables and a scale to assess the level of knowledge. For analysis, descriptive and inferential statistics were used. Results: 65.5% had little knowledge. The question with the highest rate of correct answers was the non-use of a hot water bag on the feet (92.3%), however, the question with the highest rate of errors was: use open shoes at home and to go out, (66.8 %). The score of the instrument’s total score was influenced by gender (p≤0.001). Conclusion: the participants had a low level of knowledge about preventive measures and were unaware of important self-care habits, such as using appropriate footwear and not hydrating between the toes.

Introduction: Hypertension is one of the leading causes of death and disability in both developed and developing countries. The prevalence of hypertension is increasing rapidly worldwide. The aim of the study was to determine the knowledge of diet and exercise among hypertensive patients. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted using a structured questionnaire among 169 hypertensive patients at Kathmandu diabetes and thyroid center from May 2017 to July 2017 after taking ethical clearance from Nepal Health Research Council, Nepal. A convenience sampling method was used. Data was collected and entry was done in Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 16.0 point estimate at 95% confidence interval was calculated along with frequency and proportion for binary data. Results: Out of total 169 participants enrolled in this study, only 79 (46.7%) had good knowledge and 90 (53.3%) had poor knowledge regarding diet and exercise. The mean age of participants was 54.68±13.91 years. Conclusions: This study revealed that the knowledge about diet and exercise among hypertensive patients is poor and this study suggests the need for a proper educational intervention to improve awareness and to control hypertension effectively.

Background: Iron deficiency anemia is a common health problem during pregnancy in developing countries. The objectives of this study were to determine the frequency, distribution & determinants of iron deficiency anemia among third trimester pregnant women in our population. Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar, Pakistan from October 2015 to March 2016. Sample size was 360 calculated through an online calculator. The inclusion criteria was third trimester pregnant women. Demographic variables were age in years, age groups and social class. Research variables were Hb in mg/dL, presence of iron deficiency anemia, grades of iron deficiency anemia (mild/ moderate/ severe) and iron intake (yes/no). Numeric variables such as age in years and Hb were analyzed as mean and SD, whereas rest of the variables being categorical as count and percentages. Chi-square tests of association was computed. Result: The mean age of the sample was 29.31 ±6.99 and CI of 27.92-30.70. The mean hemoglobin level was 10.33 ±1.7 and 95% CI of 9.99-10.67. The overall frequency of iron deficiency anemia was found out to be 52%, in which 25% were mild, 22% moderate and 5% were severely anemic. Women with middle class had higher frequency of 145 cases. Association of iron deficiency anemia with social class (χ2=7.95, p

Epistemology is a philosophical study of the origin, structure, method of validity and the objective of knowledge. It explains the processes and procedures for obtaining knowledge. This study focuses on the sign of Qur'anic language on the process of obtaining knowledge, using semantic analysis. The object of the study is the three-word meaning system in the process of obtaining knowledge in the Qur'an, i.e., ra’a, naẓar and baṣar which translated to 'see something'. This study shows that there are consistences of differences between the three words. Almost all the terms ra’a have the meaning of 'see something with sensory perception.' This meaning is different from the term naẓar that has the meaning of 'see something through the senses and reinforced by reason with any reflections and connections with other objects.' Meanwhile, baṣar has the meaning of 'see something with the heart'. Therefore, based on the study of the three words, the Qur’anic epistemology indicates the importance of senses, reason, and heart in the process of obtaining knowledge.

Cysticercose is a parasitic disease which affects humans and pigs, it is considered as a public health issue in developing, and it is emerging developed countries, given the important social and economic implications. This paper is the result of an exploratory study that I seek to describe knowledge and social practices associated with the Cisticerco in Colombian rural communities. For two decades of interventions based on guidelines protocolised by health authorities and institutions, representations and social practices of the community didn´t have shown modifications or significant changes to face this disease. The study analyzes the information obtained with the participation of the community, applying the methodology of the founded theory with open coding technique. In the explanatory models found, there are evident gaps between what the community regards as visible and invisible aspects of the disease, an important factor for understanding the life cycle of this disease in a popular and everyday’s manner, also affecting the economic perception and the social control practices by the community.

This paper refers to the specialisation of human resources management. Starting from the idea that, human resources specialists are responsible for a number of activities within organizations, it is necessary that they possess the knowledge and skills required to perform them. HR specialists must be able to apply the principles and practices of human resources to add to the success of their organizations. Beyond these requirements, a specialist in human resources must also be efficient on ethical, communication, consultancy, critical evaluation issues etc. Moreover, the article describes the range of skill that human resources specialists should possess. In addition, nowadays it is a must for human resources specialists to assume certain roles to efficiently perform the activities related to the human resources management. The article also shows the real situation in the specialisation of human resources management in the Republic of Moldova. Therefore, a study was conducted that aimed at linking the studies held by the employees from the human resources division to the importance of human resources management activities.

Archives can be said to be "inanimate" if we look it from the physical side. On the other hand, archives can be said to be "a living thing" if we look it in terms of the information that is contained in. Archives can explain anywhere, anytime and any purpose, because archives have evidential value, informational value and intrinsic value. In short, archives is a source of knowledge if we look it through academic view point. Archives in relation to the Japanese occupation in Indonesia is very limited.Nowadays, the study related to the Japanese occupation in Indonesia is also decrease. However, the study about the Japanese occupation in Indonesia in the 80s was massive and varied. Nishijima Collection is one of the valuable sources of knowledge related to the Japanese occupation in Indonesia. Unfortunately, many people do not use the collection as source for their Indonesian study. The result of this study provides a new perspective on the materials related with the Japanese occupation in Indonesia contained in Nishijima Collection. Intellectual network was formed through Nishijima Collection. Eventually, the study about Nishijima Collection through the historical method can be an initial foundation to raise the historical awareness that will be able to affect the civilization (of Indonesia).

Objective: assessing the knowledge of nursing undergraduate students regarding pressure lesions. Methods: cross-sectional research with 56 nursing undergraduates from two higher education institutions, using a test of their knowledge regarding pressure lesions. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and the Mann-Whitney U test, with a significance level of 0.05. Results: most undergraduates were female (87.5%), single (80.3%), with no employment bonds (75.0%), and between 20 and 25 years of age (67.8%). One of the nursing undergraduates assessed had adequate knowledge about pressure lesions. From the items related to the assessment and classifications, 33.3% were considered as well-known; from those related to prevention, this number was 36.3%. Conclusion: it became clear that the knowledge of the researchers analyzed was found to be inadequate.

Teaching is the most effective source of imparting knowledge and transferring the ideas to others that is why this art has been acquired and practised from the creation of Mankind.Allah Almighty proved Hazrat Adam as the teacher of the angles" is worth mentioning to note that besiades all the prestige of this art it requires a profound skillfulness and understanding of specific methodology of teaching.The ulama of the Islam whether they have passed in the early age or later have focussed upon the methodology of teaching.The renowned Scholar of 17th century,Shah waliullah(r.a) has introduced many methods and principles of teaching.From his book "Fani Danishmandi" there are some priciples have been collected in this article which shall provea guideline to researchers.

Mısır’da yetişmiş ve dönemin ünlü hocalarından dersler almış olan Bedreddîn ed-Demâmînî nahiv alanındaki çalışmalarıyla meşhur olmuştur. Mısır’da dünyaya gelmiş, ilim tahsilini yine orada yapmış ve hayatının son demlerini de kalıcı olarak göç ettiği Hindistan’da geçirmiştir. Döneminde çağdaşı olan diğer alimlerden farklı olarak ilim dışı faaliyetlerle de meşgul olmuş ancak bu işleri onu ilim dünyasından koparmamıştır. Birçok öğrenci yetiştirmiş ve nahivle ilgili çok sayıda eser kaleme almıştır. Fakat bu eserlerin çoğu günümüze ulaşmamıştır. Bu makalede onun hayatına ilişkin bilgilere yer verilmiş, hocaları, öğrencileri ve eserleri tanıtılmış ve nahivle ilgili bazı görüşleri kısaca ele alınmıştır. Bu şekilde onun Arap diline yaptığı katkılar belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır

This article analyses the interactions with respect to the land of indigenous people, colonists and landless peasants in the province of Misiones (northeastern Argentina). At the end of the 19th century, public and private extensions are measured in order to carry out plans of colonization. Indigenous groups and peasants who do not have access to the planned settlement develop alternative modes of appropriation of the environment, which we characterize here based on productive activities. We emphasize the existence of a close connection between State control and measurement of continuous surfaces for commercial agriculture. In this context, the Guarani territoriality is hard to fit within official actions. We offer a description that can historically fix the linkages and knowledge related to the land, based on the distinction between a dwelling perpective and the geometric measurement, as abstract form of control of the space.

Background: Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer among women in South Africa. One of the major risk factors for the development of cervical cancer is the human papillomavirus (HPV). Aim: To determine the knowledge of first-year female students living in residences on the main campus of the University of the Free State (UFS) regarding cervical cancer and HPV. Setting: Female residences on the main campus of UFS. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on participants between the ages of 18 and 25 years using a non-random convenience sampling method. Seven residences were included. Anonymous self-administered questionnaires were distributed during the eveningmeetings to all first-year female students at the selected residences after an information session.Students had to complete the questionnaires immediately after the meeting. Results: Most of the 373 respondents (85.8%) knew that cervical cancer arises from the cervix, but only 15.4% knew that it was caused by a virus. Of the 62.5% participants who knew that HPV was a cancer-causing virus, most correctly knew that HPV was contracted by unprotected sexual intercourse (81.1%) and that there is a vaccine to protect against HPV (73.1%). However, 62.0% knew that the vaccine was available in South Africa and only 31.0% knew the vaccine was free of charge. Conclusion: The study revealed that students had limited knowledge of cervical cancer, HPV and vaccine availability.

Studies in Latin America and the world have highlighted the central role of teachers in education policies, defining attraction, training and career as main points not only of teaching, but of improving education outcomes, too. This paper analyzes the political conditions under which teachers have been trained as professionals during the last two decades. The methodology explores the concept of governmentality to display the mechanisms and procedures by which certain orders of learning and teaching strategies to make specific models for innovation, skills and performance standards. Research shows that the centrality of teachers in educational policies are part of certain governmental rationalities that determine how institutions in the social construction of a subject -- that is object and instrument for a social model based market and competition as a form of selfgovernment and the other as people-- are calculated, prescribed, organize, conduct and related.

Este artigo tiene como objetivo presentar conclusiones de un estudio sobre la cuestión afectiva en una perspectiva inter-relacional con la cognición, como una misma unidad, que es la vida psíquica humana, lo que significa concebir que el afecto está presente y es constitutivo de toda y cualquier acción humana. Tiene como base teórica los estudios realizados por L. S. Vigotski. Echamos mano, aún, de las contribuciones de algunos de sus comentadores o interpretadores que tratan específicamente de este tema. El texto hace parte de los fundamentos teóricos de la Tesis de Doctorado sobre esta problemática, en contexto empírico, de clase, en un aula de educación de jóvenes y adultos.

The differences of classical and hybrid projects as well as operational project and project operational management are disclosed. The structure and operating activity and knowledge used for operational management is itemized. Methodological approaches to operational and project management are indicated.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to determine perceptions of service providers in the healthcare on their awareness and knowledge about HIV/AIDS, as well as the relationship of the above parameters and the existence of stigma and discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS. Method: The type of the study was a behavioral cross sectional study. The survey was conducted in 2012, on a representative sample of health workers in Montenegro. The main survey instrument was specifically designed questionnaire that consisted of six parts, out of which one was related to knowledge about HIV and AIDS. Data were analyzed by methods of inferential statistics. Results: More than four out of ten respondents have never attended educational workshops on HIV/AIDS. Research has shown that there is a highly significant statistical correlation between estimates of their own knowledge about HIV / AIDS and previous educations. Almost two-thirds of respondents, who attended some type of education in the field of HIV/AIDS, believe to have a satisfactory level of knowledge in the area. Conclusion: Health care service providers evaluate their knowledge of HIV/AIDS as insufficient.

This article is based on the reflection on the place of superior knowledge in the University, which connects with the proper meaning of this social institution, which is the search for truth. The superior knowledge, linked to the deep knowledge of the reality, its search, conservation and diffusion, are own and almost exclusive tasks of the universities. They are the ones who, with their different activities and discoveries, advance our knowledge of things and of man. The article ends by emphasizing the importance of returning to the aims of the university. As well, the article pretends to offer a complete view of its essential features through a teleological approach to education, the unitary character that must be present in people, and the study of tradition as an accumulation of erudition and culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]